EMT - Module Test

When a patient responds to death or dying by saying "Okay, I am not afraid," it indicates that they have reached a stage of acceptance. Acceptance is the final stage of the Kübler-Ross model of grief, where individuals come to terms with their impending death or the death of a loved one. It signifies a willingness to face the reality of the situation and find peace with it, rather than denying or fighting against it.

Each crew member is responsible for on-scene safety. This means that every member of the crew has a duty to ensure the safety of themselves, their colleagues, and any patients or bystanders at the scene. On-scene safety includes things like wearing appropriate personal protective equipment, following safety protocols, and being aware of potential hazards. By assigning this responsibility to each crew member, it ensures that everyone is actively engaged in maintaining a safe environment throughout the duration of the incident.

Alcohol and coffee should be avoided or limited to help control stress because they can increase anxiety and interfere with sleep patterns. While fruits and vegetables are generally considered healthy and beneficial for stress management, the other options listed (salads and breads) do not specifically contribute to stress control. Therefore, the correct answer is alcohol and coffee.

When lifting a patient, using your legs instead of your back is important because it helps to distribute the weight more evenly and reduces the strain on your back muscles. This technique also allows you to maintain a better posture while lifting, reducing the risk of injury. Wearing a back brace may provide some support, but it is not a substitute for using proper lifting techniques. Keeping the weight as far away from your body as possible can increase the strain on your back, and lifting a patient over your own weight can lead to overexertion and potential injury.

Unlawful touching of another person without consent is considered assault or battery. Assault refers to the intentional act of causing apprehension or fear of harmful or offensive contact, while battery refers to the actual physical contact without consent. Both assault and battery are considered illegal and can result in legal consequences.

The given correct answer is "all the above". This means that all of the situations mentioned, including fire or danger of fire, explosives or other hazardous chemicals, and inability to protect the patient from other hazards at the scene, are examples of situations in which an emergency move is appropriate.

As an EMT-B, your first responsibility is to keep yourself safe. This is crucial because if you become injured or incapacitated, you will not be able to effectively provide care to the patient. By ensuring your own safety, you can then proceed to assess the situation, gain access to the patient, and provide for their safety. However, prioritizing your own safety is essential in order to effectively carry out your duties as an EMT-B.

This reaction to death or dying, where the patient says "Okav, but first let me..-", is referred to as bargaining. Bargaining is a stage in the Kübler-Ross model of grief, where individuals may attempt to negotiate or make deals in an attempt to postpone or avoid the inevitable outcome of death. This reaction is often seen as a way for individuals to cope with the reality of their impending death and find some sense of control or hope in the situation.

The correct answer is femur, tibia, and fibula. These are the bones that make up the lower extremities of the body. The femur is the thigh bone, the tibia is the shin bone, and the fibula is the smaller bone next to the tibia. These bones are important for supporting the weight of the body and allowing for movement and mobility in the legs. The other options listed do not include the correct combination of bones that make up the lower extremities.

The major artery in the thigh is called the femoral artery. This artery is responsible for supplying blood to the lower extremities. It is one of the largest arteries in the body and is located in the groin area. The femoral artery carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the thigh and then branches out to supply blood to the rest of the leg.

The phases of an ambulance call include preparation, transporting to the hospital, and receiving and responding. However, billing and collections is not a phase of an ambulance call. This is because billing and collections are administrative tasks that occur after the call has been completed and the patient has been transported to the hospital. These tasks involve processing insurance claims, sending invoices, and collecting payment for the services provided.

The correct answer is "all of the above" because when lifting, it is important to communicate clearly and frequently with your partner to ensure coordination and safety. Lifting without twisting helps to prevent injuries to your back and other body parts. Knowing your physical ability and limitations is crucial to avoid overexertion and potential harm. Therefore, all the given options are essential for safe lifting practices.

After a call, it is important to follow proper procedures to ensure cleanliness and safety. Placing badly contaminated linens into a biohazard container helps prevent the spread of any potential pathogens. Additionally, replacing expendable items that have been used ensures that fresh and clean items are available for the next call. Lastly, carrying out post-operation vehicle maintenance ensures that the vehicle is in proper working condition for future calls. Therefore, all of the above options should be done after a call.

