.
Control by releasing hormones
Control by tropic hormones
Negative feedback control
Hypothalamus/hypophysis coordination
Malignant neoplasm
Infection
Congenital defect
Benign tumor
Onset often occurs during childhood.
Relative insufficiency of insulin or insulin resistance develops.
It can be treated by diet, weight control and exercise, or oral hypoglycemics.
Complications rarely occur.
Increased thirst and hypoglycemia
Ketoacidosis
Osmotic pressure due to glucose
Diabetic nephropathy
Excess insulin in the body
Loss of glucose in the urine
Failure of the kidney to excrete sufficient acids
Increased catabolism of fats and proteins
Skipping a meal
Anorexia
Serious infection
Insulin overdose
Strenuous exercise
Missing an insulin dose
Eating excessively large meals
Sedentary lifestyle
Deep, rapid respirations
Flushed dry skin and mucosa
Thirst and oliguria
Staggering gait, disorientation, and confusion
Pale moist skin
Thirst and poor skin turgor
Deep rapid respirations and fruity breath odor
Tremors and strong rapid pulse
Administration of bicarbonates.
Consumption of fruit juice or candy.
Induced vomiting.
Consumption of large amounts of water.
Toxic effects of excessive insulin
Excessive glucose in the blood
Metabolic acidosis
Lack of glucose in brain cells
Osteoporosis
Nephropathy
Impotence
Peripheral neuropathy
To replace insulin in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
To transport glucose into body cells
To prevent gluconeogenesis
To stimulate the pancreas to produce more insulin
Cataracts
Macular degeneration.
Myopia
Strabismus.
1, 3
1, 4
2, 3
2, 4
Necrosis and gangrene in the feet and legs
Lack of glucose to the cells in the feet and legs
Severe dehydration in the tissues
Elevated blood glucose increasing blood viscosity
Temporary maternal diabetes.
Fetal diabetes.
Acute developmental diabetes.
Gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetic patients
Type 2 diabetic patients
Patients with a poor stress response
Patients with a regular exercise and meal plan
Increased glucocorticoids
Decreased glucocorticoids
Deficit of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Deficit of T3 and T4
Increased glucocorticoids
Decreased glucocorticoids
Deficit of ADH
Deficit of T3 and T4
Increased insulin
Decreased glucocorticoids
Deficit of ADH
Deficit of T3 and T4
Hypocalcemia
Tetany
Bone demineralization
Deficit of vitamin D
1, 2
1, 3
2, 3
3, 4
It occurs in infants and children.
It causes excessive longitudinal bone growth.
It results from excessive secretion of growth hormone (GH).
It does not change soft tissue growth.
1, 4
2, 3
1, 2, 3
1, 2, 3, 4
Facial puffiness, bradycardia, and lethargy
Exophthalmos and tachycardia
Delayed physical and intellectual development
Goiter and decreased basal metabolic rate (BMR)
Heavy body and round face
Atrophied skeletal muscle in the limbs
Staring eyes with infrequent blinking
Atrophy of the lymph nodes
Decreased secretion from the adrenal cortex gland
An increased inflammatory response to irritants
Hypotension and poor circulation
Increased number of hypersensitivity reactions
Elevated blood glucose levels
High blood pressure
Low serum potassium levels
Poor stress response
Increased glucose production in the liver
Destruction of pancreatic cells by an autoimmune reaction
Increased resistance of body cells to insulin action
Chronic obesity
Excess ketoacids displace glucose into the filtrate.
Excess water in the filtrate draws more glucose into the urine.
The amount of glucose in the filtrate exceeds the renal tubule transport limit.
Sufficient insulin is not available for glucose reabsorption.
1, 4
2, 3
1, 2
1, 3, 4
The cause is excess ADH secretion.
Severe hyponatremia results.
Excessive sodium is retained.
Fluid retention increases.
Hyperthermia and heart failure
Hypotension and hypoglycemia
Toxic goiter and hypometabolism
Decreased stress response
Hypothyroidism
Cushing’s disease
Addison’s disease
Growth hormone deficit
Graves’ disease
Acromegaly
Cushing’s disease
Diabetes insipidus
Type 1 diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes.
Grave’s disease.
Hyperparathyroidism.
1, 2
1, 3
2, 3
1, 3, 4
Liver
Digestive system.
Exercising skeletal muscle.
Brain.
Type 1 diabetes weight gain is common, and type 2 weight loss often occurs.
Type 1 diabetes leads to fewer complications than does type 2 diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes may be controlled by adjusting dietary intake and exercise, but type 2 diabetes requires insulin replacement.
Type 1 diabetes occurs more frequently in children and adolescents, and type 2 diabetes occurs more often in adults.
Peripheral neuropathy.
Frequent infections.
Cataracts.
A, B, and C.
A malignant tumor in the parathyroid glands
End-stage renal failure
Osteoporosis
Radiation involving the thyroid gland and neck area
Excessive levels of somatotropin (GH).
A deficit of somatotropin (GH).
Excessive levels of insulin.
Excessive levels of parathyroid hormone.
Inappropriate ADH syndrome
Gigantism
Diabetes insipidus
Myxedema
Great Lakes or mountainous regions.
Southwest United States.
Temperate regions.
Areas bordering the oceans.
Hypermetabolism
Decreased size of thyroid gland
Bradycardia and hypothermia
Decreased blood levels of T3, T4, and TSH
Hypothyroid conditions only.
Either hypothyroid or hyperthyroid conditions.
Hyperthyroid conditions only.
Fungal infections such as candidiasis.
Myxedema
Cushing’s syndrome.
Diabetes insipidus.
Cretinism
Graves’ disease.
Pheochromocytoma
Cushing’s syndrome.
Graves’ disease.
Addison’s disease.
Prolactin (PRL).
Glucagon.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
Growth hormone (GH).
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