Human Genetics Final Exam
It’s time for your finals! That’s right, and it’s time to see if all that studying has been worth it or if you should’ve spent more time with your nose in a book! Never fear, because today we’ll be giving you a practice run on your final exam for human genetics, a biological study which looks at the genes, heredity, and genetic variation of a person. Think you know enough to pass? Let’s find out!
- 1.
Humans have ___pairs of chromosomes
- A.
16
- B.
23
- C.
38
- D.
46
Correct Answer
B. 23Explanation
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes. Each pair consists of two chromosomes, one inherited from each parent, making a total of 46 chromosomes. These chromosomes carry genetic information and determine various traits and characteristics of an individual.Rate this question:
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- 2.
A genotype refers to
- A.
Particular allele combinations
- B.
Expression patterns of certain genes
- C.
The environmental components of a trait
- D.
The number of chromosomes
Correct Answer
A. Particular allele combinationsExplanation
A genotype refers to particular allele combinations. This means that it represents the specific combination of alleles (different forms of a gene) that an individual possesses for a particular trait. Alleles can be dominant or recessive, and their combination determines the genetic makeup of an organism. The genotype influences the phenotype (physical characteristics) that an individual will exhibit.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Constructing a "diseasome" is a way to connect diseases that share cerain gene expression patterns. A goal of this approach is to
- A.
Cure cancer
- B.
Identify new drug targets
- C.
Cure all diseases that involve the same set of genes
- D.
Discover how our long-ago ancestors were related
Correct Answer
B. Identify new drug targetsExplanation
Constructing a "diseasome" aims to connect diseases based on their shared gene expression patterns. By doing so, it becomes possible to identify new drug targets. This approach helps in understanding the underlying genetic factors that contribute to various diseases, enabling the discovery of potential targets for developing new drugs and treatments.Rate this question:
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- 4.
The difference between phenotype and genotype is that
- A.
Phenotype refers to the genetic instructions and genotype to their expression
- B.
Genotype refers to the genetic instructions and phenotype to their expression
- C.
The phenotype is RNA and the genotype is DNA
- D.
The phenotype is DNA and the genotype is RNA
Correct Answer
B. Genotype refers to the genetic instructions and phenotype to their expressionExplanation
The correct answer is that genotype refers to the genetic instructions and phenotype to their expression. Genotype refers to the specific genetic makeup of an organism, including all the genes and alleles it possesses. Phenotype, on the other hand, refers to the observable characteristics or traits of an organism that are a result of the interaction between its genotype and the environment. In simpler terms, genotype is the blueprint or the set of instructions, while phenotype is the physical manifestation or expression of those instructions.Rate this question:
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- 5.
In which choice are the entries listed from smallest to largest?
- A.
Cell-genome-gene-DNA building block
- B.
DNA building block-gene-chromosome-genome
- C.
DNA building block-RNA building block-protein
- D.
Gene-cell-DNA-genome
Correct Answer
B. DNA building block-gene-chromosome-genomeExplanation
The correct answer is DNA building block-gene-chromosome-genome. This is the correct order from smallest to largest because DNA building blocks are the individual units that make up DNA, genes are segments of DNA that code for specific traits, chromosomes are structures that contain DNA and genes, and genomes are the complete set of genetic material in an organism.Rate this question:
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- 6.
One way that single-gene diseases differ from other diseases is that
- A.
They most often affect people late in life
- B.
They affect consecutive generations
- C.
They occur at the same frequency in every population
- D.
It is possible to predict occurrence in specific relatives
Correct Answer
D. It is possible to predict occurrence in specific relativesExplanation
Single-gene diseases can be predicted in specific relatives because they follow a clear pattern of inheritance. These diseases are caused by mutations in a single gene, and the inheritance pattern can be traced through generations. By studying the family history and genetic information, it is possible to determine the likelihood of the disease occurring in specific relatives. This is not the case for other diseases, which may have more complex causes and unpredictable patterns of inheritance.Rate this question:
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- 7.
Genetics is teh study of
- A.
Variation of inherited traits
- B.
How organisms reproduce
- C.
How life orginated
- D.
How the environment causes disease
Correct Answer
A. Variation of inherited traitsExplanation
Genetics is the study of variation of inherited traits because it focuses on understanding how traits are passed down from one generation to another. It explores the mechanisms of inheritance, such as DNA and genes, and how they contribute to the diversity of traits observed in individuals. By studying genetics, scientists can better understand how traits are inherited and how they can vary within populations, leading to a better understanding of evolution and the genetic basis of diseases.Rate this question:
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- 8.
