Hmp Shunt - High Yield Topic Series

Explanation
The correct answer is 0 ATP. The pentose phosphate pathway is an alternative pathway to glycolysis for the breakdown of glucose. It primarily functions to generate NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis. While it does produce some ATP, the net energy yield from the pentose phosphate pathway is 0 ATP. This is because the ATP consumed in the initial steps of the pathway is later regenerated in subsequent steps, resulting in no net gain or loss of ATP.

Explanation
The HMP shunt is significant in cellular metabolism because it produces NADPH. NADPH is an important coenzyme involved in various metabolic reactions, including the synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol, the regeneration of antioxidants like glutathione, and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in immune cells. NADPH also plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of cellular redox state and protecting cells from oxidative stress. Therefore, the production of NADPH through the HMP shunt is essential for cellular functions and survival.

Explanation
cytoplasmic isocitrate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme can also produce NADPH.

Explanation
NADP+ is the proton acceptor

Explanation
The HMP (hexose monophosphate) shunt is a metabolic pathway that occurs in various tissues and is responsible for the production of NADPH, which is important for cellular processes such as lipid synthesis and antioxidant defense. The HMP shunt is active in RBCs, liver, adipose tissue, adrenal cortex, thyroid, testis, and lactating mammary gland. However, it is not active in skeletal muscle. This is because skeletal muscle primarily relies on glycolysis for energy production and does not require the NADPH produced by the HMP shunt.

Explanation
The correct answer is "Both". The transketolase reaction requires both Mg2+ and thiamin diphosphate. Mg2+ acts as a cofactor for the enzyme, helping to stabilize the reaction intermediates. Thiamin diphosphate, also known as vitamin B1, is a coenzyme that plays a crucial role in the transfer of two-carbon units during the reaction. Without either of these components, the transketolase reaction would not be able to proceed efficiently.