Immigrants And Urbanization Chapter 7

Thomas Edison is the correct answer because he was the inventor of the lightbulb, phonograph, and many other innovations. He is widely known for his contributions to the field of technology and is considered one of the greatest inventors in history. Edison's inventions revolutionized the way we live and greatly impacted various industries. His inventions not only improved people's lives but also paved the way for future advancements in technology.

Skyscrapers are very tall buildings. The answer is skyscrapers because it is the only term in the given options that directly relates to the concept of very tall buildings. The other terms, such as Boss Tweed, graft, and steerage, do not have any direct connection to the concept of skyscrapers. Therefore, the correct answer is skyscrapers.

The Pullman Strike is the correct answer because it was a significant event in American history that had a major impact on railway traffic nationwide. The strike, which took place in Chicago, was led by the American Railway Union and involved over 250,000 workers. It was sparked by wage cuts and poor working conditions in the Pullman Palace Car Company, which manufactured luxury train cars. The strike quickly spread across the country, paralyzing railway traffic and leading to violent clashes between strikers and law enforcement. The federal government eventually intervened, and the strike was ultimately unsuccessful, but it brought attention to labor issues and played a role in the development of the American labor movement.

The correct answer is "Gilded Age." The Gilded Age refers to the period of time from the 1870s to the 1890s. During this time, the United States experienced significant economic growth and industrialization. However, behind the facade of prosperity, there were numerous issues such as corrupt politics and a widening wealth gap between the rich and the poor. The term "gilded" signifies that the era appeared prosperous and luxurious on the surface, but beneath it, there were many social and economic problems.

The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was a significant piece of legislation that effectively ended Chinese immigration to the United States. This act was passed in response to growing anti-Chinese sentiment and aimed to restrict Chinese laborers from entering the country. It marked the first time in American history that a specific ethnic group was targeted and banned from immigration. The act remained in effect until 1943, when it was repealed due to changing political and social attitudes towards Chinese immigrants.

A tenement is a type of housing that is poorly built and overcrowded, often inhabited by many immigrants. This type of housing was common in urban areas during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly in cities with large immigrant populations. Tenements were characterized by cramped living spaces, lack of proper sanitation, and inadequate ventilation. They were often associated with poor living conditions and social problems such as poverty and disease.

New inventions such as the vacuum, refrigerator, and home washer/dryer have improved life by making household chores easier and more efficient. These inventions have saved people time and effort, allowing them to focus on other activities or spend more time with their families. The vacuum has made cleaning floors much quicker and more effective, the refrigerator has improved food storage and preservation, and the washer/dryer has simplified the process of doing laundry. Overall, these inventions have enhanced the quality of life for individuals by providing convenience and comfort in their daily routines.

Labor unions are formed by workers to advocate for their rights and improve their working conditions, such as better wages, benefits, and safer working environments. These organizations provide a collective voice for workers, enabling them to negotiate with employers for fair treatment and representation. Labor unions play a crucial role in protecting workers' interests and ensuring that they are not exploited by employers.

Gross National Product refers to the total value of all goods and services produced in a nation. It is a measure of the economic output of a country, including both domestic and foreign production. This term is commonly used to assess the overall economic performance and growth of a nation.

Alexander Graham Bell is the correct answer because he was a United States inventor who was born in Scotland and is widely known for inventing the telephone. He was born in 1847 and passed away in 1922. Bell's invention revolutionized communication and had a significant impact on the world.

Dwight Moody is the correct answer because he made the Moody Bible Institute, which has helped urban evangelists for generations to adapt traditional Christianity into city life. This suggests that Moody's work and the institution he created have played a significant role in supporting and influencing urban evangelism, making him the most fitting answer among the given options.