Kanisha and Jamal receive their grades on thier physics midterms. Kanisha got an A, but Jamal got a D. "You must have the physics gene," Jamal said. "I don't. I might as well not bother studying." Jamal's attitude illustrates the idea of
- A.
Genetic discrimination
- B.
Genetic determinism
- C.
Genetic handicap
- D.
Genetic engineering
Correct Answer
B. Genetic determinismExplanation
Jamal's attitude illustrates the idea of genetic determinism. He believes that his grade on the physics midterm is solely determined by his genetics, specifically the lack of the "physics gene." He feels that studying is pointless because he believes his genetic makeup is the determining factor in his academic success. This notion of genetic determinism suggests that individuals' abilities and outcomes are predetermined by their genes, disregarding the influence of other factors such as effort, environment, or personal motivation.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Neka is part Native American. He has several relatives who have alcoholism. Neeka takes a direct-to-consumer genetic test panel and discovers that he has inherited gene variants that are associated with increased risk of alcoholism. He reports these facts during an interview for purchasing a life insurance policy, because he thinks that the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act will protect him form being denied life insurance based on results of a genetic test. Alas, Neka is denied coverage, because
- A.
the law does not protect Native Americans.
- B.
The law does not protect people of mixed lineage.
- C.
the law only applies to health insurance and employers, not life insurance.
- D.
. the law does not apply to direct-to-consumer tests.
Correct Answer
C. the law only applies to health insurance and employers, not life insurance.Explanation
The correct answer is that the law only applies to health insurance and employers, not life insurance. This means that Neka's assumption that the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act would protect him from being denied life insurance based on his genetic test results is incorrect. The law only prohibits discrimination based on genetic information in the context of health insurance and employment, but it does not extend to life insurance. Therefore, Neka's genetic test results could be used as a basis for denying him coverage.Rate this question:
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- 10.
Which sequence of events illustrates the steps of signal transduction?
- A.
First messenger to receptor molecules to second messenger to cellular response
- B.
Receptor molecules to first messenger to second messenger to cellular response
- C.
First messenger to second messenger to receptor molecules to cellular response
- D.
First messenger to second messenger to cellular responses to receptor
Correct Answer
A. First messenger to receptor molecules to second messenger to cellular responseExplanation
The correct answer explains the sequence of events in signal transduction. It states that the first step is the binding of the first messenger to receptor molecules. This binding then triggers the production of second messengers, which act as signaling molecules within the cell. Finally, the second messengers initiate a cellular response, which can include changes in gene expression, enzyme activity, or other cellular processes.Rate this question:
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- 11.
During apoptosis, caspases
- A.
Stimulate synthesis of carcinogens.
- B.
activate enzymes that cut DNA into same-sized pieces.
- C.
Cause mitochondria to replicate their DNA.
- D.
Alter the cell surface so that viruses can more easily enter.
Correct Answer
B. activate enzymes that cut DNA into same-sized pieces.Explanation
During apoptosis, caspases activate enzymes that cut DNA into same-sized pieces. Apoptosis is a programmed cell death process that occurs to remove damaged or unnecessary cells from the body. Caspases are a group of enzymes that play a crucial role in apoptosis. They cleave various proteins, including those involved in DNA repair and maintenance. Activation of specific enzymes by caspases leads to the fragmentation of DNA into smaller, evenly sized pieces, which allows for the efficient and controlled dismantling of the cell during apoptosis. This process prevents the release of harmful cellular contents and promotes the removal of the cell without causing inflammation or damage to neighboring cells.Rate this question:
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- 12.
The organelles that contain DNA are the
- A.
Golgi apparatus and lysosome.
- B.
Mitochondrion and plasma membrane.
- C.
Nucleus and mitochondrion.
- D.
Nuclear lamina and endoplasmic reticulum.
Correct Answer
C. Nucleus and mitochondrion.Explanation
The correct answer is nucleus and mitochondrion. The nucleus is the organelle that contains the majority of a cell's DNA. It is responsible for storing and protecting the genetic information of the cell. The mitochondrion is another organelle that contains its own DNA. It is often referred to as the "powerhouse" of the cell because it is responsible for producing energy through a process called cellular respiration. Both the nucleus and mitochondrion play crucial roles in the cell's genetic and metabolic functions.Rate this question:
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