The Environmental Geology 1340 Exam Practice Test!
(200).jpg "The Environmental Geology 1340 Exam Practice Test! - Quiz")
Environmental geology is an applied science that pertains to the practical application of the factors in geology and the solving of environmental problems. It involves the application of the findings of geologic research and the difficulties of the utilization of land. In this quiz, you will be concerned with what is true of surface water in the oceans and which waveforms closest to the beach. You clearly need to try this terrific quiz.
- 1.
The salinity of oceans vary from 34 to 37 parts per thousand. What is the definition of salinity?
- A.
Grams of solution per cubic kilometer of seawater.
- B.
Grams of water in 1 kilogram of solution.
- C.
Grams of dissolved ions in 1 kilogram of solution.
- D.
Grams of sodium per kilogram of dissolved ions.
Correct Answer
C. Grams of dissolved ions in 1 kilogram of solution.Explanation
alinity is the saltiness or dissolved salt content of a body of water. It is a general term used to describe the levels of different salts such as sodium chloride, magnesium and calcium sulfates, and bicarbonates.Rate this question:
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- 2.
Why does ocean water have higher salinity in subtropical regions than along the equatorial belt?
- A.
Rainfall within subtropical regions has a higher salt content than along the equator.
- B.
More streams and rivers empty into the ocean within subtropical regions than along the equatorial belt.
- C.
Precipitation is greater in the subtropics than along the equatorial belt.
- D.
Evaporation exceeds precipitation in the subtropical region, whereas the reverse occurs along the equator.
Correct Answer
D. Evaporation exceeds precipitation in the subtropical region, whereas the reverse occurs along the equator.Explanation
The higher salinity in subtropical regions compared to the equatorial belt can be explained by the fact that evaporation exceeds precipitation in the subtropical region, while the opposite occurs along the equator. This means that more water is being evaporated in the subtropical regions, leaving behind a higher concentration of salt in the remaining water. In contrast, along the equator, where there is more precipitation, the dilution effect of the rainwater lowers the overall salinity of the ocean water.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding surface water in the oceans?
- A.
Motion of the surface layer is primarily driven by wind and deflected by the Coriollis force.
- B.
The surface layer is heated by the sun.
- C.
Most surface water originates near Greenland and Antarctica and afterwards flows as surface water towards the equator.
- D.
The temperature of surface water varies with latitude and the seasons.
Correct Answer
C. Most surface water originates near Greenland and Antarctica and afterwards flows as surface water towards the equator. -
- 4.
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
- A.
The sea surface is everywhere smooth and flat.
- B.
Global sea level has risen and fallen many times throughout Earth history.
- C.
Coastlines are always in equilibrium with oceans and therefore never change.
- D.
Ocean currents generate the tides.
Correct Answer
B. Global sea level has risen and fallen many times throughout Earth history.Explanation
The statement that global sea level has risen and fallen many times throughout Earth history is true. This is supported by scientific evidence and research that shows sea levels have fluctuated over time due to various factors such as climate change, melting ice sheets, and tectonic activity. These changes in sea level have occurred over long periods of time and have had significant impacts on coastal areas and ecosystems.Rate this question:
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- 5.
The following configuration of the Earth-Moon-Sun system will result in__________.
- A.
Ocean gyres
- B.
Spring tide
- C.
A lunar eclipse
- D.
Neap tide
Correct Answer
B. Spring tideExplanation
The configuration of the Earth-Moon-Sun system that results in a spring tide is when the Sun, Moon, and Earth are aligned in a straight line. During this alignment, the gravitational forces of the Sun and Moon combine, causing a stronger gravitational pull on the Earth's oceans. This leads to higher high tides and lower low tides, creating a greater tidal range. Spring tides occur during the new moon and full moon phases.Rate this question:
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- 6.
Which of the following will cause a global rise in sea level?
- A.
Global cooling during an ice age
- B.
Assembly of continents into a supercontinent.
- C.
Decrease in the volume of mid-ocean ridges
- D.
Removing fish from the oceans
- E.
