Final Exam For Anthropology

Acculturation refers to a significant transformation in the culture of a society due to extensive interaction with another society. This process involves the adoption and integration of new cultural elements, practices, and beliefs from the external society. It often leads to changes in language, values, traditions, and social norms within the society experiencing acculturation. This can occur through various means such as migration, colonization, globalization, or trade. Acculturation can have both positive and negative impacts on the society, influencing its identity, relationships, and overall cultural dynamics.

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The correct answer is "new and deliberate application or modification of an existing idea." Secondary innovation refers to the process of taking an existing idea or concept and applying it in a new and deliberate way, either by modifying it or by using it in a different context. This type of innovation builds upon existing knowledge and ideas to create something new and valuable.

Animatism refers to the belief in non-personified spirits or impersonal forces that inhabit the natural world. These spirits are considered to be powerful and can influence human life and events. Unlike animism, which involves the belief in personal spirits or souls, animatism focuses on the idea of abstract and impersonal forces. This concept is often found in indigenous or traditional religions, where natural elements such as mountains, rivers, or trees are believed to possess spiritual power. These spirits are not seen as evil but rather as neutral or potentially helpful forces.

The correct answer is "creation, invention, or chance discovery of new idea, method, or device." This answer accurately describes primary innovation as the process of creating or inventing something new, or discovering a new idea, method, or device by chance. It implies that primary innovation involves the development of original concepts or solutions that have not been previously known or used.

Syncretism refers to the process of integrating cultural traits and adapting them in a new way. It involves combining different beliefs, practices, or ideas from different cultures to create a unique and blended cultural expression. This can occur when different cultures come into contact with each other and exchange or borrow elements from one another. Syncretism allows for the creation of new cultural forms that reflect the influences and interactions between different groups of people.

Animism is a belief system that holds that spirits or souls exist within natural things and beings such as animals, plants, and even inanimate objects like rocks or rivers. This belief is often associated with indigenous cultures and is characterized by a deep respect and reverence for the natural world. Animism views the world as interconnected and alive, with each entity having its own spirit or essence. This belief system is different from fear of oneself, rituals and ceremonies, or clone wars, as it specifically refers to the existence of spirits within nature.

A shaman is a religious specialist who is believed to have the ability to enter an altered state of consciousness. In this state, they can communicate with spirits, perform healing rituals, and gain insight into the spiritual realm. Shamans are found in various cultures around the world and are often regarded as important figures in their communities. They are respected for their spiritual knowledge and their ability to bridge the gap between the physical and spiritual realms.

The correct answer is "beliefs and patterns of behavior by which people try to control." This answer accurately captures the essence of religion as a system of beliefs and practices that provide individuals with a framework to understand and navigate the world. Religion often involves rituals, moral codes, and doctrines that guide adherents' behavior and offer a sense of control and purpose in life.

Genocide refers to the deliberate and systematic extermination of a particular group of people by another group. It involves the intentional and widespread killing, displacement, or destruction of individuals based on their ethnicity, religion, nationality, or other defining characteristics. Genocide is considered a grave violation of human rights and is recognized as a crime under international law. It is distinct from other forms of violence or conflict as it specifically targets a particular group with the intent to eliminate them.

A priest is a full-time spiritual leader who devotes their life to serving a religious community. They are responsible for conducting religious ceremonies, offering guidance and support to their congregation, and interpreting religious teachings. Unlike a part-time spiritual leader, a priest is fully committed to their role and dedicates their time and energy to fulfilling their religious duties. Therefore, the correct answer is "A full-time spiritual leader."

A rite of passage refers to a ceremonial or symbolic event that marks significant milestones or transitions in an individual's life. It is a cultural or social practice that signifies the transition from one stage of life to another, such as puberty, marriage, or initiation into adulthood. These rituals often involve specific actions, traditions, or ceremonies that help individuals understand and navigate their changing roles and responsibilities within their community. Therefore, the correct answer is "mark important points in individual life."

Revitalization movements refer to radical cultural reform in response to widespread social reform and collective feelings of great stress and despair. These movements typically arise during times of significant societal change or crisis, as a means of revitalizing or rejuvenating cultural practices, beliefs, and values. They aim to address the challenges and tensions faced by a community by promoting new ideas, rituals, and behaviors that can help restore social cohesion and provide a sense of purpose and direction.

Rites of intensification are rituals or ceremonies that are performed during times of crisis or significant change within a group. These rites serve to mark and acknowledge these crisis points, allowing the group to come together and navigate through the challenges they are facing. By performing these rituals, the group reinforces their unity and solidarity, providing a sense of support and reassurance during difficult times. These rites can help the group to cope with the crisis and move forward together.

The correct answer is separation, transition, incorporation. This answer accurately identifies the three stages of a rite of passage. In the separation stage, individuals are separated from their previous status or identity. The transition stage involves undergoing a period of change or transformation. Finally, in the incorporation stage, individuals are integrated into their new status or identity. This sequence reflects the common pattern observed in various cultural rituals and ceremonies that mark significant life transitions.

Witchcraft refers to ways of explaining misfortune for things in society. It involves beliefs, practices, and rituals that attribute supernatural powers to individuals, often referred to as witches, who are believed to possess the ability to cause harm or misfortune. Witchcraft is often used as an explanation for unexplained events or misfortunes in society, and it can involve the use of magical gestures, spells, and rituals.

Contagious magic refers to the belief that objects or individuals that have come into contact with each other continue to have a connection or influence on each other. This concept is often found in various cultural and magical practices, where it is believed that the properties or energies of an object can be transferred to another object or person through physical contact. This idea suggests that once two things have been in contact, they retain a connection and can affect each other even when physically separated.

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