Using a stair chair instead of a stretcher is the correct answer because a stair chair is specifically designed for safely transporting patients down stairs. It provides better stability and control during the descent, reducing the risk of injury to both the patient and the healthcare provider. Using a stretcher on stairs can be more challenging and increases the likelihood of accidents or falls.

When delivering a patient to the hospital, it is important not to just move the patient onto the hospital stretcher and leave. This is because the patient may still require further care or attention from the hospital staff. It is necessary to ensure a proper handover of the patient to the hospital staff, providing them with all relevant information and documentation such as the patient care report. This ensures continuity of care and allows the hospital staff to provide appropriate treatment to the patient.

If a blood pressure cuff is too small for a patient, it can result in a false elevated reading. This is because the cuff needs to properly fit the arm in order to accurately measure blood pressure. If the cuff is too small, it may compress the arm too much, leading to an inaccurate reading that is higher than the actual blood pressure. Therefore, the statement is true.

The CISD (Critical Incident Stress Debriefing) process is designed to assist individuals who have experienced a traumatic event, such as emergency responders or victims of a crisis. It aims to provide emotional support and help them cope with the psychological impact of the incident. By facilitating open communication and providing a safe space for individuals to share their feelings and thoughts, the CISD process helps to diffuse the psychological trauma associated with the event.

After a stressful incident, EMS providers should vent their feelings by talking with each other. This is important because discussing their experiences and emotions with colleagues who have gone through similar situations can help them process and cope with the stress. It provides an opportunity for them to share their thoughts, concerns, and emotions, which can help them feel supported and understood. Additionally, talking with each other can also help them learn from each other's experiences and provide valuable insights for future incidents. It is a crucial step in promoting emotional well-being and resilience among EMS providers.

The type of muscle controlling movement as you walk is called voluntary because it is under conscious control. Voluntary muscles are attached to the bones and are responsible for movement and locomotion. When you walk, you consciously control the contraction and relaxation of these muscles to move your legs and body.

The emotional stages that patients or their families go through when confronted with death or dying are denial, bargaining, and acceptance. Gratitude is not typically considered as one of the stages because it is not a common emotional response in this context. Gratitude is more commonly associated with feelings of appreciation and thankfulness, which may not be the primary emotions experienced when facing death or the loss of a loved one.

A cumulative stress reaction is the likely cause of her signs and symptoms because working multiple shifts in a row and handling serious trauma calls can lead to chronic stress. This can result in irritability, difficulty sleeping, and problems with concentration. Infectious mononucleosis and high blood pressure are not likely causes in this scenario.

Implied consent is the correct answer because it refers to consent that is not explicitly given but can be inferred from the circumstances or the actions of the individual. In the case of an unconscious patient, it can be assumed that they would approve of life-saving treatment if they were able to communicate their wishes. Therefore, the concept of implied consent is applicable in this situation.

The epiglottis is a leaf-shaped valve that prevents food from entering the trachea. It is located at the base of the tongue and covers the opening of the trachea during swallowing, ensuring that food goes down the esophagus and into the stomach instead of entering the respiratory system. This mechanism prevents choking and allows for the smooth passage of food and air. The other options listed, such as the pharynx, larynx, and bronchi, are not specifically designed to prevent food from entering the trachea.

When lifting a patient or equipment, it is important to know the weight of what you are lifting in order to determine the appropriate lifting technique. Positioning your feet shoulder-width apart provides a stable base of support and helps maintain balance while lifting. Using your legs, not your back, to lift is crucial to avoid straining your back muscles. However, keeping the weight as far from your body as possible can increase the risk of injury as it puts additional strain on your back.

The leaf-shaped structure that protects the larynx and trachea is called the epiglottis. It is located at the base of the tongue and prevents food and liquid from entering the airway when swallowing. The epiglottis closes over the larynx during swallowing to ensure that food goes down the esophagus and not into the windpipe.

