Diabetes GLD Ch. 16T-3

1. 53. Early signs of hyperglycemia include polyphagia, which means:

Thirst.

Increased urine output.

Hunger.

Glucose in the urine.

2. 54. Which of the following hormones is involved in both the stress response and the anti-inflammatory response?

Aldosterone

Norepinephrine

Thyroxine

Cortisol

3. 55. Polydipsia occurs with diabetes mellitus when:

Lack of insulin causes hunger.

Ketone levels rise in the blood.

Polyuria causes dehydration.

Glucosuria causes ketoacidosis.

4. 56. Metabolic syndrome is marked by:

Abnormal lipid and glucose metabolism.

Periodic hypotension.

Deficit of glucagon.

Early onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus.

5. 57. Compensation mechanisms occurring in the early stage of diabetic ketoacidosis include:

Kussmaul’s respirations.

Polydipsia.

Ketonuria.

Seizures.

6. 58. Which of the following may occur with a pituitary adenoma?

Low blood pressure and bradycardia

Headache and seizures

Vomiting and diarrhea

Loss of vision in one eye

7. 59. Which of the following may cause hypertension?

Hypoparathyroidism

Hypoglycemia

Pheochromocytoma

Addison’s disease

8. 62. Which of the following are likely present in a patient immobilized for a long period of time?

Hypocalcemia and low serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels

Hypocalcemia and high serum PTH levels

Hypercalcemia and low serum PTH levels

Hypercalcemia and high serum PTH levels

9. 65. Why does hypocalcemia cause tetany?

Skeletal muscle contractions are weaker.

Nerves to skeletal muscle are more excitable.

Calcium is not stored in skeletal muscle cells.

Serum phosphate levels are low.

10. 1. What kind of control mechanism is indicated when increased blood glucose levels stimulate increased secretion of insulin?

Control by releasing hormones

Control by tropic hormones

Negative feedback control

Hypothalamus/hypophysis coordination

11. 2. What is the most common cause of endocrine disorders?

Malignant neoplasm

Infection

Congenital defect

Benign tumor

12. 3. Choose the statement that applies to type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Onset often occurs during childhood.

Relative insufficiency of insulin or insulin resistance develops.

It can be treated by diet, weight control and exercise, or oral hypoglycemics.

Complications rarely occur.

13. 5. What is the cause of diabetic ketoacidosis?

Excess insulin in the body

Loss of glucose in the urine

Failure of the kidney to excrete sufficient acids

Increased catabolism of fats and proteins

14. 6. What is a precipitating factor for diabetic ketoacidosis?

Skipping a meal

Anorexia

Serious infection

Insulin overdose

15. 8. Which of the following indicates hypoglycemia in a diabetic?

Deep, rapid respirations

Flushed dry skin and mucosa

Thirst and oliguria

Staggering gait, disorientation, and confusion

16. 10. Immediate treatment for insulin shock may include:

Administration of bicarbonates.

Consumption of fruit juice or candy.

Induced vomiting.

Consumption of large amounts of water.

17. 13. How do many oral hypoglycemic drugs act?

To replace insulin in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)

To transport glucose into body cells

To prevent gluconeogenesis

To stimulate the pancreas to produce more insulin

18. 14. Diabetes may cause visual impairment through damage to the lens; this is referred to as:

Cataracts

Macular degeneration.

Myopia

Strabismus.

19. 15. Which of the following applies to diabetic macro-angiography? 1. It affects the small arteries and arterioles. 2. It is related to elevated serum lipids. 3. It leads to increased risk of myocardial infarction and peripheral vascular disease. 4. It frequently causes damage to the kidneys.

1, 3

1, 4

2, 3

2, 4

20. 16. Why is amputation frequently a necessity in diabetics?

Necrosis and gangrene in the feet and legs

Lack of glucose to the cells in the feet and legs

Severe dehydration in the tissues

Elevated blood glucose increasing blood viscosity

21. 17. A type of diabetes that may develop during pregnancy and disappear after delivery is called:

Temporary maternal diabetes.

Fetal diabetes.

Acute developmental diabetes.

Gestational diabetes.

22. 18. Which one of the following develops hypoglycemia more frequently?

Type 1 diabetic patients

Type 2 diabetic patients

Patients with a poor stress response

Patients with a regular exercise and meal plan

23. 20. Which of the following hormonal imbalances causes myxedema?

