Chapter 6: The Duel For North America

The economy of New France mostly depended on fur trading. This was because the region had a rich abundance of fur-bearing animals, such as beavers, which were highly valued for their fur in Europe. The fur trade became a major industry in New France, with French colonists establishing trading posts and partnerships with Indigenous peoples to acquire furs. The fur trade brought significant wealth and economic activity to New France, making it a crucial part of the colony's economy.

The French and Indian Wars, known as the Seven Years' War in Europe, refers to a series of conflicts between France and Great Britain, with their respective Native American and Indian allies, over territorial control in North America. The war lasted from 1756 to 1763 and was a significant global conflict, involving major European powers. The name "Seven Years' War" is used in Europe because it reflects the duration of the conflict, while the term "French and Indian Wars" is used in North America to emphasize the involvement of Native American tribes.

The British decimated the Indian population by sending smallpox-infested blankets. Smallpox is a highly contagious and deadly disease, and intentionally infecting the population with it would have caused widespread illness and death. This tactic was a form of biological warfare used by the British to weaken and control the Indian population during their colonial rule.

The French relied on Indians to acquire furs. This is because the Indians had extensive knowledge of the local wildlife and were skilled hunters, making them valuable trading partners for the French in the fur trade industry. The Indians would hunt and trap the animals, then trade the furs with the French in exchange for goods such as tools, weapons, and clothing. This mutually beneficial relationship allowed the French to obtain a steady supply of furs, which were highly sought after in Europe during that time.

The correct answer is the Proclamation of 1763. This document was issued by the British government after the French and Indian War to prevent further conflicts with Native American tribes. It prohibited colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains, aiming to establish a boundary between the colonists and Native American lands. This measure was intended to maintain peace and control over the western territories, but it was met with resistance and ultimately contributed to the growing tensions between the American colonies and the British government.

The land that the French claimed got divided between England and Spain.

Samuel de Champlain is considered the Father of New France because he played a crucial role in the establishment and development of the French colonies in North America. He founded Quebec City in 1608, which became the capital of New France, and he made numerous voyages exploring and mapping the region. Champlain also established friendly relations with the indigenous peoples and encouraged the growth of the fur trade, which was a major economic activity in New France. His efforts laid the foundation for French colonization in North America and his legacy as the Father of New France is widely recognized.

The Huron Indians were enemies with the Iroquois. This is true because historically, the Huron and Iroquois were rival Native American tribes who often engaged in warfare and conflicts. They competed for control over territory and resources, leading to a long-standing enmity between the two groups.

The conflicts between France and England began due to their competing claims for the Ohio River Valley. Both countries believed that the region was strategically important and wanted to control it for economic and territorial reasons. The French had established forts like Louisbourg and Fort Duquesne in the area to protect their interests, while the English also wanted to expand their settlements westward. These conflicting claims eventually led to armed conflicts, such as the French and Indian War, as both nations sought to assert their dominance over the Ohio River Valley.

The Edict of Nantes granted limited toleration to French Protestants under the Catholic state. This edict was issued by King Henry IV of France in 1598 and aimed to end the religious conflicts between Catholics and Protestants. It granted Protestants the right to worship freely, hold public office, and maintain their own schools and hospitals. The edict played a significant role in promoting religious peace and stability in France for several decades until it was revoked in 1685.

The first settlement of New France was in Quebec.

The Treaty of Paris 1763 ended the French and Indian War. This treaty was signed between Great Britain, France, and Spain, and it marked the end of French power in North America. Under the terms of the treaty, France ceded all of its territories in North America to Great Britain, including Canada and the eastern half of the Mississippi River. This treaty also established British dominance in India and the Caribbean. The Treaty of Utrecht, on the other hand, ended the War of the Spanish Succession in 1713, and the Treaty of 1748 was the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, which ended the War of the Austrian Succession.

King Louis XIV did desire overseas colonization. During his reign, France actively pursued overseas expansion and colonization, particularly in North America, Africa, and the Caribbean. Louis XIV established colonies in places like Canada, Louisiana, and the West Indies, aiming to increase French influence and control over these territories. This expansionist policy was part of Louis XIV's broader efforts to strengthen and expand French power and prestige on the global stage.

Ben Franklin advised for colonial home rule in the Albany Congress. The Albany Congress was a meeting of representatives from several British colonies in North America in 1754. Franklin proposed the Albany Plan of Union, which aimed to unite the colonies under a central government for defense against the French during the French and Indian War. Although the plan was not adopted, it laid the foundation for future discussions and eventually influenced the formation of the United States.

