Lung Cancer Causes And Symptoms Questions

Lung cancer is the leading cause of death among all types of cancer. It claims more lives each year than breast, colon, and prostate cancers combined. This statement is supported by statistics and research, making it a fact that lung cancer is indeed the top killer among all cancer types.

A decreased respiratory rate indicates respiratory depression which also puts the client at risk for respiratory acidosis, All of the other findings are important and should be reported to the RN, but the respiratory rate is urgent.

As the respiratory center in the brain becomes depressed, hypoxia occurs, producing wheezing, bradycardia, and a decreased respiratory rate. Delirium is a state of mental confusion characterized by disorientation to time and place. Hyperventilation (respiratory rate greater than that metabolically necessary for gas exchange) is marked by an increased respiratory rate or tidal volume, or both. Semiconsciousness is a state of impaired consciousness characterized by limited motor and verbal responses and decreased orientation.

Cigarette smoke is a carcinogen that irritates and damages the respiratory epithelium. The irritation causes the cough which initially maybe dry, persistent and unproductive. As the tumor enlarges, obstruction of the airways occurs and the cough may become productive due to infection.

The most common sign of lung cancer is a persistent cough that changes. Other signs are dyspnea, bloody sputum and long term pulmonary infection.

The implanted pacemaker will interfere with the magnetic fields of the MRI scanner and may be deactivated by them. Shellfish/iodine allergy is not a contraindication because the contrast used in MRI scanning is not iodine-based. Open MRI scanners and anti-anxiety medications are available for patients with claustrophobia. Psychiatric medication is not a contraindication to MRI scanning.

Lung cancer is the most deadly type of cancer in both women and men. Breast cancer ranks second in women, followed (in descending order) by colon and rectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, lymphoma, leukemia, liver cancer, brain cancer, stomach cancer, and multiple myeloma.

A navigational bronchoscopy has multiple benefits. Firstly, it can perform biopsies, allowing doctors to obtain tissue samples for further examination and diagnosis. Secondly, it can deliver High Dose Radiation (HDR), which is a targeted and precise form of radiation therapy used to treat certain lung conditions. Lastly, it can explain the distance that the bronchoscope can travel into the lung, providing valuable information about the extent of the examination and potential treatment options. Therefore, the correct answer is "All of the above."

The incidence of lung cancer is also rapidly rising in women.

Interventional pulmonology is a medical field that focuses on investigating the causes of shortness of breath. It is not limited to lung cancer but can also be used for other types of cancer such as breast cancer, colon cancer, renal cancer, and melanoma. The answer emphasizes the broad scope of interventional pulmonology in diagnosing and treating various types of cancer.

For patients with suspected metastatic disease in whom the results of the clinical examination and chest x-ray are abnormal, the standard imaging evaluation has included a chest CT scan with images through the adrenal glands, a bone scan, and a CT or magnetic resonance imaging scan of the brain. The role of positron emission tomography (PET) scanning has become a standard part of the evaluation of lung cancer patients. F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake is greater in malignant cells than in normal, benign cells. Several series have suggested that FDG-PET imaging can be very useful in determining whether abnormalities seen on CT particularly in the adrenal gland and bone likely represent metastatic disease. PET scans are also useful for evaluation of solitary pulmonary nodules, with a sensitivity of 90% to 95% and a specificity of 80% to 100% for the detection of cancer. Because PET imaging can detect unsuspected metastatic disease in 11% to 14% of patients and thus help avoid futile surgery in these cases, in the United States, Medicare provides coverage for FDG-PET for the staging of NSCLC. PET technology is evolving rapidly, and its sensitivity for the detection of smaller lesions is improving. Although PET scanning can detect lesions measuring between 0.5 and 1.0 cm, most series have limited the analysis to lesions greater than 1.0 cm. In addition, techniques that incorporate simultaneous CT and PET image analysis appear to be most useful.

Because aspiring will decrease platelet aggregation, clients with thrombocytopenia should not use aspirin routinely. Client teaching about his should be included in the care plan. Bruising is consistent with the client’s admission problem of thrombocytopenia. Soft, dark brown stools indicate that there is no frank blood in the bowel movements. A decrease in appetite is common with chemotherapy, and more assessment is indicated. Focus: Prioritization

Textbooks of medicine and nursing classify primary pulmonary carcinoma somewhat differently. However most agree that sqaumous cell or epidermoid carcinoma is always associated with cigarette smoking.

There ar enumerous severe reactions to chemotherapy such as stomatitis, alopecia, bone marrow depression, nausea and vomiting. Options A, B and D are important nursing considerations.

Autofluorescence bronchoscopy is a procedure that uses fluorescent light to detect abnormal cells in the lungs. It can identify cancer cells that are already present and also detect cells that have the potential to develop into a tumor in the future. By illuminating the lung tissue, the procedure helps in identifying and mapping the areas that require treatment.

The correct answer is 87%. This percentage represents the proportion of lung cancer cases that are attributed to smoking. It indicates that a significant majority of lung cancer cases are directly caused by smoking. This information highlights the strong link between smoking and lung cancer, emphasizing the importance of tobacco control measures in reducing the prevalence of this deadly disease.