Increased glucocorticoids

Decreased glucocorticoids

Deficit of ADH

Deficit of T3 and T4

24. 21. Which of the following hormonal imbalances causes diabetes insipidus?

Increased insulin

Decreased glucocorticoids

Deficit of ADH

Deficit of T3 and T4

25. 23. What is caused by hypocalcemia due to hypoparathyroidism? 1. Skeletal muscle twitching or spasm 2. Weak cardiac contraction 3. Increased secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) 4. Decreased serum phosphate level

1, 2

1, 3

2, 3

3, 4

26. 24. Which of the following applies to acromegaly?

It occurs in infants and children.

It causes excessive longitudinal bone growth.

It results from excessive secretion of growth hormone (GH).

It does not change soft tissue growth.

27. 25. Which of the following may cause goiter? 1. Hyperthyroidism 2. Hypothyroidism 3. Lack of iodine in the diet 4. Pheochromocytoma

1, 4

2, 3

1, 2, 3

1, 2, 3, 4

28. 27. Characteristics of Cushing's syndrome include all of the following EXCEPT:

Heavy body and round face

Atrophied skeletal muscle in the limbs

Staring eyes with infrequent blinking

Atrophy of the lymph nodes

29. 28. Which of the following is an effect of long-term glucocorticoid therapy?

Decreased secretion from the adrenal cortex gland

An increased inflammatory response to irritants

Hypotension and poor circulation

Increased number of hypersensitivity reactions

30. 29. Which of the following is an effect of Addison's disease?

Elevated blood glucose levels

High blood pressure

Low serum potassium levels

Poor stress response

31. 30. What is the most common cause of type 1 diabetes mellitus?

Increased glucose production in the liver

Destruction of pancreatic cells by an autoimmune reaction

Increased resistance of body cells to insulin action

Chronic obesity

32. 31. Why does glucosuria occur in diabetics?

Excess ketoacids displace glucose into the filtrate.

Excess water in the filtrate draws more glucose into the urine.

The amount of glucose in the filtrate exceeds the renal tubule transport limit.

Sufficient insulin is not available for glucose reabsorption.

33. 33. Which of the following does NOT apply to inappropriate ADH syndrome?

The cause is excess ADH secretion.

Severe hyponatremia results.

Excessive sodium is retained.

Fluid retention increases.

34. 36. Which of the following conditions may cause immunosuppression?

Graves’ disease

Acromegaly

Cushing’s disease

Diabetes insipidus

35. 37. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma (HHNC) more frequently develops in patients with:

Type 1 diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes.

Grave’s disease.

Hyperparathyroidism.

36. 38. Which of the following is recommended for immediate treatment of hypoglycemic shock? 1. If conscious, immediately give sweet fruit juice, honey, candy, or sugar. 2. If unconscious, give nothing by mouth (require intravenous glucose 50%). 3. Treat immediately with insulin. 4. Give large quantity of clear fluids for shock.

1, 2

1, 3

2, 3

1, 3, 4

37. 39. All these tissues use glucose without the aid of insulin EXCEPT:

Liver

Digestive system.

Exercising skeletal muscle.

Brain.

38. 40. Differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes include which of the following?

Type 1 diabetes weight gain is common, and type 2 weight loss often occurs.

Type 1 diabetes leads to fewer complications than does type 2 diabetes.

Type 1 diabetes may be controlled by adjusting dietary intake and exercise, but type 2 diabetes requires insulin replacement.

Type 1 diabetes occurs more frequently in children and adolescents, and type 2 diabetes occurs more often in adults.

39. 41. Complications of diabetes mellitus include:

Peripheral neuropathy.

Frequent infections.

Cataracts.

A, B, and C.

40. 42. Which of the following often causes hyperparathyroidism?

A malignant tumor in the parathyroid glands

End-stage renal failure

Osteoporosis

Radiation involving the thyroid gland and neck area

41. 43. Dwarfism is caused by:

Excessive levels of somatotropin (GH).

A deficit of somatotropin (GH).

Excessive levels of insulin.

Excessive levels of parathyroid hormone.

42. 45. Goiters occur more frequently in persons living in the:

Great Lakes or mountainous regions.

Southwest United States.

Temperate regions.

Areas bordering the oceans.

43. 47. Goiters may be caused by:

Hypothyroid conditions only.

Either hypothyroid or hyperthyroid conditions.

Hyperthyroid conditions only.

Fungal infections such as candidiasis.