Global warming during an interglacial cycle
Correct Answer
E. Global warming during an interglacial cycleExplanation
The general term "ice age" or, more precisely, "glacial age" denotes a geological period of long-term reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in an expansion of continental ice sheets, polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers. An ice age is a natural system. Within a long-term ice age, individual pulses of extra cold climate are termed "glacial periods" (or alternatively "glacials" or "glaciations"), and intermittent warm periods are called "interglacials". Glaciologically, ice age implies the presence of extensive ice sheets in the northern and southern hemispheres;[1] by this definition we are still in the ice age that began at the start of the Pleistocene (because the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets still exist).[2]Rate this question:
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- 7.
For incoming ocean waves approaching a coast, which of the following wave forms occur closest to the beach?
- A.
Surf
- B.
Crests
- C.
Breakers
- D.
Swells
Correct Answer
A. SurfExplanation
Surf refers to the wave forms that occur closest to the beach when incoming ocean waves approach a coast. It is the result of the interaction between the waves and the shallow water near the shore. As the waves approach the beach, the bottom of the wave starts to slow down due to the friction with the ocean floor, causing the top of the wave to move faster and eventually topple forward, creating the characteristic surf. Crests are the highest points of a wave, breakers are waves that collapse and break as they reach the shore, and swells are long, rolling waves that travel across the ocean's surface.Rate this question:
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- 8.
Which of the following statements regarding waves approaching a coast is FALSE?
- A.
Waves speed up when approaching the beach.
- B.
Wave crests bunch closer together when approaching the beach.
- C.
Wave crests increase in height when approaching the beach.
- D.
Approaching wave crests align parallel with the coastline in what is known as wave refraction.
Correct Answer
A. Waves speed up when approaching the beach.Explanation
When waves approach the beach, they actually slow down due to the decrease in water depth. This causes the wave crests to bunch closer together and increase in height. Additionally, the approaching wave crests align parallel with the coastline in a phenomenon known as wave refraction. Therefore, the statement "Waves speed up when approaching the beach" is false.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Which of the following depositional features along a coast is called a Bay barrier or baymouth bar?
- A.
A
- B.
B
- C.
C
- D.
D
- E.
E
Correct Answer
E. EExplanation
A bay barrier or baymouth bar is a depositional feature along a coast that forms across the mouth of a bay, partially or completely blocking the entrance. This barrier is typically composed of sand or sediment that is deposited by waves and currents, creating a barrier between the bay and the open ocean. These features can be important for protecting the bay from erosion and wave action, as well as providing habitat for various marine species.Rate this question:
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- 10.
Which of the following structures is a breakwater?
- A.
A
- B.
B
- C.
C
- D.
D
Correct Answer
A. AExplanation
Structure A is a breakwater because it is a barrier built offshore to protect a harbor, anchorage, or shoreline from the effects of waves and currents. It is designed to absorb or deflect the energy of the waves, reducing erosion and providing a calm area behind it.Rate this question:
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- 11.
For the following figure, where is the greatest amount of coastal erosion occuring?
- A.
Cove
- B.
Bay
- C.
Headlands
- D.
Coastal erosion is the same everywhere
Correct Answer
C. HeadlandsExplanation
The greatest amount of coastal erosion is occurring at the headlands. Headlands are elevated areas of land that extend out into the sea, and they are more exposed to the erosive forces of waves and currents. The constant pounding of waves against the headlands causes the erosion of the coastline, resulting in the greatest amount of erosion in this area compared to the other options provided.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Which of the following statements about beach drift and longshore currents is TRUE?
- A.
Beach drift causes beach sand to remain in place.
- B.
Longshore currents prevent waves from striking the beach.
- C.
Beach drift transports sediment in the same direction as does longshore current.
- D.
The zigzag motion of sand describes sediment transport by longshore currents.
Correct Answer
C. Beach drift transports sediment in the same direction as does longshore current.Explanation
Beach drift refers to the movement of sediment along the beach due to the action of waves and currents. Longshore currents, on the other hand, are currents that flow parallel to the shoreline. The given statement correctly states that beach drift and longshore currents transport sediment in the same direction. This means that the sediment is moved along the beach in the same direction as the longshore current.Rate this question:
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- 13.
Atoll, barrier, and fringing describe different types of ________.
- A.
Wetlands
- B.
Coral reefs
- C.
Coastal depositional features
- D.
