Hardest Exam On Microbiology! Trivia

The given statement is true. In Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), the process starts with a double-stranded DNA molecule and involves a series of amplification cycles. During each cycle, the DNA is heated to separate the strands, cooled to allow primers to bind, and then heated again to allow DNA polymerase to copy the DNA. This amplification process allows for the production of multiple copies of the target DNA region.

DNA amplification refers to the process of making multiple copies of a specific DNA sequence. This can be achieved through techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In PCR, a small amount of DNA is repeatedly replicated, resulting in an exponential increase in the number of copies. Therefore, the statement "DNA is amplified exponentially" is true, as the number of DNA copies increases rapidly with each cycle of amplification.

Cloned DNA is indeed combined with a carrier molecule called a cloning vector in order to ensure the replication of the target DNA. This process allows for the amplification and production of multiple copies of the desired DNA sequence. Therefore, the statement is true.

DNA ligase is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in DNA replication and repair. It is responsible for joining or ligating the fragments of DNA together by forming covalent bonds between them. This process is essential for the completion of DNA replication and for repairing damaged DNA strands. Therefore, the statement that DNA ligase covalently joins fragments is true.

The statement is true because a reporter gene is a gene that encodes for an observable trait, such as a fluorescent protein or an enzyme, which can be easily detected and measured. By using a reporter gene, scientists can determine the conditions or factors that affect the activity of the gene being studied. This allows for the investigation of gene regulation and expression in different experimental conditions.

In order to view DNA, the gel must be stained. Staining the gel allows for the visualization of the DNA bands, as the DNA itself is not visible to the naked eye. Staining can be done using various dyes, such as ethidium bromide, which binds to the DNA and fluoresces under UV light, making the DNA bands visible. Therefore, the statement "Gel must be stained to view DNA" is true.

Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the CFTR gene. This mutation can involve a deletion of three base pairs in the DNA sequence. This deletion disrupts the normal functioning of the CFTR protein, leading to the characteristic symptoms of cystic fibrosis. Therefore, the statement that cystic fibrosis is caused by three base-pair deletion is true.

Yeast serve as important eukaryotic model for gene function and regultion

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is indeed a technique used to separate DNA fragments based on their size. In this method, DNA samples are loaded onto a gel matrix made of polyacrylamide, and an electric current is applied. The smaller DNA fragments move faster through the gel, while larger fragments move slower. This separation is possible because the gel acts as a sieve, allowing smaller molecules to pass through more easily. By comparing the migration distances of DNA fragments of known sizes with those of unknown samples, scientists can determine the size of the unknown fragments. Therefore, the given answer "True" is correct.

Restriction enzymes are naturally occurring enzymes that cut DNA into fragments in a predictable and controllable manner. These enzymes recognize specific DNA sequences and cleave the DNA at or near these recognition sites. This ability to cut DNA at specific locations allows restriction enzymes to be used in various molecular biology techniques, such as DNA cloning and genetic engineering. Primers are short DNA sequences used to initiate DNA replication, and restriction fragments are the DNA fragments obtained after the DNA is cut by restriction enzymes. Therefore, the correct answer is restriction enzymes.

DNA sequence analysis involves comparing the DNA sequences of different organisms to determine their evolutionary relatedness. By analyzing the similarities and differences in their DNA sequences, scientists can construct phylogenetic trees that show the evolutionary relationships between different species. This information is crucial for understanding the evolutionary history of organisms and how they are related to each other. Therefore, it is true that DNA sequence analysis assists in studying evolutionary relatedness.

Gene fusion is a technique used to study gene expression, regulation, and function. It involves joining two different genes together to create a fusion gene, which can then be analyzed to understand how the genes interact and affect cellular processes. By studying gene fusion, scientists can gain insights into the normal functioning of genes, as well as identify abnormalities and mutations that may contribute to diseases. Therefore, the statement "Gene expression, regulation, and function can be studied by gene fusion" is true.

Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate DNA fragments based on their size. It involves placing the DNA samples in a gel matrix, typically made of agar or polyacrylamide, and applying an electric field. The negatively charged DNA molecules move towards the positive electrode, with smaller fragments moving faster and further than larger ones. This separation allows scientists to analyze and compare DNA samples, such as in genetic fingerprinting or DNA sequencing. The statement about gel electrophoresis forming a covalent bond between nucleotides is incorrect and not relevant to its purpose.

The answer explains that primers are single-stranded DNA fragments that bind to the sequence of DNA. They are used in in vitro DNA synthesis and serve as a template for the addition of DNA nucleotides during PCR. This process allows for the creation of millions of copies of a specific region of DNA in a short amount of time. Starting with a double-stranded DNA molecule, the process involves multiple amplification cycles.

The DNA sequence of a particular cell can help identify genetic alterations, which can lead to diseases such as sickle cell anemia and cystic fibrosis. Both options A and C are correct because sickle cell anemia and cystic fibrosis are both genetic disorders caused by specific alterations in the DNA sequence. HIV and hemophilia are not directly caused by genetic alterations in the DNA sequence of a particular cell.

The correct order for the three-step amplification cycle in PCR is as follows: Step 3: double-stranded DNA denatured by heat, Step 1: primers anneal to complementary sequence of target DNA and DNA synthesis occurs with heat stable DNA polymerase, Step 2: duplication of target DNA.

