.
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Thiazide diuretics
Magnesium deficiency
Vitamin D intoxication
Thyrotoxicosis
Patients have normal alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
Bones become more fragile
Plasma calcium is usually high
Elderly persons have higher risk of osteoporosis compared toyoung persons
Females have higher risk of osteoprosis compared to males
Acidosis
Hyperkalemia
Alkalosis
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Hypermagnesemia
It increases osteoclastic bone resorption
It decrease renal calcium reabsorption
It decreases renal phosphate reabsorption
It decreases renal bicarbonate reabsorption causing mild acidosis
It increases alpha 1 hydroxylation of vitamin D
Hypoparathyroidism
Renal failure
Osteomalacia
Paget's disease
Fanconi syndrome
Wilson's disease
Malnutrition and malabsorption
Decompensated liver cirrhosis
Acute phase response
Nephrotic syndrome
Transferrin
Haptoglobin
CRP
Ferritin
Prealbumin
It is used as a test for liver function
Patients with septicemia may develop hypoalbuminemia
It act as a carrier for free fatty acids(FFA)
Hyperalbuminemia may cause oedema
Albumin is a major protein in the blood
Concentration may increase in patients with nephrotic syndrome
Deficiency may result in edema
Is normally excreted in urine
Is an acute phase protein that is usually increased during infection
Concentration may increase in patient with liver disease
Alpha 1 antitrypsin
Alpha 1 fetoprotein
Alpha 2 macroglobulin
Transferrin
Haptoglobin
It is decreased in acute phase response
It is decreased in bacterial infections
Its elevation is a marker of cardiovascular risk
It is increased in viral infection
It is a valuable marker of inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis
Deep orange to brown urine
Decreased haptoglobin
Increased conjugated bilirubin
Marked elevation in AST
Marked increase in Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
It may indicate the presence of liver disease
The drug rifampcin is among the causes of jaundice
Neonatal jaundice is almost pathological
It may result from reduced uptake of unconjugated bilirubin by the liver
Patients with jaundice may have increased serum level of either conjugated or unconjugated bilirubin.
Paget's diseas
Rickets
Cholestasis
Cirrhosis
Pre-icteric phase of acute hepatitis
AST is more liver specific compared to ALT
Both enzymes are usually highly elevated in crush injures and muscle diseases
Both enzymes are usually highly elevated in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
ALT is one of the markers that are usually elevated in acute hepatitis
Both are highly elevated in myocardial infraction
Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
Decreased number of reticulocytes
Decreased bilirubin excretion
G6PD deficiency
Hemolysis and rhabdomyolysis
Excretion occurs mainly though kidneys and to less extent through intestine
In plasma, it is highly bound to protein , especially immunoglobulins
It is the end product of protein catabolism
In urine, it is excreted as urea , which is the most soluble form.
Allopurinol is a medication that enhances its renal excretion
Anemia
High dose of salicylates
Increased phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthase
Liver cirrhosis
Excess of dietary pyrimidine intake
Reduced pre-albumin
Decreased renin secretion
Increased ammonia level
Decreased albumin synthesis
Esophageal bleeding.
Increased risk of thrombosis
Defective hepatic excretory function
Acute phase response
Vitamin K deficiency
Increased synthesis of clotting factors
Increased creatinine
IgA or IgG paraproteins
Normal alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity
Anemia
Decreased calcium
Increased ALT
Normal or increased ALP
Increased urinary urobilinogen
Normal albumin level
Marked elevation in plasma bilirubin
Conjugation of bilirubin does occur in heptocytes and is mediated by glucuronyl transferase
Unconjugated bilirubin is water insoluble and is totally bound to plasma protein albumin
Conjugation of bilirubin is done with glucuronic acid to form mono- and di- glucuronides
Conjugated bilirubin is normally excreted in urine
Bilirubin is converted into urobilinogen in intestine by bacteria
Hypocalcemia
Acidosis
Obesity
Hypermagnesmia
Hyperaldosteronism
Quiz Review Timeline +
Our quizzes are rigorously reviewed, monitored and continuously updated by our expert board to maintain accuracy, relevance, and timeliness.
Wait!
Here's an interesting quiz for you.