Coastal erosion features
Correct Answer
B. Coral reefsExplanation
Atoll, barrier, and fringing are all terms used to describe different types of coral reefs. Coral reefs are underwater ecosystems formed by the accumulation of coral skeletons over time. Atolls are circular or horseshoe-shaped reefs that surround a lagoon. Barrier reefs are parallel to the coastline and are separated from the shore by a lagoon. Fringing reefs are directly attached to the shore. Therefore, the correct answer is coral reefs.Rate this question:
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- 14.
Which of the following is LEAST LIKELY associated with wetlands?
- A.
Bogs
- B.
Salt marshes
- C.
Mangroves
- D.
Wave-cut platform
- E.
Flood plain
Correct Answer
D. Wave-cut platformExplanation
A wave-cut platform is a geological feature formed by the erosive action of waves on a rocky coastline, typically found along cliffs or steep shorelines. It is not associated with wetlands because it is a result of wave erosion, whereas wetlands are typically low-lying areas with waterlogged soil and specific vegetation adapted to wet conditions. Wetlands such as bogs, salt marshes, and mangroves are characterized by their water-saturated conditions, which are not present in wave-cut platforms. Therefore, a wave-cut platform is least likely associated with wetlands.Rate this question:
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- 15.
Which of the following features of an Alpine glacier is (are) formed by deposition rather than erosion?
- A.
U-shaped valley
- B.
Horn
- C.
Paternoster lakes
- D.
Lateral moraine
- E.
Cirque
Correct Answer
D. Lateral moraineExplanation
Lateral moraine is formed by deposition rather than erosion. It is created when rocks and debris accumulate along the sides of a glacier as it moves downhill. As the glacier melts, it leaves behind a ridge of sediment on either side, forming the lateral moraine. This process is a result of the glacier depositing material rather than eroding the landscape.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Which of the following lines is (are) pointing to an Arete?
- A.
A
- B.
B
- C.
C
- D.
D
Correct Answer
A. AExplanation
The question asks which of the given lines is pointing to an Arete. Since only line A is mentioned as the answer, it can be inferred that line A is the only one pointing to an Arete.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Stratified drift is most likely deposited by ___________
- A.
Glacial meltwater
- B.
Terminal moraines
- C.
Glacial ice and snow
- D.
Drumlins
Correct Answer
A. Glacial meltwaterExplanation
Stratified drift refers to sedimentary deposits that are sorted and layered by the action of water. Glacial meltwater, which is formed from the melting of glaciers, carries and deposits sediments in a stratified manner. As the meltwater flows, it transports and sorts different sizes of sediments, creating distinct layers in the deposited material. This process is responsible for the formation of stratified drift, making glacial meltwater the most likely agent for its deposition. Terminal moraines are ridges of debris left at the end of a glacier and are not directly related to stratified drift. Glacial ice and snow are not responsible for depositing stratified drift, and drumlins are elongated hills formed by glacial action but are not directly related to stratified drift deposition.Rate this question:
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- 18.
For an alpine glacier, which of the following features or processes occurs within the zone of accumulation?
- A.
Calving
- B.
Cirque
- C.
Terminal moraine
- D.
Crevasses
Correct Answer
B. CirqueExplanation
cirque (French for "circus") is an amphitheatre-like valley head, formed at the head of a valley glacier by erosion.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Which of the following statements best describes an esker?
- A.
Hole in the ground left behind after a large block of ice melts
- B.
Small hill or knob of poorly sorted gravel deposited by a melting glacier
- C.
Elongated deposit of till streamlined in the direction of ice movement by a continental glacier
- D.
Sinuous, narrow ridge of coarse sand and gravel formed by a meltwater stream that flowed beneath a glacier
Correct Answer
D. Sinuous, narrow ridge of coarse sand and gravel formed by a meltwater stream that flowed beneath a glacierExplanation
An esker is a long winding ridge of stratified sand and gravel, examples of which occur in glaciated and formerly glaciated regions of Europe and North America. Eskers are frequently several miles long and, because of their peculiar uniform shape, are somewhat like railroad embankments.Rate this question:
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- 20.
The figure below illustrates features associated with a continental glacier. Which of the following letters corresponds to the outwash plain?
- A.
A
- B.
B
- C.
C
- D.
D
- E.
E
Correct Answer
A. AExplanation
The correct answer is A. An outwash plain is a flat area of sediment that is deposited by meltwater streams from a glacier. In the figure, letter A represents a flat area of sediment that is located at the bottom of the glacier, which is characteristic of an outwash plain.Rate this question:
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- 21.