The "buckskins" refer to colonial militiamen. During the colonial period, militiamen often wore buckskin clothing as part of their uniform. This attire was practical and durable for the rough conditions they faced. Militiamen played a crucial role in the American Revolution, serving as local volunteer forces who fought against British troops. They were not professional soldiers but rather ordinary citizens who took up arms to defend their communities and fight for independence.

The statement is false because Jesuit missionaries were not entirely successful in their attempts to convert the Indians. While they did have some success in converting a number of indigenous people to Christianity, there were also many who resisted and held onto their traditional beliefs. Additionally, the Jesuits faced significant challenges in understanding and adapting to the indigenous cultures, which often hindered their conversion efforts. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Jesuit missionaries were not completely successful in converting the Indians.

The original name of King George's War was the War of Jenkin's Ear. This war was named after Robert Jenkins, a British merchant whose ear was allegedly cut off by the Spanish in 1731. The conflict between Britain and Spain escalated into a larger war, involving other European powers and their colonies in North America. The war was fought primarily in the Caribbean and along the border of British and French colonies in North America.

During Queen Anne's War, France did indeed ally with Spain. This war, which took place from 1702 to 1713, was part of the larger conflict known as the War of the Spanish Succession. France and Spain formed an alliance against Britain and its allies, including Portugal and the Dutch Republic. The war was fought over the succession to the Spanish throne and resulted in territorial and political changes in Europe and North America. Therefore, the statement "France allied with Spain during Queen Anne's War" is true.

William Pitt focused British effort on Quebec and Montreal because these were key strategic locations during the French and Indian War. By capturing these cities, the British would gain control over the St. Lawrence River and cut off French supply routes. Additionally, Quebec was the capital of New France and its capture would significantly weaken French control in North America. Pitt's decision to prioritize these targets ultimately led to British victories in the war and the eventual French surrender.

During the Seven Years' War, both Louisbourg and Montreal were captured by the British. Louisbourg, a French fortress located in present-day Nova Scotia, was seized by the British in 1758. Montreal, the largest French city in North America at the time, fell to the British in 1760. These victories were significant in the British conquest of New France and ultimately led to the Treaty of Paris in 1763, which ended French colonial presence in North America.

De La Salle sailed down the Mississippi River and settled in Louisiana.

New France was a French colony in North America from the 16th to the 18th century. It was characterized by autocratic rule, where power was concentrated in the hands of the French monarch and his appointed officials. The colony was under strict royal control, with the French government closely overseeing its administration and policies. However, trial by jury, a system where a group of citizens decides the guilt or innocence of a defendant, was not a characteristic of New France. The French legal system in the colony relied more on civil law and the decisions of appointed judges rather than trial by jury.

The statement "War decreased colonial confidences" is false. War actually increased colonial confidences. During times of war, colonies often rallied together and united against a common enemy, which in turn boosted their confidence. Additionally, war provided opportunities for colonies to prove their military capabilities and assert their independence, further strengthening their confidence. Therefore, the correct answer is false.

The New Englanders were outraged about the treaty of 1748 because it gave Louisbourg back to New France. This was seen as a significant loss for the New Englanders, as they had fought and captured Louisbourg from the French during the War of Austrian Succession. The return of Louisbourg to New France was seen as a betrayal and a setback for the New Englanders' efforts to expand their territory and influence in the region.

England needed the Ohio River Valley for westward settlement. This region provided an opportunity for England to expand its colonies and increase its territorial holdings. The Ohio River Valley was rich in resources and offered fertile land for farming, attracting settlers looking for new opportunities. By establishing settlements in this area, England could strengthen its presence in North America and further its economic and political interests.

The French Huguenots were not permitted to settle in New France. This is because New France was a Catholic colony and the French Huguenots were Protestant. The French government wanted to maintain Catholic dominance in the colony and therefore did not allow the Huguenots to settle there.

Cadillac is the correct answer because he is widely recognized as the founder of Detroit. Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac, a French explorer and adventurer, established Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit in 1701, which later grew into the city of Detroit. His leadership and efforts played a crucial role in the early development and establishment of the settlement. King Louis XIV and De La Salle may have had significant historical roles, but they were not directly involved in the founding of Detroit.

The French needed the Ohio River Valley to connect Canada and Louisiana. The Ohio River Valley served as a crucial transportation route, allowing the French to establish a direct link between their territories in Canada and Louisiana. This connection facilitated trade, communication, and the movement of troops and supplies, enabling the French to maintain control over their vast North American territories.

The government of VA commissioned George Washington to claim the Ohio River Valley.