By maintaining equipment, continuing education, and receiving feedback from patients and hospital staff, you are actively working towards improving the quality of care in your system. Regular maintenance of equipment ensures that it is in optimal condition, allowing for efficient and effective treatment. Continuing education helps you stay updated with the latest advancements and changes in medical care, enabling you to provide the best possible care to patients. Feedback from patients and hospital staff provides valuable insights and helps identify areas for improvement, ultimately enhancing the overall quality of care provided.

On-line medical direction refers to the orders given to an EMT-B through telephone or radio communication. This type of direction allows real-time communication between the EMT-B and a medical director or physician who provides guidance and instructions for patient care. It is called "on-line" because it enables direct communication and immediate decision-making, as opposed to off-line medical direction which involves pre-established protocols or standing orders.

Continuing education refers to the act of attending conferences, watching EMS videos, or listening to lectures in order to enhance the knowledge gained from a previous course. It is a way for individuals to stay updated with the latest developments and advancements in their field. This ongoing learning process helps professionals to maintain and expand their expertise beyond their initial education. It is different from graduate school, which involves pursuing a higher level of education, and refresher training, which focuses on reviewing previously learned material. Recertification qualification is not a suitable answer as it does not accurately describe the concept of continuing education.

Denial is the correct answer because it refers to a reaction to death or dying where the patient refuses to accept or acknowledge the reality of the situation. When the patient says "Not Me," they are essentially denying that they are the ones who will experience death or dying. This response is a common defense mechanism that helps individuals cope with the overwhelming emotions and fear associated with their mortality.

The correct answer is critical incident stress debriefing. This process involves a team of trained peer counselors and mental health professionals meeting with EMT-Bs who have been involved in a major incident. The purpose of this debriefing is to help the EMT-Bs cope with the stress and emotions associated with the incident and to provide support and counseling if needed. The other options, critique and interview on scene deportment, catastrophic incident service defusing, and counseling interview for situational depression, do not accurately describe this process.

The correct answer is central and peripheral systems. The nervous system is divided into two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS includes all the nerves that extend from the CNS to the rest of the body. This division allows for the coordination and communication between the brain and the rest of the body, allowing for the control of bodily functions and responses to stimuli.

Expressed consent is obtained from a conscious, competent, adult patient. This means that the patient is fully aware of the situation and is able to make a voluntary decision regarding their medical care. It is important to obtain expressed consent in order to respect the autonomy and rights of the patient. This answer is supported by the fact that the other options either assume consent without the patient's awareness or do not specify the need for the patient to be conscious and competent.

When the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, the chest cavity decreases in size. This decrease in size creates pressure within the chest cavity, which forces air out of the lungs. This process is known as exhalation.

The best patient carrying device to use to avoid trauma to an injured spine would be a long spine board. This device provides rigid support and immobilization for the spine, reducing the risk of further injury during transportation. The wheeled ambulance stretcher, basket stretcher, and orthopedic stretcher may not provide the same level of stability and support as the long spine board.

After each call, it is important to clean up blood, vomitus, and other body fluids before putting the ambulance back in service. This is crucial for maintaining a clean and sanitary environment for both the patients and the healthcare providers. Failure to clean up these fluids can lead to the spread of infectious diseases and create a hazardous environment for future patients. Therefore, it is essential to prioritize the cleaning of these fluids before attending to other tasks such as disposing of trash or filling the gas tank.

The head-tilt/chin lift maneuver is used to open the airway by tilting the head back and lifting the chin. This maneuver is necessary when a patient is unconscious or unresponsive and is not breathing normally. In the given options, the elderly patient lying in bed is most likely to require this maneuver as elderly patients are more prone to airway obstruction due to factors such as decreased muscle tone and potential underlying medical conditions. The other options do not provide enough information to suggest that the head-tilt/chin lift maneuver would be necessary.