Which of the following would LEAST LIKELY characterize a periglacial landscape?
- A.
Areas in subarctic and polar climates where the ground is cold but never freezes.
- B.
Ice wedges develop in fractures below the ground surface.
- C.
Melting of permafrost beneath a building constructed on the ground surface causes the structure to collapse.
- D.
Patterned ground forms due to frost action in the soil.
- E.
Expansion of water when freezing disrupts the soil and fractures rocks.
Correct Answer
A. Areas in subarctic and polar climates where the ground is cold but never freezes.Explanation
A periglacial landscape is characterized by cold temperatures and freeze-thaw cycles, which lead to various landforms and processes. The other options all describe features or processes that are commonly found in periglacial environments. Ice wedges develop as water freezes and expands in fractures, causing them to widen over time. Melting of permafrost can lead to the collapse of structures built on the ground surface. Patterned ground forms due to the repeated freezing and thawing of the soil. Expansion of water when freezing can disrupt the soil and fracture rocks. Therefore, the option that least likely characterizes a periglacial landscape is areas where the ground is cold but never freezes.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Which of the following events MOST-LIKELY occurred during the last ice age when glaciers reached maximum extent ~18,000 years ago?
- A.
Earth's crust in areas covered by glaciers rebounded to higher elevations
- B.
Land bridges and continental shelves became submerged under water
- C.
Global sea level rose
- D.
Plants and animals characteristic of colder climates migrated southward to lower latitudes
Correct Answer
D. Plants and animals characteristic of colder climates migrated southward to lower latitudesExplanation
During the last ice age, when glaciers reached their maximum extent, plants and animals characteristic of colder climates would have migrated southward to lower latitudes. This is because the colder temperatures and expanding ice sheets would have made their original habitats inhospitable. As a result, these species would have moved to more suitable environments where they could find food and survive. This migration is a common response to changes in climate and is observed in various species throughout history.Rate this question:
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- 23.
Ice cores recovered in Greenland and Antarctica provide a record of changes in atmospheric temperature and compositon dating back to over 100,000 years ago. Based on ice core data, which of the following statements is TRUE?
- A.
Ice cores indicate that global temperatures have been fairly constant over the last few tens of thousands of years.
- B.
The concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases increase dramatically during periods of glaciation and global cooling.
- C.
Atmospheric temperature has been steadily increasing over the last 12 thousand years and we are presently in an interglacial cycle
- D.
The atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane have actually decreased over the last 50 years.
Correct Answer
C. Atmospheric temperature has been steadily increasing over the last 12 thousand years and we are presently in an interglacial cycleExplanation
Ice cores recovered in Greenland and Antarctica provide a record of changes in atmospheric temperature and composition dating back to over 100,000 years ago. Based on this data, it is true that atmospheric temperature has been steadily increasing over the last 12 thousand years and we are presently in an interglacial cycle.Rate this question:
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- 24.
How can sunspot activity possibly affect Earth's climate?
- A.
Higher sunspot activity increases the solar wind, which in turn warms Earth's upper atmosphere
- B.
The amount of sunspot activity never changes and therefore cannot affect Earth's climate
- C.
Lower sunspot activity allows more solar radiation to escape the Sun and reach Earth, thus warming the planet
- D.
Higher sunspot activity pushes Earth's orbit further from the sun, thus cooling the planet
Correct Answer
A. Higher sunspot activity increases the solar wind, which in turn warms Earth's upper atmosphereExplanation
Higher sunspot activity increases the solar wind, which in turn warms Earth's upper atmosphere. Sunspots are areas on the Sun's surface that are cooler and darker than the surrounding areas. These sunspots are associated with intense magnetic activity, which leads to the release of solar wind. The solar wind is a stream of charged particles that is emitted by the Sun and reaches Earth. When the solar wind interacts with Earth's upper atmosphere, it heats up the gases present there, causing an increase in temperature. Therefore, higher sunspot activity can affect Earth's climate by warming the upper atmosphere.Rate this question:
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- 25.
Changes in the angle of tilt of Earth's rotational axis occurs approximately in _________ year cycles.
- A.
41,000
- B.
26,000
- C.
1
- D.
