Animal Sensory System Quiz

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| Questions: 16

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1. Describe the honeybee mating system. Which bees secrete alarm pheromone, and what does it do? What is the purpose of queen mandibular pheromone?

Drones: females, gather food; Queen: male, protects hive; Workers: males, mate with queen.

Drones: females, protect hive; Queen: female, mate with drones; Workers: males, lay eggs.

Drones: males, protect hive; Queen: male, lays eggs; Workers: females, search for new hive locations.

Drones: men, sit in hive and inseminate the queenQueen: only fertile femaleWorkers: females; maintain hive and watch bee offspring
alarm pheromone-release by drones when hive is under attack, workers respond (only ones with stingers)
queen mandibular pheromone-sterilizes workers

In the honeybee mating system, drones are male bees responsible for mating with the queen. Alarm pheromone is secreted by drones to alert other bees of danger, and the queen mandibular pheromone helps maintain order in the hive.

Explanation

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About This Quiz

Explore the intricate sensory systems of animals with this focused quiz. Delve into how animals touch, see, feel, and taste, understanding the biological workings of their organs. Perfect... see morefor learners aiming to deepen their knowledge of animal physiology and sensory functions. see less

2. How do the T-shirt sniff tests support the hypothesis that human pheromones can transmit important biological information?

T-shirt sniff test-females prefer scent of men who are taller than average height.

T-shirt sniff test-females prefer scent of men who have a different hair color than themselves.

T-shirt sniff test-females prefer scent of men with more symmetrical faces or more attractive-females prefer more genetically distinct men

T-shirt sniff test-females prefer scent of men who wear a specific brand of cologne.

The correct answer highlights how the T-shirt sniff tests indicate that females prefer the scent of men with more symmetrical faces or those who are more genetically distinct. This suggests that human pheromones play a role in transmitting important biological information related to attractiveness and genetic compatibility.

Explanation

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3. How are tastes sensed?

Tastes are sensed through touch receptors located on the tongue.

Chemoreceptors are clustered in structures (taste buds)-located on tongue-Na+=salty-H+= sour

Tastes are sensed through auditory signals transmitted to the brain.

Tastes are sensed through visual cues.

Taste buds containing chemoreceptors are responsible for sensing tastes, not visual cues, touch receptors, or auditory signals.

Explanation

Taste buds containing chemoreceptors are responsible for sensing tastes, not visual cues, touch receptors, or auditory signals.

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4. How are smells sensed?

Chemicals bind -allows animals to monitor airborne molecules that convey information-odor molecules reach the nose, diffuse into mucus layer and activate olfactory receptor neurons-project into olfactory bulb where signals are processed and interpreted

By touch receptors in the skin

By tasting the air with the tongue

Through sound vibrations in the ear

Smells are sensed through the binding of chemicals in the air, which activate olfactory receptor neurons in the nose and send signals to the brain for interpretation.

Explanation

Smells are sensed through the binding of chemicals in the air, which activate olfactory receptor neurons in the nose and send signals to the brain for interpretation.

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5. Describe the process of sound sensation (Fig. 46.3).

3. Smelling a strong scent stimulates the taste buds on the tongue

1. sound wave2. vibration of eardrum3. movement of auditory ossicles4. hit cochlea5 cochlea filled with fluid6. moves when ossicles hit7. depolarizes auditory neurons

2. Visual light is absorbed by the retina in the eye

1. Taste buds on the tongue send signals to the brain

The process of sound sensation involves the transmission of sound waves through the ear canal, leading to the vibration of the eardrum and subsequent movement of the auditory ossicles. These movements ultimately lead to the cochlea being hit, which is filled with fluid. The fluid in the cochlea moves due to the impact of the ossicles, and this movement depolarizes auditory neurons, allowing for the sensation of sound.

Explanation

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6. Describe the structure and function of the insect eye.

Compound eye-light-sensing columns (ommatidia)-each contributes information about one small piece of the visual field
-more ommatidia the better the resolution -good at detecting movement

C: Insects have eyes that work similarly to human eyes, with a lens that adjusts to focus on objects at different distances.

B: The insect eye is composed of a straight line of photoreceptors that capture light and process images.

A: Insect eyes are simple eyes that have a single lens for focusing light.