Medical direction refers to the oversight and guidance provided by an EMS physician in managing the patient care aspects of the EMS system. This includes providing medical protocols, training, and supervision to EMS personnel, as well as ensuring quality control and adherence to best practices. The EMS physician plays a crucial role in ensuring the safety and effectiveness of prehospital care, making medical direction the correct answer in this case.

The musculoskeletal system is responsible for giving the body its shape, protecting vital internal organs, and providing for body movement. It consists of bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, and other connective tissues that work together to support the body and enable movement. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the above" as all the mentioned statements are true.

Platelets are the blood component that is essential for the formation of blood clots. When there is an injury or damage to a blood vessel, platelets are activated and form a plug at the site of injury, preventing excessive bleeding. They also release chemicals that help in the formation of a fibrin mesh, which further strengthens the clot. Without platelets, blood clotting would be impaired, leading to prolonged bleeding and difficulty in wound healing.

When a patient has difficulty breathing, sitting up is likely to be the most comfortable position for them. Sitting up allows the patient's chest to expand more easily, allowing for better airflow. This position also helps to alleviate any pressure on the lungs and diaphragm, making it easier for the patient to breathe. Lying flat on the stomach or back may restrict breathing and make it more difficult for the patient to get enough air. Lying flat on the back with legs elevated may help with certain conditions, but it may not be the most comfortable or effective position for a patient with difficulty breathing.

When lifting and moving patients, it is important to consider multiple goals. Speed is important in order to provide timely care and transport. Safety for the patient is crucial to prevent further injury or harm during the lifting and moving process. Safety for the EMT-B is also essential to prevent any injuries or strain on the EMT's body. Therefore, all of the above goals should be met when lifting and moving patients.

The patient is presenting with gurgling respirations, which suggests that there is an obstruction in the airway. Suctioning is a technique used to remove any obstruction and open the airway. In this case, suctioning can be used to relieve obstruction caused by blood, vomit, or saliva. However, the tongue is not an obstruction that can be relieved by suctioning. The tongue is a normal anatomical structure in the mouth and does not cause airway obstruction. Therefore, suctioning should not be used to relieve obstruction caused by the tongue.

The vena cava is the correct answer because it is the largest vein in the body and carries deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart. The posterior tibia is a bone in the lower leg and is not involved in carrying blood. The internal jugular is a vein in the neck, but it carries blood from the head and neck to the heart. The aorta is the largest artery in the body and carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body.

When an emergency dispatcher questions a patient or caller, they routinely ask about the exact location of the patient, the problem they are experiencing, and the age of the patient. However, asking whether the patient has been in the hospital recently is not a routine question. This information may be important for medical history, but it is not typically asked during the initial questioning process by an emergency dispatcher.

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Involuntary muscle tissue is the correct answer because it is responsible for controlling the flow of materials through the gastrointestinal system. This type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of the digestive organs and works automatically without conscious control. It contracts and relaxes to push food through the digestive tract, allowing for the movement and absorption of nutrients.

The role of the emergency medical dispatcher includes obtaining appropriate information from callers, giving instructions to callers for emergency care, and dispatching appropriate agencies to the emergency scene. However, providing on-line medical direction to EMS personnel is not part of the emergency medical dispatcher's responsibilities.

An advance directive is a legal document that allows individuals to specify their healthcare preferences in advance, in case they become unable to make decisions for themselves. DNR, on the other hand, stands for "do not resuscitate," which is a specific type of advance directive that instructs medical professionals not to perform CPR or other life-saving measures in the event of cardiac arrest. Therefore, the correct answer is advance directive.

Rapid extrication refers to the urgent and swift removal of a patient from a sitting position in an automobile. This technique is used in emergency situations to quickly and safely move the patient out of the vehicle, typically to provide immediate medical attention or transport to a medical facility.

The EMS equipment used to obtain vital signs includes a penlight, stethoscope, and sphygmomanometer. A penlight is used to examine the eyes, throat, and other areas for signs of injury or illness. A stethoscope is used to listen to the heart, lungs, and other internal sounds. A sphygmomanometer is used to measure blood pressure. Therefore, all of the above options are correct as they are all essential tools for obtaining vital signs in EMS settings.