As a result of Fort Duquesne, Indians began burning a path of destruction up and down the frontier PA-NC. This suggests that the establishment of Fort Duquesne led to increased aggression from Native American tribes, resulting in a destructive path along the Pennsylvania to North Carolina frontier. This could have been a response to encroachment on their lands or conflicts arising from the establishment of the fort.

The war lessened the regard for the British because they thought themselves better than their colonial counterparts and refused to recognize militia ranks above captain. This attitude of superiority and lack of respect for the colonial troops undermined their morale and loyalty towards the British. Additionally, by disregarding the ranks and contributions of the colonial militia, the British further alienated and demoralized their colonial allies, leading to a decrease in regard for the British.

Spain gave Spanish Florida to England.

The Treaty of Utrecht, signed in 1713, gave Newfoundland and the Hudson Bay to England with limited trading rights in Spanish America. This treaty was a series of agreements that ended the War of the Spanish Succession and redrew the political boundaries of Europe and the Americas. It granted England significant territorial gains and trading privileges, solidifying its growing colonial empire. The Treaty of Utrecht played a crucial role in shaping the balance of power in Europe and establishing England as a major global player.

The purpose of the Proclamation of 1763 was to calm the Anglo-Indian problems and prevent further attacks. By establishing a boundary line along the Appalachian Mountains, the proclamation aimed to limit westward expansion by colonists and reduce conflicts with Native American tribes. It sought to maintain peace and stability in the newly acquired territories after the French and Indian War.

The correct answer is Ottawa. The Ottawa Indians, led by Pontiac, initiated attacks on British outposts.

Washington and his militiamen clashed with the French at a location that was 40 miles away from Fort Duquesne.

The Iroquois allied themselves with the British to slow French settlement in the Ohio River Valley. By aligning with the British, the Iroquois hoped to prevent further French expansion into their territory, which would have threatened their sovereignty and way of life. This alliance allowed the Iroquois to gain military support from the British and effectively resist French encroachment in the Ohio River Valley.

King George's War began due to smuggling in the Caribbean. Smuggling was a major issue during this time, as British and French colonists were involved in illegal trade activities in the Caribbean region. This led to tensions between the two colonial powers, eventually escalating into a full-blown conflict known as King George's War. The war primarily took place in North America and involved various European powers, including Britain, France, and Spain. The conflict was fueled by economic interests and territorial disputes, with smuggling being one of the main catalysts for its outbreak.

King George's War is called the war of Austrian Succession in Europe because it was part of the larger conflict known as the War of Austrian Succession. This war was fought between 1740 and 1748 and involved several European powers, including Austria, Prussia, France, and Britain. The war was primarily fought over the succession of the Austrian throne after the death of Emperor Charles VI. King George's War specifically refers to the North American theater of this larger conflict, where Britain and France fought for control of territories in North America.

King William's War was a result of the Glorious Revolution because it was fought between England and France from 1689 to 1697, following the overthrow of King James II during the Glorious Revolution in 1688. The war was primarily fought in North America, where it was known as the Nine Years' War, and it was part of a larger conflict known as the War of the Grand Alliance in Europe. The Glorious Revolution led to a realignment of power in Europe and ultimately resulted in King William III of England leading a coalition against the French monarchy, leading to King William's War.

General Braddock led the colonial forces to capture Fort Duquesne.

The British led Montclam and Wolfe to capture Quebec.

The main purpose of the Albany Congress was to keep the Iroquois as allies. The Albany Congress was a meeting of colonial representatives and Native American tribes held in Albany, New York in 1754. The British government wanted to secure the support of the Iroquois Confederacy in the ongoing conflict with the French. The congress aimed to negotiate a treaty with the Iroquois and strengthen their alliance, as the Iroquois were a powerful Native American group with significant influence in the region. By keeping the Iroquois as allies, the British hoped to gain a strategic advantage in the French and Indian War.

The statement "Britain went for the main pathways to Canada like Quebec and Montreal" is false. Britain did not go for the main pathways to Canada like Quebec and Montreal.

The French Colonization efforts were delayed due to war, domestic turmoil, and religious conflicts. These factors created instability within France, diverting resources and attention away from colonization efforts. The ongoing wars and conflicts within the country made it difficult for the French government to allocate resources and manpower for overseas ventures. Additionally, domestic turmoil and religious conflicts further hindered the colonization efforts by causing internal divisions and distractions. Overall, these factors contributed to the delay in French colonization efforts.

The correct answer is where the French reinforcements arrived. This suggests that VA erected Fort Necessity in a location where the French reinforcements were expected to arrive. This implies that VA strategically chose this location to defend against the French forces and potentially disrupt their reinforcements.