Edg 2085 Quiz 2a

Homo Habilis, also known as H. Habilis, is the correct answer. About 1.8 million years ago, this hominid species made stone tools and weapons, although these tools were not very advanced. It is likely that the use of these tools was discovered by accident.

Homo Erectus, also known as H. Erectus, is the hominid species that represents the next evolutionary period of early man. This species became more sophisticated in tool-making and produced hand-axes along with sharp-edged flakes.

The dugout and skin boat were both types of watercraft that were used for transportation before the invention of the wheel. These boats were made by hollowing out a log or using animal skins stretched over a frame. They allowed people to travel on water, making it possible to transport goods and people across bodies of water. These early forms of boats were essential for exploration, trade, and communication, enabling human societies to expand and connect with each other.

The ability to abstract, farm, and live in communities brought about a shift in perspective. This shift was further enhanced by the invention of writing. Writing allowed for the recording and communication of ideas, knowledge, and information. It enabled the preservation of history, the development of complex societies, and the transmission of culture across generations. Writing revolutionized human communication and played a crucial role in the advancement of civilizations.

Catal Huyuk is the correct answer because the passage describes a city that was an important center of trade and ideas for thousands of years, and a primary source of Western civilization. It also mentions that this city was the first organized cosmopolitan city-state and the possible source of the Great Mother Goddess religion. All of these characteristics align with what is known about Catal Huyuk, an ancient city located in modern-day Turkey.

The given answer is Jericho because the question mentions that the drawing is of a walled city, and Jericho is a well-known ancient city that had a famous wall surrounding it. Jericho is also one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world, making it a likely candidate for a drawing of a walled city.

The correct answer is counting tokens. The question is asking for the first evidence of a writing system, which is believed to be counting tokens that were incised about 9,000 years ago in the neolithic fertile crescent. These tokens were used as a way to keep track of goods and transactions, and they eventually evolved into a more sophisticated writing system. This early form of writing laid the foundation for the development of more complex writing systems in the future.

Around 4100-3800 BCE, tokens began to be symbols that could be impressed or inscribed in clay to represent a record of land, grain, or cattle. These tokens were an early form of written language and were used as a means of keeping records. One of the earliest examples of these tokens was found in the excavations of Uruk in Mesopotamia, representing the time of the crystallization of the Sumerian culture. Over time, these tokens evolved into clay tablets, which were inscribed with more complex symbols and eventually led to the development of a fully written language.

Consciousness refers to a state of being aware and awake, but it is not limited to just simple waking awareness. It involves a deeper level of awareness where one is not only aware of their surroundings and thoughts, but also aware of their own awareness. This means that consciousness involves a self-reflective aspect, where one is conscious of the fact that they are conscious. It goes beyond basic awareness and involves a higher level of introspection and self-awareness.

The given answer, "islamic revolution," is the correct explanation for the blank space in the question. In 1979, the mullahs in Iran overthrew the Persian monarchy and established an Islamic republic dedicated to implementing Sharia law. This event is commonly referred to as the Islamic revolution.

The term "scientific revolution" refers to the significant changes in thought, belief, and social and institutional organization that occurred in Europe between 1550 and 1700. During this period, there was a shift in the way people understood and approached scientific knowledge. It marked a departure from traditional ideas and the emergence of new scientific methods and discoveries. This revolution had a profound impact on various disciplines, including astronomy, physics, biology, and medicine, and laid the foundation for modern science as we know it today.

A makeover refers to a comprehensive process that involves using cosmetics, changing hairstyles, and altering apparel to enhance one's appearance or completely transform their image. This term is commonly used to describe the overall treatment that individuals undergo to improve their physical appearance and achieve a desired look.

Thomas Kuhn is the correct answer because he is the one who introduced the term "paradigm shift" in his book "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" published in 1962. Kuhn argued that scientific progress does not occur through gradual accumulation of knowledge, but rather through sudden shifts in paradigms or fundamental ways of thinking. He used this term to describe the radical changes in scientific theories and practices that occur when a new paradigm replaces an old one. This concept has since been widely used in various fields to describe significant changes in thinking, understanding, and approaches to problem-solving.

A schema is a mental framework or structure that helps organize and interpret information based on past experiences. It consists of mental images, propositional representations, and mental models. Schemas are used to solve problems by providing a structure for understanding and categorizing new information.

Jericho is the correct answer because it was located near a consistent water source, a spring that produced a large amount of water. This water source would have been essential for supporting the farming activities of the people living in Jericho, as it would have provided the necessary irrigation for their crops. Additionally, the size of Jericho, estimated to be around eight to ten acres, and the estimated population of two to three thousand people further support the idea that it was a thriving agricultural community.

