Humanities Final Ch 9

•Crossed the Asian continent with his father and uncle, who had established commercial ties with China’s Mongol emperor, Kublai Khan •Served the Chinese rule for 17 years before returning to Italy •He narrated the details of his travels to a fellow prisoner of war in Genoa •He made the west look bad compared to the east– brought him instant face •Wrote “Travels of Marco Polo,” which was known as “Il Milione.”

Development of European Expansion: •_______ empire captured Constantinople, renaming it Istanbul •Under Ottoman power, Turkish presence in Southwest Asia threatened the safety of European overland caravans to the East •Western rulers explored 2 offensive strategies: ___ against Turks and _____ routes to the East •War did not answer the need for faster & more efficianttrade routes to the East •Greed for _____, ______, and ______ (major commodities of Africand Asia) encourgedEuropean nations to compete with Arabs and Turkish traders for control of foreign markets •Technology of long-distance travel helped European expansion (good maps, charts, compasses, astrolabes, and ships)

•Nagivated around southern Africa to establish Portuguese trading posts in India •(The ______ set off eastward round Africa and across the Indian Ocean, rather than crossing the Atlantic like the ______ did)

•Sailed west in search of an all-water route to China •He discovered the Americas, which changed world history •(Unlike the Portuguese, the Spanish wanted to reach china by sailing across the Atlantic)

African Civilizations: Ghana •The first number of African states emerged in the ______ •Ghana was the first Sudanic state •A single chieftain took control of Ghana •Ghana’s rulers regulated the exportation of Gold to the north and the importation of salt for the desert fringes. •____ and ____ (along w/ iron, slaves, and ivory) were the principal African commodities •Ghana fell to the ______ in the 11thcentury- the culture then came under Arabic influence

African Civilizations- Mali Empire: •Africans speaking the Mande language brought much of the Sudan under their dominion to form the Mali Empire •This development is associated with the warrior-king _______ •The wealth and influence of the Mali Empire derived from its control of northern trade routes •On one of these routes was ______, the greatest of the early African trading centers & the site of an Islamic university •In Mali, the rulers were converts to _____

African Civilizations- Benin: •Before the 14thcentury, neither Arabs nor Europeans traveled to the parts of Africa south of the savanna (a tropical rainforest) . •Here, at the mouth of the _____ emerged the culture known as Benin •The Benin ____(rulers) established an impressive royal tradition •They built large cities and engaged in trade with other African states •The ____ of Benin regarded themselves as descendants of the gods

African Culture: •Africa was known to Europeans as the “_____ ______” •African culture emphasized the importance and well-being of the _____ as essential to that of the individual •The tribe consisted of a federation of extended ______ ruled by chiefs or elders •All those who belonged to the same family made up a single community

African Religion: •The African religion was ______– the belief that spirits inhabit all things in nature •Most Africans honored a Supreme Creator, and also recognized lesser deities and spirits •They believed in the spirits of ancestors as well •The spirits of nature and the dead were thought to influence the living

African Literature: •Black Africa transmitted native folk traditions ______ rather than in writing (as a result, few literary contributions) •During the 10thcentury, ____ scholars in Africa began to transcribe popular native stories into Arabic •Ancient Africa’s oral tradition was the province of _____, a special class of professional poet-historians who preserved the legends of the past by chanting/singing them from memory •The most notable of these narratives is “______,” an epic describing Mali history. •African poetry was chanted- it is an intensely personal form of vocal music •They also had the ______ tale as a genre of literature

African Sculpture: •For Africans, sculpture was the channel through which ______ power might pass •The power-holding object or _____, had forced that might heal the sick, communicate with spirits of ancestors, or bring forth some desirable state •They also had headdresses for ceremonies •Most African sculpture was built with ____ or wood covered in metal •These were rarely ___ in size

Arabs and Europeans in Africa: •European commercial activity in Africa resulted from the quest for new sea routes and for control of the market in ____, ____, and ______ •The Portuguese had the _____ _____- they controlled the flow of both gold and slaves to Europe •They also did the transatlantic slave trade where they shipped slaves to the New World- mainly in Brazil •Arabs also took Africans as slaves

The Mayan Civilization: •The Mayan civilization made awesome cities and religious complexes •Their tymples were ______- the temples were their physical link between earth and heaven where they carved and painted scenes of war and their gods •They made the ballpark to use the losers as sacrifices •They made many sacrifices to the gods •They were the only known Native American culture to produce a written ______—they wrote in hieroglyphs •They produced the narrative “_____ ___” (Book of Counsel) that recounts the creation of the world •According to the Maya, the gods fashioned human beings out of ______ (the principal Native American crop) •They were good mathematicians and astronomers- their calendar was very accurate •Their calendar is at the pyramid at ______ ____

The ____ Civilization: •They lived in the mountainous regions along the west coast of South America •They were the mightiest power on South America •Their civilization had 16 million people •They built roads and bridges for trade within their empire •They lacked writing, so they kept records on a system of knotted cords called quipu •The cult of the sun dominated religious festivals where they made sacrifices to the gods •Gold and silver were for their royal and religious use •They built awesome temples

The _____ Civilization: •This civilization was small compared to the Inkas- numbered between 3 and 5 million people in central Mexico •They were driven by a will to conquer •Their capital was Tenochtitlan •They honored nature deities and extolled the ___ •They used their war victims as sacrifices to the gods •They were awesome at stone sculpture •They had a good calendar, too •They produced the “______ _____.”

The Spanish in the Americas: •Columbus called the Native Americans “______” by the mistaken belief he had reached the “Indies” (India & China) •Spanish adventurers, called ___________, sought wealth and fortune in the New World •Although outnumberred, the force of 600 soldiers under _____ _____, equipedwith horses and gunpowder and muskets, overcame the _____ armies •The Spanish demolished the city of Tenochtitlan •Some Aztecs believed that the white men were Gods •Others dies from smallpox •Others rebelled against their own people with the Spanish •____, ______, and exploiting the native populations for _______ were all sources of wealth for the conquerors •New technologies came to the Americas, as well as _______

•Involved the interchange of 100s of goods and products between Western Europe and the Americas