In gel electrophoresis, the process involves placing DNA into wells in the gel (2), then subjecting the gel to a current that moves from negative to positive (3). As a result, the DNA molecules move through the gel towards the positive electrode (1). This order of steps ensures that the DNA fragments are separated based on their size and charge, allowing for further analysis or identification.

Sickle cell anemia is due to single base-pair change in gene

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a technique used to create millions of copies of a specific region of DNA in a short amount of time. It exploits the specificity of primers, which are short DNA sequences that bind to the target DNA region. PCR allows for selective replication of chosen regions, enabling large amounts of DNA to be produced from a very small sample. Therefore, PCR is the correct answer as it accurately describes the process of creating multiple copies of DNA using specific primers.

In gel electrophoresis, fragments are separated based on their size. Smaller fragments have less resistance and can migrate more easily through the gel, so they migrate lower. On the other hand, larger fragments have more resistance and cannot migrate as easily, so they remain higher in the gel.

The correct answer is DNA cloning because it refers to the process of making multiple copies of a specific DNA sequence. This technique involves inserting the DNA fragment into a vector, such as a plasmid, and then replicating it in a host organism, such as bacteria. DNA cloning is commonly used in research and biotechnology to study genes, produce recombinant proteins, and create genetically modified organisms. RNA cloning, on the other hand, involves making copies of RNA molecules, while PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is a technique used to amplify specific DNA sequences in vitro.

The correct answer is "DNA array are solid support" and "Entire DNA specimen to be studied is labeled". DNA microarray technologies involve using a solid support, such as a glass slide or silicon chip, to immobilize DNA molecules. This allows for the simultaneous analysis of thousands of DNA sequences. In order to study the DNA, the entire specimen needs to be labeled, typically with fluorescent dyes, to detect and measure the hybridization patterns on the microarray.

Northern Blot is to RNA, Western Blot is to Protein

Restriction enzymes are naturally occurring enzymes that cut DNA into fragments. These fragments can be joined to new fragments. Enzymes produce jagged cuts called sticky ends or blunt cuts called blunt ends. The ends of the fragments can anneal together to form a new strand. Therefore, both options A and B are correct.

A transgenic organism refers to plants or animals that have received an engineered gene. This gene could be a joining gene being studied, a reporter gene used to research gene function and regulation, or any other engineered gene. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the above are correct."

The given answer, "Dideoxychain termination," is correct because the presence of dideoxynucleotides, which lack 3' OH incorporation, causes chain termination during DNA sequencing. These dideoxynucleotides act as chain terminators, preventing further elongation of the DNA strand. Therefore, the correct type of termination in this scenario is dideoxychain termination.

FISH, or Fluorescence in situ hybridization, is a technique that uses fluorescently labeled probes to detect specific nucleotide sequences. These probes bind to complementary sequences in the DNA or RNA of cells, allowing researchers to visualize and identify specific genes or chromosomes. FISH can be used to detect sequences both inside intact cells and in colonies grown in agar plates. Additionally, FISH can also be used to identify specific properties of bacteria.

Genetically altered plants refer to plants that have been modified through genetic engineering techniques. These modifications can include traits such as pest resistance, herbicide resistance, improved nutrient value, and the ability to produce edible vaccines. The answer options provided correctly identify examples of genetically altered plants, including pest-resistant plants such as corn, cotton, and potatoes, herbicide-resistant plants like soybeans, cotton, and corn, plants with improved nutrient value like rice, and plants used for producing edible vaccines.

The answer choices "used to detect specific DNA sequences in colonies grown in agar plates (colonies are transferred in place on nylon membrane)" and "are used to determine which cells contain gene of interest" are both associated with colony blotting. Colony blotting is a technique used to detect specific DNA sequences in colonies grown on agar plates by transferring the colonies onto a nylon membrane. This allows researchers to determine which cells contain the gene of interest.

DNA microarray technologies enable researchers to screen samples for numerous sequences simultaneously. This means that multiple DNA sequences can be analyzed at once, saving time and resources. Additionally, these technologies are used to study gene expression under certain conditions. By analyzing the expression levels of genes, researchers can gain insights into how genes are regulated and how they respond to different stimuli or environments.

Southern blotting is a technique used to detect specific DNA sequences. It involves the use of probes to detect DNA sequences in restriction fragments that have been separated using gel electrophoresis. This technique is commonly used in molecular biology research to locate DNA sequences that are similar to the ones being studied. Therefore, the correct answers are "uses probes to detect DNA sequences in restriction fragments separated using gel electrophoresis" and "application of Southern blotting is locating DNA sequences similar to ones being studied."

DNA probes are single-stranded pieces of DNA that are used to locate specific nucleotide sequences in DNA or RNA strands. They are also tagged with a detectable marker, making their location easily determined. These probes will hybridize to the complementary fragment of interest, allowing for the detection of specific DNA sequences.

Automated DNA sequencing involves the use of fluorescent dyes to detect newly synthesized DNA, gel electrophoresis to separate fragments into colored bands, and a laser to detect color differences, where the order of color reflects the nucleotide sequence. This method allows for the efficient separation and analysis of DNA fragments, aiding in the study of evolutionary relatedness.