Ensuring the patient’s safety is the most essential action at this time. The other nursing actions may be necessary but are not a major priority.

It is best to establish baseline information first.

Intratumoral chemotherapy is used for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. This type of chemotherapy involves directly injecting the chemotherapy drugs into the tumor, targeting the cancer cells specifically. It is commonly used when the tumor is localized and can be accessed easily. This method allows for a higher concentration of the drugs to be delivered directly to the tumor, minimizing the side effects on healthy tissues and potentially improving treatment outcomes. Intratumoral chemotherapy is not commonly used for Small Cell Lung Cancer, as this type of cancer tends to spread quickly and is usually treated with systemic chemotherapy.

Bronchoscopes are medical devices used to examine the airways and lungs. The most common reason for bronchoscopes not being able to reach a tumor within the lung is due to small bronchi. Bronchi are the main air passages in the lungs, and if they are too narrow or constricted, it can make it difficult for the bronchoscope to navigate through and reach the tumor. This can be a result of various factors such as inflammation, scarring, or other conditions that affect the size and structure of the bronchi.

An Endobronchial Ultrasound is used for staging tumors. It involves inserting a bronchoscope into the lung, which has an ultrasound on the tip. The ultrasound allows for imaging and the bronchoscope also has a needle that can be used to biopsy the lymph nodes. This procedure helps in determining the extent and spread of the tumor, aiding in the staging process.

Horner's syndrome, which occurs when a lung tumor invades the ribs and affects the sympathetic nerve ganglia, is characterized by miosis, partial eyelid ptosis, and anhidrosis on the affected side of the face. Chest pain, dyspnea, cough, weight loss, and fever are associated with pleural tumors. Arm and shoulder pain and atrophy of the arm and hand muscles on the affected side suggest Pancoast's tumor, a lung tumor involving the first thoracic and eighth cervical nerves within the brachial plexus. Hoarseness in a client with lung cancer suggests that the tumor has extended to the recurrent laryngeal nerve; dysphagia suggests that the lung tumor is compressing the esophagus.

Adenocarcinoma presents more peripherally as peripheral masses or nodules and often metastasizes.

Cigarette smoking continues to contribute to the risk of lung cancer long after a person has stopped smoking. The American Cancer Society evaluated this relationship in a 6-year prospective study involving more than 900,000 persons. This study included persons who had never smoked, current smokers, and former smokers. As expected, the risk of dying of lung cancer was lower in patients who had quit smoking early in life than in those who quit later on, and the risk was significantly lower in those who quit than in those who did not. In a person who smoked 26 cigarettes a day starting at 17 years of age and stopped smoking between the ages of 30 and 49, the risk of death from lung cancer is slightly greater than that of persons who never smoked. For a person who started smoking at 17 years of age and quit smoking between the ages of 50 and 64, the risk of death from lung cancer plateaus at the risk level at the time of quitting and remains level until about the age of 75, at which time the risk appears to increase further. In this model, the annual lung cancer mortality for current smokers at age 75 is 1% for men and 0.5% for women, which is approximately 20 times higher than that of nonsmokers.

Squamous cell lung cancer is the most common type of lung cancer. It typically starts in the squamous cells that line the airways in the lungs. This type of cancer is often associated with smoking and is more common in men than women. Squamous cell lung cancer tends to grow and spread more slowly than other types of lung cancer, but it can still be aggressive and difficult to treat. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or immunotherapy, depending on the stage and characteristics of the cancer.

Large cell carcinoma is a fast-growing tumor that tends to arise peripherally.

Most patients with lung cancer present with advanced inoperable disease. Screening for lung cancer at an earlier stage is therefore an attractive idea, especially because persons at high risk for lung cancer can be readily identified by a smoking history. Early studies of screening produced disappointing results. Randomized trials of screening suggested that chest x-ray alone was not a satisfactory screening tool for the detection of early lung cancer tumors. Curable tumors are often too small or indistinct to be detected on a standard chest x-ray. Spiral CT scanning is a more sensitive technique for lung cancer screening. With this technique, radiologists obtain a low-resolution image of the entire thorax in a single breath-hold; this approach is associated with low radiation exposure and relatively rapid throughput, as compared with standard CT scans. A number of studies have demonstrated the feasibility of spiral CT scanning in screening for lung cancer. In the Early Lung Cancer Action Project (ELCAP), 1,000 asymptomatic persons older than 60 years who had a smoking history of 10 or more pack-years underwent both spiral CT and chest x-ray. CT detected malignant nodules in 2.7% of the patients, compared with 0.6% by chest x-ray. Benign nodules were detected at a rate of 20.6% by CT, compared with 6.1% by chest x-ray; consequently, careful follow-up is critical for avoiding unnecessary biopsy. A Mayo Clinic study of spiral CT also demonstrated enhanced detection of malignant nodules, most of which were early-stage lung cancer; however, the high yield of benign nodules (60%) detected on spiral CT emphasizes the potential drawback of this technique. At present, no data from randomized trials exist to allow an evidence-based recommendation either for or against lung cancer screening.