100,000
Correct Answer
A. 41,000Explanation
Changes in the angle of tilt of Earth's rotational axis occur approximately in 41,000 year cycles. This is known as the Milankovitch cycles, which are long-term variations in the Earth's orbit and axial tilt. The Earth's tilt changes between 22.1 and 24.5 degrees over this cycle, which affects the distribution of sunlight and influences climate patterns. These cycles play a significant role in shaping the Earth's climate over long periods of time.Rate this question:
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- 26.
Which of the following examples will result in positive feedback?
- A.
Greater snow cover during climatic cooling reduces the activity of carbon dioxide sinks such as photosynthesis and formation of carbonate rocks, thus causing carbon dioxide to build up in the atmosphere
- B.
Warming of the climate increases evaporation in the oceans, leading to greater cloud cover such that more solar radiation is reflected back into space.
- C.
An increase in plant activity during global warming results in more carbon dioxide being removed from the atmosphere
- D.
Climate cooling increases the snow cover on land, thus increasing global albedo and causing more solar radiation to be reflected back into space
Correct Answer
D. Climate cooling increases the snow cover on land, thus increasing global albedo and causing more solar radiation to be reflected back into spaceExplanation
Positive feedback, sometimes referred to as "cumulative causation", refers to situations where some effect causes more of itself. Under strong positive feedback, most systems quickly move to a limit state, where the limit is provided by external factors, or into some other new stable state where the positive feedback is somehow negated. Positive feedback can also lead to oscillation.Rate this question:
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- 27.
How did global climate overall change throughout the last 60 million years of the Cenozoic Era?
- A.
Cenozoic climate was warmest 60 million years ago and has gradually cooled since then, culminating in the Pleistocene Ice Age beginning 2 million years ago
- B.
Global climate today is the warmest it has ever been over the last 60 million years
- C.
Cenozoic climate started out cold, then warmed about 30 million years ago, and has since cooled again.
- D.
Global climate was cold throughout the entire Cenozoic Era as evidenced by 60 million year old glaciers found today in Antarctica
Correct Answer
A. Cenozoic climate was warmest 60 million years ago and has gradually cooled since then, culminating in the Pleistocene Ice Age beginning 2 million years agoExplanation
The answer explains that the Cenozoic climate was warmest 60 million years ago and has gradually cooled since then. This cooling eventually led to the Pleistocene Ice Age, which began 2 million years ago. This explanation suggests a long-term trend of cooling in the global climate over the last 60 million years of the Cenozoic Era.Rate this question:
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- 28.
Which of the following factors can affect global climate on a time scale of several decades?
- A.
Plate tectonics
- B.
Milankovitch cycles
- C.
Changes in overall sunspot activity
- D.
Human activity such as burning of fossils fuels
- E.
Both C & D
Correct Answer
E. Both C & DExplanation
Both C & D can affect global climate on a time scale of several decades. Changes in overall sunspot activity can influence the amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth, which can impact global climate. Human activity, such as burning of fossil fuels, can release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, leading to an increase in global temperatures and changes in climate patterns. Therefore, both factors can contribute to changes in global climate over a period of several decades.Rate this question:
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- 29.
Sea ice and ice shelves in the Arctic and Antarctica have increased in area over the past two decades in spite of recent global warming.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
The statement is false because while some areas of sea ice and ice shelves in the Arctic and Antarctica may have increased in area over the past two decades, the overall trend is a significant decrease. This is due to the effects of global warming, which has caused the melting and shrinking of ice in these regions. The increase in area in some places may be a result of natural variability or temporary factors, but the long-term trend is a decline in sea ice and ice shelves.Rate this question:
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- 30.
Within which soil horizon does clay, iron and aluminum brought down from overlying horizons accumulate?
- A.
O-horizon
- B.
A-horizon
- C.
B-horizon
- D.
C-horizon
Correct Answer
C. B-horizonExplanation
In the B-horizon, clay, iron, and aluminum accumulate from overlying horizons. This is because the B-horizon is the subsoil layer where minerals and nutrients from the upper layers are leached down by water and gravity. As water percolates through the soil, it carries these particles and deposits them in the B-horizon, resulting in the accumulation of clay, iron, and aluminum.Rate this question:
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- 31.
The terms blocky, platy, and granular describe the soil's __________
- A.
Structure
- B.
Permeability
- C.
Consistency
- D.
