Human Genetics Final Exam

2.

Humans have ___pairs of chromosomes

16
23
38
46

Correct Answer

A. 23

Explanation

Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes. Each pair consists of two chromosomes, one inherited from each parent, making a total of 46 chromosomes. These chromosomes carry genetic information and determine various traits and characteristics of an individual.

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1

3.

The difference between phenotype and genotype is that

Phenotype refers to the genetic instructions and genotype to their expression
Genotype refers to the genetic instructions and phenotype to their expression
The phenotype is RNA and the genotype is DNA
The phenotype is DNA and the genotype is RNA

Correct Answer

A. Genotype refers to the genetic instructions and phenotype to their expression

Explanation

The correct answer is that genotype refers to the genetic instructions and phenotype to their expression. Genotype refers to the specific genetic makeup of an organism, including all the genes and alleles it possesses. Phenotype, on the other hand, refers to the observable characteristics or traits of an organism that are a result of the interaction between its genotype and the environment. In simpler terms, genotype is the blueprint or the set of instructions, while phenotype is the physical manifestation or expression of those instructions.

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4.

The organelles that contain DNA are the

Golgi apparatus and lysosome.
Mitochondrion and plasma membrane.
Nucleus and mitochondrion.
Nuclear lamina and endoplasmic reticulum.

Correct Answer

A. Nucleus and mitochondrion.

Explanation

The correct answer is nucleus and mitochondrion. The nucleus is the organelle that contains the majority of a cell's DNA. It is responsible for storing and protecting the genetic information of the cell. The mitochondrion is another organelle that contains its own DNA. It is often referred to as the "powerhouse" of the cell because it is responsible for producing energy through a process called cellular respiration. Both the nucleus and mitochondrion play crucial roles in the cell's genetic and metabolic functions.

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5.

A genotype refers to

Particular allele combinations
Expression patterns of certain genes
The environmental components of a trait
The number of chromosomes

Correct Answer

A. Particular allele combinations

Explanation

A genotype refers to particular allele combinations. This means that it represents the specific combination of alleles (different forms of a gene) that an individual possesses for a particular trait. Alleles can be dominant or recessive, and their combination determines the genetic makeup of an organism. The genotype influences the phenotype (physical characteristics) that an individual will exhibit.

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6.

In which choice are the entries listed from smallest to largest?

Cell-genome-gene-DNA building block
DNA building block-gene-chromosome-genome
DNA building block-RNA building block-protein
Gene-cell-DNA-genome

Correct Answer

A. DNA building block-gene-chromosome-genome

Explanation

The correct answer is DNA building block-gene-chromosome-genome. This is the correct order from smallest to largest because DNA building blocks are the individual units that make up DNA, genes are segments of DNA that code for specific traits, chromosomes are structures that contain DNA and genes, and genomes are the complete set of genetic material in an organism.

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7.

During apoptosis, caspases

Stimulate synthesis of carcinogens.
activate enzymes that cut DNA into same-sized pieces.
Cause mitochondria to replicate their DNA.
Alter the cell surface so that viruses can more easily enter.

Correct Answer

A. activate enzymes that cut DNA into same-sized pieces.

Explanation

During apoptosis, caspases activate enzymes that cut DNA into same-sized pieces. Apoptosis is a programmed cell death process that occurs to remove damaged or unnecessary cells from the body. Caspases are a group of enzymes that play a crucial role in apoptosis. They cleave various proteins, including those involved in DNA repair and maintenance. Activation of specific enzymes by caspases leads to the fragmentation of DNA into smaller, evenly sized pieces, which allows for the efficient and controlled dismantling of the cell during apoptosis. This process prevents the release of harmful cellular contents and promotes the removal of the cell without causing inflammation or damage to neighboring cells.

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8.