44. 48. Severe impairment of all aspects of growth and development, including difficulty feeding, mental retardation, and stunted skeletal growth, are associated with:

Myxedema

Cushing’s syndrome.

Diabetes insipidus.

Cretinism

Graves’ disease.

45. 49. A benign tumor of the adrenal medulla that secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine is called:

Pheochromocytoma

Cushing’s syndrome.

Graves’ disease.

Addison’s disease.

46. 50. The anterior pituitary gland secretes all of the following hormones EXCEPT:

Prolactin (PRL).

Glucagon.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

Growth hormone (GH).

47. 51. Which of the following applies to oxytocin? 1. It stimulates contraction of the uterus after delivery. 2. It stimulates ejection of breast milk during lactation. 3. It stimulates mammary gland production of milk. 4. It is released from the adenohypophysis.

1, 2

1, 4

1, 3, 4

1, 2, 3, 4

48. 52. Which of the following is a major function of the hormone norepinephrine?

Inhibition of an excessive stress response

Visceral and cutaneous vasoconstriction

Increased force of heart contraction

Vasodilation in skeletal muscle

49. 12. Which of the following does NOT usually develop as a complication of diabetes?

Osteoporosis

Nephropathy

Impotence

Peripheral neuropathy

50. 60. Catabolic effects of Cushing's syndrome include:

Osteoporosis.

Hypertension.

Increased erythrocyte production.

Moon face and buffalo hump.

51. 61. Blood glucose levels are increased by: 1. glucocorticoids. 2. glucagon. 3. epinephrine. 4. norepinephrine. 5. parathyroid hormone (PTH)

1, 2

1, 2, 3

2, 4, 5

1, 3, 4, 5

52. 4. Why does polyuria develop with diabetes mellitus?

Increased thirst and hypoglycemia

Ketoacidosis

Osmotic pressure due to glucose

Diabetic nephropathy

53. 7. Which of the following may cause insulin shock to develop?

Strenuous exercise

Missing an insulin dose

Eating excessively large meals

Sedentary lifestyle

54. 9. Which of the following are signs of diabetic ketoacidosis in an unconscious person?

Pale moist skin

Thirst and poor skin turgor

Deep rapid respirations and fruity breath odor

Tremors and strong rapid pulse

55. 11. What causes loss of consciousness in a person with diabetic ketoacidosis?

Toxic effects of excessive insulin

Excessive glucose in the blood

Metabolic acidosis

Lack of glucose in brain cells

56. 19. Which of the following hormonal imbalances causes Addison's disease?

Increased glucocorticoids

Decreased glucocorticoids

Deficit of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Deficit of T3 and T4

57. 26. Which signs are typical of Graves' disease?

Facial puffiness, bradycardia, and lethargy

Exophthalmos and tachycardia

Delayed physical and intellectual development

Goiter and decreased basal metabolic rate (BMR)

58. 35. Which of the following conditions may precipitate or exacerbate hyperglycemia?

Hypothyroidism

Cushing’s disease

Addison’s disease

Growth hormone deficit

59. 44. Which of the following results from a deficit of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

Inappropriate ADH syndrome

Gigantism

Diabetes insipidus

Myxedema

60. 46. Which of the following is caused by Graves' disease?

Hypermetabolism

Decreased size of thyroid gland

Bradycardia and hypothermia

Decreased blood levels of T3, T4, and TSH

61. 63. Which of the following may cause high serum levels of parathyroid hormone?

Hypoparathyroidism

Chronic renal failure

Hypercalcemia

Adenoma in the thyroid gland

62. 64. Diabetic retinopathy results from:

Degeneration of large blood vessels supplying the eye.

Abnormal metabolism in the lens of the eye.

Neuropathy affecting the optic nerve.

Obstruction or rupture of retinal blood vessels.

63. 22. What is caused by hyperparathyroidism?

Hypocalcemia

Tetany

Bone demineralization

Deficit of vitamin D

64. 32. Which of the following are common early signs of a pituitary adenoma? 1. Persistent headaches 2. Hemianopia 3. Hypertension 4. Papilledema

1, 4

2, 3

1, 2

1, 3, 4

65. 34. What is/are the effect(s) of thyrotoxic crisis?

Hyperthermia and heart failure

Hypotension and hypoglycemia

Toxic goiter and hypometabolism

Decreased stress response

Diabetes Gld Ch. 16t-3