"Framing" refers to the act of presenting information in a particular way to influence how people perceive and interpret a situation. By imposing information on a situation, individuals can shape the way others understand and think about it. Therefore, the statement that the key to "framing" any situation is the imposition of information on the situation is true.

Marvin Minsky is indeed an influential figure in the development of cognitive science. In the 1960s, he rediscovered Otto Selz's ideas and further developed the concept of the "frame". This suggests that the statement "Marvin Minsky is an influential figure in the development of cognitive science" is true.

The correct answer is "the Witness." In mystical tradition, the mind-behind-the-scenes, the part that watches the watcher, is referred to as "the Witness." This concept suggests that there is a deeper aspect of consciousness that observes our thoughts, emotions, and actions without being directly involved in them. It is the part of us that remains detached and aware, providing a sense of self-awareness and allowing us to observe our own experiences.

In order to solve a problem effectively, it is necessary to have a complete schema or framework. This schema provides the problem-solver with the necessary information, knowledge, and understanding to approach and solve the problem accurately. Without a complete schema, the problem-solver may lack the necessary tools or insights to find a solution. Therefore, it is true that a complete schema is required to solve a problem successfully.

Qalat Jarma was a social and economical example for future Mesopotamian cultures that would arise around 4000 BC. This suggests that Qalat Jarma served as a model or prototype for the development of these future cultures. It likely had certain characteristics or practices that were influential and adopted by later societies in the region. Unfortunately, without further information, it is not possible to provide a more detailed explanation of Qalat Jarma's significance.

This statement suggests that for every concept that is known, there is a frame associated with it. When we perceive something, we choose a frame to compare and classify the current situation. This implies that our perception is influenced by the frames we have and the way we categorize things. Therefore, the statement is true.

A paradigm refers to a specific way of thinking or understanding the world, which includes a set of assumptions and internal logic. It shapes how individuals perceive and interpret information. Unlike a framework, which is more flexible and adaptable, a paradigm is more rigid and imposes its own logic on what is perceived. Individuals learn and believe in the reality or truth of their paradigm. Therefore, the correct answer for this question is "paradigm".

The given statement is false. The German psychologist credited with one of the fundamental ideas of cognitive psychology, the schema, is not Sigmund Freud. Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, not cognitive psychology. The correct answer is False.

Qalat Jarma is not the correct answer for this question. The correct answer is Jericho. Jericho is known as the oldest known agricultural community in the world, dating back to 7000 BC. It is also one of the oldest Neolithic village sites to be excavated.

A dugout is a type of boat that was used before the invention of the wheel. It was made by hollowing out a tree trunk and was commonly used for transportation by water. This primitive form of boat allowed people to travel across bodies of water, making it possible to transport goods and people more efficiently. The invention of the wheel came later and revolutionized land transportation, but before that, the dugout was an important means of transportation.

The mind can observe various aspects of its inner experiences, such as moods, body tensions, choices, and more when it directs its attention towards them. Attention is the key factor that allows the mind to be aware of and observe these different elements.

Before humans had learned to control fire purposefully, it is unlikely that they would understand the role fire could play in obtaining edible food and providing warmth.

The correct answer is "frame". A frame is a mental structure that contains knowledge about the properties and attributes of a prototypical member of a category. This knowledge helps in identifying and categorizing other members that share similar properties. Therefore, knowledge of the properties of the prototypical member that indicate the category provides a frame for understanding and organizing information about that category.

The passage suggests that the ability to plan, think, and restrain oneself while hunting prey affected other activities, including the development of inhibitions and prohibitions regarding sex among Homo erectus. Dominant males expressed jealousy and prevented promiscuous relationships for social reasons. This implies that the statement "The ability to plan and think and restrain oneself while hunting prey affected other activities as well" is true.

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Frameworks are comprehensive structures that contain a set of doctrines or beliefs that form the basis of a political, economic, or other system. They provide a foundation and guidelines for decision-making and problem-solving within that system. Schemas, frames, and paradigms may also contain beliefs or concepts, but they are not specifically designed to encompass a complete system of doctrines. Therefore, frameworks are the most appropriate answer in this context.

Facts are pieces of information that need to be organized and understood in a specific context. This context is provided by a conceptual framework, which is a set of ideas, concepts, or principles that guide the interpretation and understanding of facts. A framework helps to structure and make sense of the information, allowing for a more comprehensive and meaningful interpretation. Therefore, the correct answer is "framework."

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