Texture
Correct Answer
A. StructureExplanation
The terms blocky, platy, and granular describe the soil's structure. Structure refers to the arrangement of soil particles and the way they are grouped together. Blocky structure refers to soil particles that are arranged in block-like shapes, platy structure refers to soil particles that are arranged in thin, flat layers, and granular structure refers to soil particles that are arranged in small, rounded aggregates. These different structures can affect the soil's ability to hold water, allow roots to penetrate, and support plant growth.Rate this question:
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- 32.
Which of the following does NOT add fertility to a soil?
- A.
Leaching of cations
- B.
Available water
- C.
Good porosity
- D.
Presence of soil colloids
- E.
Rich in humus
Correct Answer
A. Leaching of cationsExplanation
Leaching of cations does not add fertility to a soil because it involves the removal of essential nutrients from the soil through the movement of water. This process can lead to nutrient depletion and decrease the soil's fertility. On the other hand, available water, good porosity, presence of soil colloids, and richness in humus all contribute to soil fertility by providing nutrients, improving water retention, and promoting the growth of beneficial microorganisms.Rate this question:
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- 33.
Loam consists of...
- A.
Sand and clay only
- B.
Clay only
- C.
Sand, silt and clay
- D.
Humus and sand only
Correct Answer
C. Sand, silt and clayExplanation
Loam is soil composed of sand, silt, and clay in relatively even concentration (about 40-40-20% concentration respectively).[1] Loam soils generally contain more nutrients and humus than sandy soils, have better infiltration and drainage than silty soils, and are easier to till than clay soils. Loams are gritty, moist, and retain water easily.Rate this question:
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- 34.
Where would soil be best developed?
- A.
Cold, dry climate and scarce vegetation
- B.
Area of abundant rainfall but scarce vegetation
- C.
Dry climate and steep slopes
- D.
Temperate climate and flat to gently-rolling topography
Correct Answer
D. Temperate climate and flat to gently-rolling topographyExplanation
Soil would be best developed in a temperate climate with flat to gently-rolling topography. This is because temperate climates typically have a moderate amount of rainfall and a moderate temperature range, which allows for the breakdown of rocks and the accumulation of organic matter. The flat to gently-rolling topography helps to prevent erosion and allows for the accumulation of soil.Rate this question:
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- 35.
Oxisols form by a process known as ___________
- A.
Calcification
- B.
Cryoturbation
- C.
Laterization
- D.
Podzolization
Correct Answer
C. LaterizationExplanation
Laterization is the process by which Oxisols form. It involves the leaching of minerals and nutrients from the soil due to heavy rainfall and high temperatures, resulting in the accumulation of iron and aluminum oxides. This process occurs in tropical and subtropical regions where there is a long period of weathering and intense chemical weathering. As a result, Oxisols are highly weathered, acidic, and nutrient-poor soils that are characteristic of these regions.Rate this question:
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- 36.
Which of the following would most likely be a result of calcification?
- A.
An O- and A-horizon rich in humus
- B.
A hardened layer in the B horizon called caliche
- C.
A leached soil high in iron and aluminum
- D.
A churned and mixed soil resulting from repeated freezing and thawing
Correct Answer
B. A hardened layer in the B horizon called calicheExplanation
Calcification is the process in which calcium carbonate accumulates in the soil, forming a hardened layer. This process typically occurs in arid or semi-arid regions where evaporation exceeds precipitation, causing the groundwater to rise and bring dissolved calcium carbonate to the surface. As the water evaporates, the calcium carbonate precipitates and forms a hardened layer known as caliche. Therefore, the most likely result of calcification would be a hardened layer in the B horizon called caliche.Rate this question:
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- 37.
Which of the following is LEAST characteristic of Spodosols and the process of Podzolization?
- A.
Common in northern coniferous forests
- B.
Oxides and clays brought down from higher horizons accumulate in the B-horizon
- C.
Surface horizon consists of acid-rich forest litter
- D.
Sandy-bleached layer occurs below the A-horizon
- E.
Form from young volcanic ash and cinders
Correct Answer
E. Form from young volcanic ash and cindersExplanation
Spodosols and the process of Podzolization are commonly found in northern coniferous forests. They are characterized by the accumulation of oxides and clays in the B-horizon, an acid-rich forest litter in the surface horizon, and a sandy-bleached layer below the A-horizon. However, they do not form from young volcanic ash and cinders.Rate this question:
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- 38.
