Food And Nutrition 3rd Edition - Chapter 33 Testbank

The correct answer is "all of the above" because all the listed signs - thirst, polyuria (excessive urination), lethargy, and dehydration - are commonly associated with poorly controlled blood sugar levels. Thirst and polyuria occur as the body tries to eliminate excess sugar through urine, while lethargy and dehydration result from the body's inability to effectively use glucose for energy. Therefore, experiencing all these signs together indicates that blood sugar levels are not well managed.

The indicator of good long term blood glucose control is lycosylated haemoglobin. Lycosylated haemoglobin, also known as HbA1c, is a form of hemoglobin that is bound to glucose. It provides an average measure of blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months. A higher level of lycosylated haemoglobin indicates poor blood glucose control, while a lower level indicates good control. Therefore, monitoring lycosylated haemoglobin levels is important in assessing long term blood glucose control in individuals with diabetes.

The main feature of a diet for the treatment of Type II diabetes is to control the overall nutrient composition and distribution of carbohydrate over the day. This means carefully managing the types and amounts of carbohydrates consumed throughout the day to help regulate blood sugar levels. This approach helps to prevent spikes in blood sugar and promotes better glycemic control, which is crucial for managing diabetes. Additionally, it is important to note that the other options mentioned, such as avoiding all sugar and sugar-containing foods or avoiding fat, particularly saturated fat, are not the main focus of a diabetes diet.

The prevalence of Type II diabetes is unclear because there may be many individuals with the disease who have not been diagnosed. This means that the actual number of people with Type II diabetes could be higher than what is currently reported.

Small amounts of albumin in the urine, known as microalbuminuria, is an early sign of kidney damage in individuals with diabetes. It indicates that the kidneys are not functioning properly and are allowing albumin, a protein, to leak into the urine. This is a predictor for the subsequent development of clinical nephropathy, which is kidney disease, and coronary heart disease in individuals with diabetes. Therefore, monitoring urine albumin levels is important in identifying individuals at risk for these complications and taking appropriate measures to prevent further damage.

The strong reliance on the use of Glycemic Index in the management of diabetes is concerning because there is a large individual variation in responses to different foods. Additionally, different results have been found among different centers, indicating inconsistencies in the application of the Glycemic Index. Furthermore, the differences due to mixed meals further complicate the use of Glycemic Index as a reliable tool in diabetes management. Overall, all three factors contribute to the concern about the strong reliance on the Glycemic Index in diabetes management.

Insulin resistance is the most common cause of Type II diabetes. It occurs when the body's cells become resistant to the effects of insulin, leading to elevated blood sugar levels. This resistance can be caused by various factors, including obesity, physical inactivity, and genetic predisposition. As a result, the pancreas produces more insulin to compensate for the resistance, but eventually, it becomes unable to keep up with the demand, leading to high blood sugar levels and the development of Type II diabetes.

Type I and Type II diabetes differ in terms of their rate of onset and degree of insulin secretion. Type I diabetes has a rapid onset, often occurring in childhood or adolescence, while Type II diabetes develops gradually and is more common in adults. In Type I diabetes, there is a complete lack of insulin secretion by the pancreas, whereas in Type II diabetes, there is either insufficient insulin production or the body becomes resistant to the effects of insulin. Therefore, the correct answer is "Rate of onset, degree of insulin secretion."

According to the 1998 criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes proposed by The American Diabetes Association and WHO, an individual whose fasting venous plasma glucose was 9mmol/L, 2 hours after receiving a 75g glucose load, would be classified as having diabetes. This is because a fasting venous plasma glucose level of 9mmol/L indicates elevated blood sugar levels, which is a characteristic of diabetes. Additionally, the 2-hour glucose load test further confirms the diagnosis of diabetes.

Fred is diagnosed with metabolic syndrome because he presents with a waist measurement of 95cm, which exceeds the cutoff point for abdominal obesity. Additionally, his fasting blood glucose level of 7mmol and blood pressure of 130/97 also meet the criteria for metabolic syndrome. Both high blood glucose levels and elevated blood pressure are common features of metabolic syndrome. Therefore, this combination of measurements indicates that Fred has metabolic syndrome.

When energy intake is excessive, it means that the person is consuming more calories than their body needs. This can lead to weight gain and increased blood sugar levels, which can worsen the effects of sucrose in the diabetic diet. Additionally, a low P/S ratio indicates a higher intake of saturated fats, which can also contribute to insulin resistance and poor blood sugar control in individuals with diabetes. Therefore, when energy intake is excessive and the P/S ratio is low, the effects of sucrose in the diabetic diet are much more pronounced.