Respiratory Pathology

Aspirin-induced asthma is typically associated with INTRINSIC Asthma, not the other types mentioned.

The correct answer is PULMONARY HYPERTENSION because it is the first blood vessels involved in the lungs in scleroderma-related right sided heart failure. The other options are incorrect as they do not align with the presentation and pathophysiology described in the question and correct answer.

Asthma with eosinophilia typically indicates an allergic response, leading to extrinsic (allergic) asthma. Intrinsic (Non-Allergic) asthma is not commonly associated with eosinophilia. Mixed asthma may have various triggers but eosinophilia would point more towards an allergic component. Exercise-induced asthma is triggered by physical activity and may not necessarily involve eosinophilia.

Primary pulmonary hypertension is characterized by decreased apoptosis of endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells in arterioles, leading to vascular remodeling and increased pulmonary vascular resistance.

ARDS leads to increased pulmonary capillary permeability causing exudation of fluid into the alveoli. PCWP is typically normal in ARDS. The exudated fluid results in increased V/Q mismatch, increased work of breathing, and decreased lung compliance. These effects are due to diffuse alveolar damage.

SRS-A, or slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis, is a mixture of leukotrienes contained within granules of mast cells and basophils. It is involved in allergic reactions and inflammatory responses.

The pancreatic duct being lined with Squamous epithelium instead of Low-columnar mucus secreting epithelium is likely due to a lack of Vitamin A, as explained in the correct answer. The other three options are not related to the mechanism of squamous metaplasia in this context.

Ghon complex typically involves walled-off foci in mid to lower lobes of the lung with adjacent lymph node involvement, potentially leading to reactivation of TB. In contrast, Ranke complex results from complete clearance of bacteria and formation of scar tissue, without the risk of reactivation.

The maxillary sinus is most commonly affected by Rhinosinusitis due to its anatomical position and the difficulty in draining fluids out of it.

Rhinosinusitis is most commonly caused by viral infections, with Streptococcus pneumoniae being a possible cause only after viral infections.

Epistaxis is commonly due to damage to vessels in the anterior segment of the nostril, while fatal bleeds usually involve vessels in the posterior segment and the SPHENOPALATINE artery. Nasal Angiofibromas and Allergic rhinitis are more common causes of epistaxis due to vessel damage.

Field cancerization refers to the concept that a carcinogen affects a specific area (the 'field') in a way that increases the chance of developing multiple independent cancers. It is not limited to skin cancers and has a significant impact on cancer risk.

The Factor V Leiden mutation leads to a hypercoagulable state by increasing production of thrombin, resulting in higher risk of DVT and subsequent Pulmonary embolism.

Pulmonary emboli typically originate from the lower extremities, specifically the femoral veins. The thrombi that lead to pulmonary embolism form in the proximal deep veins of the calves and thighs, and rarely from other locations such as the carotid arteries, basilar artery, or splenic vein.

Understanding Lines of Zahn can provide critical insights into the timing and nature of thrombus formation, crucial information in forensic investigations regarding cause of death.

Air emboli are commonly associated with central line placement due to the introduction of air into the bloodstream. This can lead to symptoms such as tachypnea, hypoxemia, and respiratory alkalosis. Other types of emboli mentioned as incorrect answers have different etiologies and presentations.

In COPD, air trapping leads to an increase in the residual volume (RV), which in turn increases the functional residual capacity (FRC) and total lung capacity (TLC).

Understanding that patients with emphysema have difficulty exhaling air and experience hyperinflation in their lungs is crucial in interpreting their physical findings, such as a flattened diaphragm, increased AP diameter, and increased lung lucency on imaging.

Cyanosis and Secondary Polycythemia in patients with Chronic bronchitis are specifically due to the obstructive nature of the disease leading to decreased oxygenation of tissues and compensatory responses to hypoxia.

Manifestations such as digital Clubbing, HEMOPTYSIS, recurrent infections, and purulent sputum with a decreased FEV1/FVC ratio are indicative of bronchiectasis, not asthma, pulmonary hypertension, or tuberculosis.