MCQ On Maternal Nutrition During Pregnancy

Ascorbic acid, also known as Vitamin C, is essential for the formation of collagen, a protein that provides structure to bones, cartilage, skin, and other connective tissues in the body. Vitamin C plays a crucial role in collagen synthesis, making it necessary for wound healing, tissue repair, and overall skin health.

Adolescent women generally reach physiological maturity, including completion of skeletal growth and development, about 2-3 years after menarche (the first menstrual period), not 4 years. Menarche typically occurs during puberty, which marks the beginning of the reproductive years, but it takes a few more years for the body to complete its growth and development process.

During pregnancy, the body undergoes hormonal changes that can enhance the absorption of fats. This increased absorption ensures that the mother receives an adequate supply of essential fatty acids necessary for fetal development.

Breastfeeding mothers require additional calories to support lactation and ensure an adequate supply of nutrients for both themselves and their infants. The recommended daily calorie intake for breastfeeding mothers is approximately 3000 calories. This extra energy is necessary to fuel milk production and maintain maternal health during the postpartum period.

During pregnancy, the recommended daily intake of protein increases to support the growth and development of the fetus, as well as the mother's increased blood volume and tissue expansion. The recommended amount is approximately 75 grams per day.

Cheilosis, a condition marked by inflammation, cracking, and fissures at the corners of the mouth, is closely associated with a deficiency in Vitamin B2, also known as riboflavin. Riboflavin plays a vital role in maintaining healthy skin and mucous membranes, including those found in the lips. When the body lacks an adequate amount of riboflavin, the lips can become dry, inflamed, and prone to cracking, leading to the development of cheilosis. Additionally, deficiencies in other B vitamins, such as niacin (B3) and pyridoxine (B6), as well as iron and zinc, may also contribute to the occurrence of cheilosis. However, riboflavin deficiency is one of the primary causes, and addressing the deficiency through dietary changes or supplementation can often alleviate the symptoms of cheilosis.

A hematocrit value of 49% is considered abnormal during pregnancy. The normal range for hematocrit levels in pregnant women typically falls between 34% and 44%. Higher values may indicate dehydration, polycythemia, or other underlying health conditions that require further evaluation by a healthcare provider.

To prevent mercury exposure while still obtaining the health benefits of fish consumption, it is recommended that pregnant women consume approximately 8-12 ounces (about 2-3 servings) of low-mercury fish per week. This amount provides essential omega-3 fatty acids and other nutrients without increasing the risk of mercury toxicity to the fetus.

Pregnant women under the age of 19 require an adequate intake of 1800 mg/day of calcium to support the development of the fetus and to maintain maternal bone health. Calcium is essential for the formation of the baby's bones and teeth, as well as for the proper functioning of the mother's muscles and nerves during pregnancy.

Iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy can increase the risk of preterm birth. To receive an adequate amount of iron, pregnant women can take iron supplements with orange juice to enhance absorption due to the vitamin C content. Additionally, incorporating iron-rich foods into the diet, such as lean meats and eggs, as well as dark green leafy vegetables, can help maintain adequate iron levels. Increasing hydration is generally beneficial for overall health but is not specifically related to improving iron absorption.

Omega-3 fatty acids, including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are essential for the development of the central nervous system (CNS) of the fetus. These fatty acids play a crucial role in brain and vision development during pregnancy. While linoleic acid and gamma-linoleic acid are important, they are not specifically associated with CNS development in the fetus.

Fat-soluble vitamin toxicity can manifest with symptoms such as vomiting, nausea, dryness and cracking of the skin, and loss of hair. Excessive intake of fat-soluble vitamins, such as vitamins A, D, E, and K, can lead to adverse effects due to their accumulation in the body. These symptoms indicate potential toxicity and should be addressed by a healthcare professional.

Symptoms of toxicity related to Vitamin D can include excessive thirst, confusion, and a decrease in calcium levels. Excessive intake of Vitamin D can lead to hypercalcemia, which manifests as symptoms such as thirst, confusion, and low levels of calcium in the blood. Weight loss is not typically associated with Vitamin D toxicity.