Nativism refers to the policy of promoting and preserving native cultures and traditions, often in opposition to the process of acculturation. This means that nativism supports the idea of maintaining and perpetuating the cultural identity and practices of a particular group of people, rather than assimilating or adopting the culture of another group. Nativism can be seen as a way of protecting and valuing the unique heritage and traditions of native cultures, while resisting the influences of other cultures.

Social Darwinism is the belief that only the fittest individuals or groups survive in the political and economic struggles of human society. This concept draws parallels between Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection and the competition for power and resources in society. Social Darwinists argue that the strong and successful are naturally selected and should be allowed to thrive, while the weak and unsuccessful are deemed unfit and should not be supported. This ideology has been used to justify social inequality and the exploitation of marginalized groups.

Urbanization refers to the social process in which cities grow and societies become more urban. It involves the migration of people from rural areas to cities, resulting in the expansion of urban areas and the development of urban infrastructure. Industrialization, on the other hand, refers to the process of economic development characterized by the growth of industries and the transformation of an agrarian society into an industrial one. While industrialization can contribute to urbanization by creating job opportunities in cities, urbanization is a broader concept that encompasses various social, economic, and demographic changes associated with urban growth. Assimilation, on the other hand, refers to the process of integrating individuals or groups into a larger society, often involving the adoption of the dominant culture.

Rockefeller is the correct answer because the given description matches his profile. He was an American industrialist who amassed great wealth in the oil industry and was known for his philanthropy, giving away a significant portion of his fortune. Born in 1839, he lived until 1937, making him fit the timeframe provided in the description.

Graft refers to the act of giving something, usually money, in order to gain an illicit advantage. This typically involves bribery or corruption, where individuals offer money or other incentives to influence decisions or gain unfair advantages. It is a form of dishonesty and unethical behavior that undermines the integrity of systems and institutions.

Industrialization refers to the process of developing industries for the machine production of goods. This involves the shift from manual labor to mechanized production methods, leading to increased efficiency and output. Industrialization is closely linked to urbanization, as the growth of industries attracts people to move from rural areas to cities in search of employment opportunities. It also impacts immigration patterns, as it often leads to an influx of migrants seeking jobs in the expanding industrial sectors. Additionally, industrialization can contribute to assimilation, as it brings together people from diverse backgrounds who work and live in close proximity, leading to cultural exchange and integration.

Laissez-faire is the correct answer because it refers to a policy based on the idea that the government should have a minimal role in the economy and should not interfere with businesses or individuals. This approach advocates for free markets and limited government intervention, allowing businesses to operate without excessive regulations.

Andrew Carnegie is the correct answer because he was a prominent industrialist and philanthropist in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He is known for his contributions to education and public libraries, as well as his establishment of research trusts. Carnegie's wealth came from his successful ventures in the steel industry, and he is considered one of the most influential entrepreneurs of his time. Additionally, his philanthropic efforts earned him a reputation as a generous benefactor, making him a key figure in American history.

A holding company is a company that owns controlling shares in other companies. It does not engage in the day-to-day operations of these companies but rather holds their shares as investments. This allows the holding company to have control over the decision-making process of the subsidiary companies without directly managing them.

Assimilation refers to the process of incorporating new ideas or information into an existing cognitive structure. It involves fitting new experiences or knowledge into pre-existing mental frameworks or schemas. This process allows individuals to make sense of new information by relating it to what they already know. Assimilation is a key concept in cognitive development and plays a crucial role in how individuals learn and understand the world around them.

Ellis Island is the correct answer because it was an immigration processing center that opened in New York Harbor in 1892. It served as the main entry point for millions of immigrants coming to the United States, particularly from Europe. It processed and inspected immigrants, checking for health issues and legal qualifications for entry. Ellis Island played a significant role in American immigration history, symbolizing hope and opportunity for many newcomers seeking a better life in America.

An entrepreneur is someone who takes the initiative to organize and start a business venture, taking on the associated risks. They are willing to invest their time, money, and effort into creating and managing a business with the hope of making a profit. Entrepreneurs are known for their innovation, creativity, and ability to identify opportunities in the market. They are often driven by a desire to solve problems, meet needs, and make a positive impact through their ventures.