Insect eyes are structured as compound eyes with multiple ommatidia, not simple eyes with a single lens. Their orientation allows for better resolution and detection of movement, unlike the suggested incorrect answers.

Explanation

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7. Describe the structure and function of the vertebrate eye. How is an image transduced into a visual nervous signal?

G. Cerebellum is responsible for processing visual information.

B. Iris-can contract or expand to control amount of light entering the eye
c. Cornea-Transparent sheet of connective tissue/helps focus lightd. Pupil -Hole in center of iris that lets light ine. Lens-Focuses incoming light onto the retina h. Sclera-"white of the eye"i. Retina-Thin layer of light sensitive cells and layers of neurons k. Optic Nerve -projects ganglion cell axons
Fovea (concentrated at the back)-small spot in the center of the retina where cones are concentrated-image falls on fovea of each eye

A. Eardrum serves as the primary structure for vision.

F. Hypothalamus regulates the amount of light entering the eye.

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8. How is retinal in photopsin or rhodopsin converted into an active form by light?

- retinal in photopsin directly converts into an active form without any intermediary steps

-rods and cones have membranous disks containing thousands of opsin molecules
-each opsin molecule holds one retinal molecule
-retinal changes conformation when it absorbs light
-in response... opsin also changes shape
-retinal molecule inside rhodopsin changes shape when retinal absorbs light

- retinal remains unchanged in structure when exposed to light

- opsin molecules do not play a role in the activation of retinal by light

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9. What is the difference between color and black-and-white visual sensation? Predict some species of animals that might have stronger color or black-and-white vision than others.

The molecular basis of vision is....-shape change in retina that shuts down an existing ion channel and causes a decrease in the amount of neurotransmitter being released to sensory neuron
- in rod cells...electrical activity across the membrane as well as neurotransmitter release are maximized in the dark
-animals that have stronger color vision have more cones ----
-animals that have strong black-and-white vision have more rods

Rod cells are responsible for color vision while cone cells are responsible for black-and-white vision.

Color vision is better in dark environments compared to black-and-white vision.

Animals with black-and-white vision have more cones than those with color vision.

The correct answer explains that the difference lies in the number of cones versus rods in animals, with animals having stronger color vision having more cones and animals with strong black-and-white vision having more rods.

Explanation

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10. Give examples of animals that utilize ultraviolet or infrared radiation for sensation.

Cats have the ability to sense infrared radiation to communicate with other cats

Dogs use ultraviolet radiation to detect prey

Infared: -longer wavelengths than humans can see-endotherms radiate large amounts of heat
pit vipers:pits contain receptor cells that detect infared radiation --see images of warm objects
Birds utilize ultraviolet to see flowers like a target

Fish use ultraviolet radiation for echolocation

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11. How do vertebrate animals move? Your answer should include discussion of muscles, bones, tendons, and ligaments.

Vertebrate Animal Movement involves only bones without the involvement of muscles.

Vertebrate Animal Movement-movements of paired muscles are coordinated by motor neurons that originate in the brain or spinal cord
-most skeletal muscles have ends that are attached to different bones by tendons
-tendons are bands of tough, fibrous connective tissue that attach muscle to bone
-ligaments attach bone to bone
-muscles can exert force only by contracting, so pairs must work together to move a bone back and forth
-one muscle pulls a limb in one direction and the other muscle pair pulls in the opposite direction

Vertebrate Animal Movement is solely controlled by ligaments with no need for muscles or tendons.

Vertebrate Animal Movement is automated and does not involve any specific anatomical structures like muscles, bones, tendons, or ligaments.

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12. What are the characteristics of the three different types of vertebrate muscle?

Smooth-intestines/arteries -1 nucleus-unbranched-involuntary
Skeletal-attached to bones-moves skeleton-multiple nuclei-unbranched-striated-voluntary
Cardiac-heart-pump blood-1 to 2 nuclei -branched-involuntary

Smooth - attached to bones - multiple nuclei - striated - voluntary

Skeletal - in intestines - 1 nucleus - unbranched - involuntary

Cardiac - in arteries - 3 nuclei - unbranched - voluntary

Smooth muscle is found in organs like intestines and arteries, skeletal muscle is attached to bones and moves the skeleton, and cardiac muscle pumps blood in the heart.