___________ soils occur in regions of permafrost where cryoturbation is common and supports tundra-type of vegetation.
- A.
Andisols
- B.
Gelisols
- C.
Ultisols
- D.
Histosols
Correct Answer
B. GelisolsExplanation
Gelisols are the correct answer because they occur in regions of permafrost where cryoturbation is common. Cryoturbation refers to the mixing of soil materials due to freeze-thaw cycles, which is common in areas with permafrost. Gelisols also support tundra-type vegetation, which is characteristic of cold regions.Rate this question:
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- 39.
This type of soil consists largely of partially decomposed organic material associated with bogs and is commonly referred to as peat.
- A.
Aridosol
- B.
Entisol
- C.
Vertisol
- D.
Histosol
Correct Answer
D. HistosolExplanation
Histosol is the correct answer because it is a soil type that is characterized by a high organic content, specifically consisting of partially decomposed organic material associated with bogs. This type of soil is commonly referred to as peat. Aridosol, Entisol, and Vertisol are not correct answers as they do not have the same characteristics as Histosol.Rate this question:
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- 40.
The figure below illustrates the soil-forming process known as ____________.
- A.
Calcification
- B.
Cryoturbation
- C.
Laterization
- D.
Podzolization
Correct Answer
C. LaterizationExplanation
Laterization is a soil-forming process that occurs in tropical and subtropical regions with high rainfall and high temperatures. It involves the leaching of minerals and nutrients from the soil due to intense weathering and the formation of a distinct layer of iron and aluminum oxides. This process often leads to the development of a reddish or yellowish soil color and a low fertility level.Rate this question:
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- 41.
Which of the following terrestrial biomes occurs at the highest latitudes and highest altitudes?
- A.
Savanna
- B.
Rain forest
- C.
Broadleaf forest
- D.
Tundra
Correct Answer
D. TundraExplanation
The tundra biome occurs at the highest latitudes and highest altitudes. This is because the tundra is characterized by extremely cold temperatures and a short growing season, which makes it suitable for only certain types of vegetation to survive. The harsh climate and high altitudes limit the growth of trees and support the growth of low-lying plants like mosses, lichens, and shrubs. The tundra biome is found in regions like the Arctic and high mountain ranges where the conditions are too extreme for other biomes to thrive.Rate this question:
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- 42.
Which of the following terrestrial biomes is characterized by three levels of canopy, high insolation, high average annual temperature, and contains the most diverse body of life on earth?
- A.
Tropical Savanna
- B.
Mediterranean shrubland
- C.
Needleleaf forest
- D.
Tropical rain forest
Correct Answer
D. Tropical rain forestExplanation
Tropical rain forests are characterized by three levels of canopy, high insolation (exposure to the sun's rays), high average annual temperature, and contain the most diverse body of life on earth. These forests have a dense and lush vegetation, with a variety of plant and animal species. The three levels of canopy include the emergent layer (the tallest trees), the canopy layer (where most of the vegetation is found), and the understory layer (lower vegetation). The high insolation and temperature in these forests provide optimal conditions for the growth and survival of a wide range of species, resulting in high biodiversity.Rate this question:
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- 43.
Which of the following statements is LEAST consistent with a Mediterranean Shrubland Biome?
- A.
Stunted, woody shrubs
- B.
Southern California is an example
- C.
Dry summer climate
- D.
Monsoonal rains
Correct Answer
D. Monsoonal rainsExplanation
The Mediterranean Shrubland Biome is characterized by stunted, woody shrubs and a dry summer climate. It is typically found in regions with a Mediterranean climate, such as Southern California. However, the presence of monsoonal rains is not consistent with this biome. Monsoonal rains are more commonly associated with tropical or subtropical climates, where there is a distinct wet and dry season. Therefore, the statement about monsoonal rains is least consistent with a Mediterranean Shrubland Biome.Rate this question:
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- 44.
Where do plants with deep roots, spreading root systems, water-holding tissue, and leaves with waxy coatings and fine hair most likely occur?
- A.
Tropical savannas
- B.
Deserts
- C.
Temperate rain forest
- D.
Montane forest
- E.