A trust fund is a special account that is set up to provide money for specific types of expenditures. It is commonly used for purposes such as social security. The funds in a trust fund are managed by a trustee who is responsible for distributing the money according to the terms of the trust. Trust funds are often created to ensure that certain expenses are covered and to provide financial security for individuals or organizations.

The term "old immigration" refers to the wave of immigrants from Northwest Europe who arrived in the early 1800s. These immigrants primarily came from countries such as Ireland, Germany, and Britain. They were often seeking economic opportunities and escaping political unrest in their home countries. This wave of immigration contributed significantly to the population growth and cultural diversity of the United States during this time period.

Cornelius Vanderbilt was a United States financier who amassed significant wealth through his involvement in railroad and shipping enterprises during the 19th century. He played a crucial role in the expansion of the American transportation industry and was known for his shrewd business tactics. Vanderbilt's success and wealth made him a prominent figure of the Gilded Age and contributed to the growth of the American economy. He is often regarded as one of the key figures in the development of modern capitalism in the United States.

Deflation refers to a contraction of economic activity that leads to a decline in prices. This means that there is a decrease in the overall demand for goods and services, causing prices to drop. During deflation, consumers tend to delay purchases in anticipation of even lower prices, which further reduces economic activity. This can have negative effects on businesses, as they may struggle to sell their products and may be forced to lower prices even more. Overall, deflation is a sign of an economic downturn and can have significant impacts on the economy.

Boss Tweed was the leader of the Democratic Tammany Hall, a powerful political machine in New York during the late 19th century. Tammany Hall controlled the city's politics through corruption, bribery, and patronage. Tweed, also known as William M. Tweed, used his position to amass a great deal of wealth and influence. He and his associates were involved in numerous fraudulent schemes, including inflated construction contracts and election fraud. Tweed's reign ended when his corruption was exposed, leading to his arrest and conviction. His name has become synonymous with political corruption and the abuse of power.

Ragtime is the correct answer because it is a type of music that emerged in the late 19th century and early 20th century, blending African-American songs and European musical forms. It was characterized by its syncopated rhythms and lively melodies, and it played a significant role in the development of jazz music. Ragtime gained popularity during a time of cultural exchange and integration between different musical traditions, making it a prime example of the blending of African-American and European musical influences.

Economies of scale refers to the cost advantages that a producer experiences as their output increases. As production volume rises, the average cost per unit decreases due to factors such as spreading fixed costs over a larger output, bulk purchasing discounts, and increased specialization and efficiency. This allows producers to achieve higher levels of production at lower average costs, leading to increased profitability. In the context of the given question, economies of scale would be the most appropriate explanation for why a producer's average cost per unit falls as output rises.

Industrialization refers to the process of developing industries and manufacturing goods on a large scale using machines and advanced technology. This process leads to the growth and expansion of urban areas as people move from rural areas to cities in search of employment opportunities in these industries. Therefore, the correct answer is industrialization, as it directly relates to the development of industries for the machine production of goods and the subsequent urbanization.

A corporation is an organization that is authorized by law to carry on an activity. It is treated as though it were a single person, meaning it has the legal rights and responsibilities of an individual. This allows the corporation to enter into contracts, own property, and be held liable for its actions. The concept of a corporation allows for the separation of ownership and management, as shareholders are not personally liable for the corporation's debts or actions.

Monopoly refers to the exclusive control or possession of something. In this context, it means having complete control over a particular market or industry, where there is no competition. A monopoly occurs when a single company or entity dominates the market, allowing them to set prices and dictate terms without any significant competition. This can lead to higher prices for consumers and limited choices.

The term "robber barons" refers to individuals who amassed great wealth through unethical means such as swindling investors and taxpayers, as well as bribing officials. These individuals were often associated with large corporations and were known for exploiting workers and monopolizing industries. The term "robber barons" is often used to criticize the actions and practices of these wealthy individuals.