Explanation

Smooth muscle is found in organs like intestines and arteries, skeletal muscle is attached to bones and moves the skeleton, and cardiac muscle pumps blood in the heart.

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13. Describe the mechanism by which skeletal muscle contracts and relaxes. Which ion is ultimately responsible for the contraction and relaxation?

Muscle Contract-sarcomeres in myofibril shorten as the cell contracts-lengthen when the cell is relaxed and an external force stretches the muscle
Thin filaments are composed to actinThick filaments are composed of myosin and are anchored to the middle of the sarcomere-both ends are free to interact with thin filaments
1. ATP bound to myosin head2. ATP hydrolized-head pivots and bind to new actin subunit 3. Pi released -head pivots moves filament (power stroke)4. ADP released-cycle is read to repeat

when calcium is not present actin and myosin do not interact (relax)
Calcium causes actin and myosin to interact--myosin binds to actin and pulls actin to center of acromere
-overlap between actin and myosin -Sarcomere shortened

Chloride ion

Potassium ion

Sodium ion

In muscle contraction and relaxation, the ultimate ion responsible is calcium, not potassium, sodium, or chloride ions. Calcium is essential for actin and myosin interaction, leading to muscle contraction.

Explanation

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14. Create a mini-essay describing the process in which a motor neuron stimulates contraction of a skeletal muscle, starting with an action potential and ending with muscle relaxation. Pay attention to the role of Na+, K+, and Ca2+ ions in both the neuron and the muscle.

1. ACh triggers hyperpolarization instead of depolarization.

2. Na+ ions are responsible for muscle relaxation instead of Ca2+.

1. Action potential arrives and (ACh is released)
2. ACh binds to ACh receptors on the muscle cell triggering depolarization that leads to action potential
3. Action potentials propagate across muscle cell's plasma membrane into interior of cell via T tubules
4. Proteins in T tubules open Ca2+ channels in sarcoplasmic reticulum
5. Ca+ is released from sarcoplasmic reticulum. Sarcomeres contract when troponin and tropomyosin move in response to Ca2+ and expose actin binding sites in the thin filaments

3. Action potentials do not propagate across the muscle cell's plasma membrane.

The correct answer describes the sequence from action potential arrival to muscle relaxation, emphasizing the role of ACh, Na+, K+, and Ca2+ ions. The incorrect answers are designed to test the understanding of the process and highlight common misconceptions.

Explanation

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15. Distinguish between an endoskeleton, exoskeleton, and hydrostatic skeleton, and give an example of an animal that has each of these types of skeletons.

Endoskeleton- hard, external shell that covers the body; crab. Exoskeleton-soft, flexible structure inside the body; jellyfish. Hydrostatic skeleton-use limbs to support the body; spider.

Endoskeleton- hollow, thin-walled structures inside the body; bird. Exoskeleton- solid, shell-like covering on the body; turtle. Hydrostatic skeleton-use gaseous pressure to support the body; fish.

Endoskeleton- soft, gel-like material surrounding the body; amoeba. Exoskeleton-internal support system made of muscles and tendons; snail. Hydrostatic skeleton-fluid-filled tubes that provide structure; starfish.

Endoskeleton- hard structures inside the body -composed of cartilage and bone-humans
Exoskeleton-hard, hollow structure the envelops the body -grasshopperHydrostatic skeleton-use the pressure of enclosed body fluids to support the body-earth worm

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16. Name one function of cartilage. Name three functions of bone.

Cartilage function1. provides padding between bones
Bone functions1. Movement2. Support 3. Develop red blood cells

B. Cartilage function: stores energy Bone functions: 1. Repair 2. Storage of minerals 3. Hormone production

A. Cartilage function: aids in digestion Bone functions: 1. Protection 2. Communication 3. Temperature regulation

C. Cartilage function: maintains balance Bone functions: 1. Blood clot formation 2. Digestion 3. Flexibility

Cartilage provides padding between bones, allowing for smooth movement. Bone functions include support, movement, and the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow.

Explanation

Cartilage provides padding between bones, allowing for smooth movement. Bone functions include support, movement, and the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow.

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