Alpine Tundra
Correct Answer
B. DesertsExplanation
Plants with deep roots, spreading root systems, water-holding tissue, and leaves with waxy coatings and fine hair are adaptations that help them survive in arid environments with limited water availability. Deserts are characterized by extremely dry conditions and low precipitation, making it a suitable habitat for plants with these specific adaptations. In deserts, these plants are able to access water deep underground through their deep roots, store water in their tissues, and reduce water loss through their waxy coatings and fine hair on leaves. Therefore, deserts are the most likely location for plants with these characteristics to occur.Rate this question:
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- 45.
The photo below is most likely that of a _____________ biome.
- A.
Tropical rain forest
- B.
Tropical savanah
- C.
Needleleaf forest
- D.
Temperate rain forest
Correct Answer
C. Needleleaf forestExplanation
The photo is most likely that of a needleleaf forest because needleleaf forests, also known as coniferous forests, are characterized by trees with needle-like leaves, such as pine, spruce, and fir trees. These forests are typically found in colder regions, such as northern Europe, Canada, and parts of Russia. The photo may show tall, straight trees with needle-like leaves, which are common features of needleleaf forests.Rate this question:
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- 46.
An ecosystem is composed of many communities.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
An ecosystem consists of various communities of organisms that interact with each other and their environment. Each community is made up of different species that share a common habitat and interact with one another. These interactions can include competition for resources, predation, and symbiotic relationships. Therefore, it is correct to say that an ecosystem is composed of many communities.Rate this question:
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- 47.
The function or occupation of a life form within a community is called a(n) _________.
- A.
Habitat
- B.
Web
- C.
Niche
- D.
Ecosystem
Correct Answer
C. NicheExplanation
The function or occupation of a life form within a community is called a "niche". A niche refers to the specific role or position that an organism occupies within its habitat, including its interactions with other organisms and its utilization of resources. It involves the organism's behavior, diet, habitat preferences, and other ecological factors. The niche concept helps to understand how different species coexist and interact in an ecosystem.Rate this question:
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- 48.
Which of the following processes is NOT part of the carbon cycle?
- A.
Release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere via volcanic eruptions
- B.
Plant photosynthesis / Methane escape onto the seafloor via hydrothermal vents near mid-ocean ridges/ Construction of shells by marine organisms
- C.
Storage of oil, coal, and gas below Earth's surface
- D.
Subduction of carbon-bearing oceanic sediments and rocks along a convergent plate boundary
- E.
Use of fertilizers on crops
Correct Answer
E. Use of fertilizers on cropsExplanation
The use of fertilizers on crops is not part of the natural carbon cycle. Fertilizers are synthetic substances that are added to soil to provide nutrients to plants. While fertilizers may contain carbon compounds, their use is a human activity and not a natural process in the carbon cycle. The other options listed are all natural processes that involve the movement and transformation of carbon in the Earth's systems.Rate this question:
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- 49.
Which of the following cannot be directly used by plants, but rather must first be coverted into usable compounds by lightening and certain soil bacteria?
- A.
Water
- B.
Atmospheric nitrogen
- C.
Carbohydrates (sugars)
- D.
Atmospheric oxygen
Correct Answer
B. Atmospheric nitrogenExplanation
Atmospheric nitrogen cannot be directly used by plants, but rather must first be converted into usable compounds by lightning and certain soil bacteria. This process is known as nitrogen fixation. Lightning provides the energy required to convert atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogen oxides, which can then dissolve in rainwater and reach the soil. Certain soil bacteria, such as Rhizobium and Azotobacter, can also convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form that plants can use, through a process called biological nitrogen fixation. Once converted, plants can take up the nitrogen compounds and use them to synthesize proteins and other essential molecules.Rate this question:
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- 50.
Which of the following factors influences the distribution and biogeography of plant species?
- A.
Soil type / Regional climate
- B.
Air and soil temperatures
- C.
Solar insolation
- D.
Amount of precipitation
- E.
All of the above
Correct Answer
E. All of the aboveExplanation
All of the factors listed, including soil type, regional climate, air and soil temperatures, solar insolation, and amount of precipitation, can influence the distribution and biogeography of plant species. Soil type affects the availability of nutrients and water for plants, while regional climate, air and soil temperatures, solar insolation, and amount of precipitation determine the environmental conditions that plants can tolerate and thrive in. Therefore, all of these factors play a role in shaping the distribution and biogeography of plant species.Rate this question:
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Mar 19, 2023Quiz Edited by
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May 03, 2010Quiz Created by
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