Hsc Chemistry - Module 1

Bromine water would best be used to distinguish between propene and propane because it can react with the double bond in propene, causing the bromine water to decolorize and turn from orange to colorless. On the other hand, propane does not have a double bond and therefore will not react with bromine water. The decolorization of bromine water is a characteristic test for unsaturation, which propene possesses.

The cell walls of plants are largely composed of cellulose. Cellulose is a complex carbohydrate that provides structural support to plant cells. It forms a strong and rigid network of fibers, giving strength to the cell walls. This allows plants to maintain their shape and withstand external pressures. Cellulose is not found in the cytoplasm, flowers, or nuclei of plant cells.

Compound Z in the given reaction is ethylene. This is because the cracking of a C18H36 hydrocarbon molecule produces two C8H16 molecules and ethylene (Z). Ethylene is a hydrocarbon compound with the formula C2H4, consisting of two carbon atoms and four hydrogen atoms. Therefore, ethylene is the correct name for compound Z in this reaction.

Concentrated sulfuric acid is commonly used as a catalyst for the dehydration of ethanol. This reaction involves removing a water molecule from ethanol to form ethene. Sulfuric acid acts as a strong acid, providing protons that can protonate the hydroxyl group of ethanol, making it a better leaving group. This enhances the elimination of water and promotes the formation of ethene. Additionally, sulfuric acid can also act as a dehydrating agent by absorbing water formed during the reaction, driving the equilibrium towards the production of more ethene.

The equation that shows the greatest change in oxidation state is the one in which the element undergoes the largest change in the number of electrons gained or lost. This can be determined by comparing the oxidation states of the element in the reactant and product side of the equation. The equation with the highest difference in oxidation states indicates the greatest change in oxidation state.

In a galvanic cell, the electrode where oxidation occurs is called the anode. The anode is the site where electrons are released during the redox reaction, leading to the oxidation of the species present. It is important to note that oxidation always takes place at the anode in a galvanic cell, while reduction occurs at the cathode.

The correct answer is ethylene. Dehydration of ethanol involves the removal of a water molecule, resulting in the formation of ethylene. Ethylene is an organic compound commonly used in the production of plastics, solvents, and as a ripening agent for fruits. It is a colorless gas with a sweet odor and is highly flammable.

The correct answer is "Initiation, propagation, termination." In the production of polyethylene, initiation is the first step where a catalyst is used to start the reaction. Propagation follows, where monomers continuously add to the growing polymer chain. Finally, termination occurs when the reaction stops, resulting in the formation of the polyethylene.

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The elements mercury, sodium, aluminium, polonium, radon, calcium, radium, and lead all have stable isotopes. However, americium, curium, and plutonium do not have any stable isotopes. Therefore, the correct answer is Americium, curium, plutonium.

The formation of a condensation polymer involves the condensation reaction between two or more monomers, resulting in the formation of a polymer chain and the release of a small molecule, such as water. This process occurs without the requirement of biomass. Therefore, the statement "The condensation polymer and another small molecule form" is the only statement that can be applied to the formation of a condensation polymer.

The oxidation state of an element refers to the number of electrons that an atom gains or loses when it forms a compound or ion. In this case, the oxidation state of zinc changes from 0 (in the solid state) to +2 (in the form of zinc ions). This change indicates that zinc has lost two electrons during the reaction, resulting in an increase in its oxidation state. Therefore, the statement "It has increased due to the loss of electrons from the zinc metal" best describes and accounts for this change in oxidation state.

Based on the given information, when copper is placed into a solution of sodium chloride and there is no visible reaction, it can be deduced that copper is less reactive than sodium. This means that copper is less likely to undergo a chemical reaction compared to sodium when in contact with the sodium chloride solution.

The reaction used to produce neptunium involves the synthesis and isolation of a transuranic element. Transuranic elements are elements with atomic numbers greater than that of uranium, and they are typically produced by bombarding a target material with high-energy particles. In this case, the reaction requires the addition of a neutron (particle X) to the target material in order to produce neptunium. Neutrons are electrically neutral particles found in the nucleus of an atom, and they play a crucial role in nuclear reactions and the stability of atomic nuclei.

The graph shows that the molecular weights of the molecules present at one instant during the polymerization of ethylene are not all the same. This indicates that the polymer molecules present vary in size at any given time during the polymerization process.

Cu-63 and Cu-65 are isotopes of copper, meaning they have the same number of protons and electrons. Since copper has an atomic number of 29, both isotopes will have 29 protons and 29 electrons in their atoms.

Based on the consistent values obtained in the three trials, it can be concluded that the results for the heat of combustion of ethanol are reliable. The fact that the values are close to each other suggests that the experiment was conducted accurately and with precision. Therefore, we can trust the obtained results for ethanol.

The decay of an atom of uranium-238 results in the formation of various isotopes, including lead isotopes. Pb-206 is a stable species because it is not radioactive and does not undergo further decay. This means that it does not continue to break down into other isotopes over time. In contrast, U-238 is radioactive and eventually decays into Pb-206, making it an unstable species. Pb-214 and Pb-82 are also unstable isotopes that are produced during the decay process of U-238.

A scientific research organization that is self-funded by sales of publications would provide the most valid information about the usefulness of ethanol as a fuel. This is because being self-funded by sales of publications indicates that the organization is independent and not influenced by any external interests. Therefore, their research and findings are likely to be unbiased and reliable, making their information about the usefulness of ethanol as a fuel more valid.

When bromine water reacts with ethylene, the bromine is added across the double bond of ethylene. This results in the formation of 2-Bromoethanol, where the bromine atom is attached to one of the carbon atoms in ethylene and the hydroxyl group (OH) is attached to the other carbon atom. This is the most likely product of the reaction based on the reaction conditions and the properties of bromine water.