One way that single-gene diseases differ from other diseases is that

They most often affect people late in life
They affect consecutive generations
They occur at the same frequency in every population
It is possible to predict occurrence in specific relatives

Correct Answer

A. It is possible to predict occurrence in specific relatives

Explanation

Single-gene diseases can be predicted in specific relatives because they follow a clear pattern of inheritance. These diseases are caused by mutations in a single gene, and the inheritance pattern can be traced through generations. By studying the family history and genetic information, it is possible to determine the likelihood of the disease occurring in specific relatives. This is not the case for other diseases, which may have more complex causes and unpredictable patterns of inheritance.

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9.

Neka is part Native American. He has several relatives who have alcoholism. Neeka takes a direct-to-consumer genetic test panel and discovers that he has inherited gene variants that are associated with increased risk of alcoholism. He reports these facts during an interview for purchasing a life insurance policy, because he thinks that the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act will protect him form being denied life insurance based on results of a genetic test. Alas, Neka is denied coverage, because

the law does not protect Native Americans.
The law does not protect people of mixed lineage.
the law only applies to health insurance and employers, not life insurance.
. the law does not apply to direct-to-consumer tests.

Correct Answer

A. the law only applies to health insurance and employers, not life insurance.

Explanation

The correct answer is that the law only applies to health insurance and employers, not life insurance. This means that Neka's assumption that the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act would protect him from being denied life insurance based on his genetic test results is incorrect. The law only prohibits discrimination based on genetic information in the context of health insurance and employment, but it does not extend to life insurance. Therefore, Neka's genetic test results could be used as a basis for denying him coverage.

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10.

Kanisha and Jamal receive their grades on thier physics midterms. Kanisha got an A, but Jamal got a D. "You must have the physics gene," Jamal said. "I don't. I might as well not bother studying." Jamal's attitude illustrates the idea of

Genetic discrimination
Genetic determinism
Genetic handicap
Genetic engineering

Correct Answer

A. Genetic determinism

Explanation

Jamal's attitude illustrates the idea of genetic determinism. He believes that his grade on the physics midterm is solely determined by his genetics, specifically the lack of the "physics gene." He feels that studying is pointless because he believes his genetic makeup is the determining factor in his academic success. This notion of genetic determinism suggests that individuals' abilities and outcomes are predetermined by their genes, disregarding the influence of other factors such as effort, environment, or personal motivation.

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11.

Which sequence of events illustrates the steps of signal transduction?

First messenger to receptor molecules to second messenger to cellular response
Receptor molecules to first messenger to second messenger to cellular response
First messenger to second messenger to receptor molecules to cellular response
First messenger to second messenger to cellular responses to receptor

Correct Answer

A. First messenger to receptor molecules to second messenger to cellular response

Explanation

The correct answer explains the sequence of events in signal transduction. It states that the first step is the binding of the first messenger to receptor molecules. This binding then triggers the production of second messengers, which act as signaling molecules within the cell. Finally, the second messengers initiate a cellular response, which can include changes in gene expression, enzyme activity, or other cellular processes.

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12.

Constructing a "diseasome" is a way to connect diseases that share cerain gene expression patterns. A goal of this approach is to

Cure cancer
Identify new drug targets
Cure all diseases that involve the same set of genes
Discover how our long-ago ancestors were related

Correct Answer

A. Identify new drug targets

Explanation

Constructing a "diseasome" aims to connect diseases based on their shared gene expression patterns. By doing so, it becomes possible to identify new drug targets. This approach helps in understanding the underlying genetic factors that contribute to various diseases, enabling the discovery of potential targets for developing new drugs and treatments.

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Human Genetics Final Exam

Genetics is teh study of

Quiz Preview

Humans have ___pairs of chromosomes

The difference between phenotype and genotype is that

The organelles that contain DNA are the

A genotype refers to

In which choice are the entries listed from smallest to largest?

During apoptosis, caspases

One way that single-gene diseases differ from other diseases is that

Kanisha and Jamal receive their grades on thier physics midterms. Kanisha got an A, but Jamal got a D. "You must have the physics gene," Jamal said. "I don't. I might as well not bother studying." Jamal's attitude illustrates the idea of

Which sequence of events illustrates the steps of signal transduction?

Constructing a "diseasome" is a way to connect diseases that share cerain gene expression patterns. A goal of this approach is to