Steerage refers to the large open area beneath a ship's deck that was often used to house traveling immigrants. This area was typically overcrowded and provided minimal facilities, making it a cheap and uncomfortable option for those seeking passage to a new country. The term is commonly associated with the mass migration of European immigrants to the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

A political machine refers to an organization that is associated with a political party and often holds influence over local government. These machines were known for their ability to control and manipulate political processes, often through corruption and patronage. They played a significant role in American politics during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly in urban areas. Political machines were notorious for their ability to mobilize voters, provide services in exchange for political support, and maintain a tight grip on power.

Horizontal integration is the correct answer because it refers to a type of monopoly where a company acquires or merges with its competitors in the same industry. This allows the company to control a larger portion of the market and eliminate competition. The example of Rockefeller is relevant because he used horizontal integration to consolidate the oil industry by buying out rival companies and creating a monopoly through his company, Standard Oil.

The term "new immigration" refers to the wave of immigrants from Southern and Eastern European countries and Asia who arrived in the late 1800s. This term is used to distinguish this group of immigrants from the earlier wave of immigrants who came to the United States in the mid-1800s. The new immigrants brought with them different cultures, languages, and traditions, which had a significant impact on American society and led to the development of multiculturalism.

Angel Island was an inspection station for immigrants arriving on the West Coast. Similar to Ellis Island on the East Coast, Angel Island processed and examined immigrants entering the United States, particularly those from Asian countries. It operated from 1910 to 1940 and was located in San Francisco Bay. Immigrants were subjected to rigorous questioning and medical examinations, often enduring long periods of detention. Angel Island was notorious for its harsh conditions and discriminatory practices, particularly towards Chinese immigrants.

Tammany Hall was the most notorious political machine in New York City during the 19th century. It was known for its corruption and control over the city's politics. Boss Tweed, also known as Marcy Tweed, became the head of Tammany Hall in 1863. Under his leadership, Tammany Hall engaged in widespread bribery, fraud, and political favoritism. Tweed and his associates used their power to amass personal wealth and maintain their control over the city's government. The influence and corruption of Tammany Hall eventually led to its downfall and the reform of New York City politics.

A lockout is a situation where management temporarily shuts down a business or prevents employees from entering the workplace as a tactic to put pressure on unions during labor disputes. It is a strategic move to gain leverage in negotiations by causing financial losses for both the employees and the company. This action is often taken when negotiations between management and unions reach an impasse, and it is intended to force the unions to make concessions or agree to the demands of the management.

Party bosses were influential political leaders, typically in urban districts, who exerted significant control over election campaigns and government appointments. They were known for their ability to mobilize support for their political party through patronage and electioneering tactics. These party leaders played a crucial role in shaping the political landscape and maintaining their party's dominance in certain regions.

The motion picture is the first truly universal mass-entertainment medium because it reached all areas of the country and all levels of the population. Unlike other forms of entertainment, such as live theater or radio, motion pictures could be shown in any location and were accessible to people of all socioeconomic backgrounds. This widespread availability and appeal made the motion picture a groundbreaking and influential medium in the history of entertainment.

Push and pull factors refer to the reasons why people leave their homes (push factors) and the reasons why they come to a new place (pull factors). In the context of the West, push factors could include political instability or economic hardship in their home countries, while pull factors could include the promise of better economic opportunities or the allure of a new and exciting lifestyle. These factors combined can explain why people left their homes and why they were drawn to the West.

Vertical integration refers to the process in which a company acquires or merges with its suppliers. This allows the company to have control over the entire supply chain, from production to distribution. By vertically integrating, a company can reduce costs, improve efficiency, and have better control over the quality and availability of inputs. Therefore, vertical integration is the most appropriate term to describe the process of a company buying out its suppliers.