Chapter 7 Physiological Psychology Study Quiz
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Which of the following contains ossicles?
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Outer ear
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Middle ear
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Inner ear
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Cochlea
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Explore the essentials of auditory physiology in the 'Chapter 7 Physiological Psychology Study Quiz'. This quiz covers key structures like the ossicles and cochlea, their functions, and the impact of damage to auditory components. Ideal for students of physiological psychology and auditory neuroscience.
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- 2.
The malleus, incus, and stapes, are otherwise known as the _____________.
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Ossicles
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Cochlea
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Organ of corti
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Pinna
Correct Answer
A. OssiclesExplanation
The malleus, incus, and stapes are small bones located in the middle ear. They are commonly referred to as the ossicles. These three bones work together to transmit sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear. The malleus is attached to the eardrum and transfers the vibrations to the incus, which then passes them to the stapes. The stapes then transmits the vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea in the inner ear, where they are converted into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain. Therefore, the correct answer is ossicles.Rate this question:
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- 3.
The __________ is the audio portion of the inner ear.
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Ossicles
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Cochlea
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Incus
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Pinna
Correct Answer
A. CochleaExplanation
The cochlea is the spiral-shaped, fluid-filled structure in the inner ear responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain. It contains tiny hair cells that are stimulated by the movement of fluid, sending signals to the auditory nerve. The ossicles are the three small bones in the middle ear that transmit sound vibrations from the eardrum to the cochlea. The incus is one of these ossicles, while the pinna is the visible part of the outer ear that helps collect sound waves.Rate this question:
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- 4.
The Organ of Corti can be found in ____________
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The outer ear
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The middle ear
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The inner ear
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The pinna
Correct Answer
A. The inner earExplanation
The Organ of Corti is a structure located in the inner ear. It is responsible for converting sound waves into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain. The outer ear consists of the pinna, which helps to collect sound waves, while the middle ear contains the eardrum and three small bones that transmit sound vibrations. However, the Organ of Corti is specifically located within the cochlea, which is part of the inner ear.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Damage to hair cells results in ___________.
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Death
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More death
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Loss of hearing
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Loss of ability to detect harmonics
Correct Answer
A. Loss of hearingExplanation
When the hair cells in the ear are damaged, it leads to a loss of hearing. Hair cells are responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain. When these cells are damaged or destroyed, they are unable to transmit these signals effectively, resulting in a loss of the ability to hear sounds.Rate this question:
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- 6.
Which of the following are not part of the Organ of Corti?
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Inner hair cells
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Outer hair cells
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Stereocilia
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Vestibule
Correct Answer
A. VestibuleExplanation
The vestibule is not part of the Organ of Corti. The Organ of Corti is a structure located in the cochlea of the inner ear and is responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain. It consists of inner hair cells, outer hair cells, and stereocilia. The vestibule, on the other hand, is a part of the inner ear that is involved in balance and spatial orientation.Rate this question:
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- 7.
The __________ is separated from the __________ by a membrane.
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Scala media; scala corti
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Scala tympani; scala vestibuli
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Scala media; scala tympani
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Scala vestibuli; scala media
Correct Answer
A. Scala vestibuli; scala mediaExplanation
The scala vestibuli and scala media are separated by a membrane.Rate this question:
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- 8.
The _________ is separated from the ________ by the basilar membrane.
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Scala media; scala corti
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Scala tympani; scala vestibuli
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Scala media; scala tympani
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Scala vestibuli; scala media
Correct Answer
A. Scala media; scala tympaniExplanation
The scala media, also known as the cochlear duct, is separated from the scala tympani by the basilar membrane. The scala media contains the organ of Corti, which is responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain. The scala tympani, on the other hand, is one of the three fluid-filled chambers of the cochlea and is located below the scala media.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Hair cells within the organ of Corti _____________
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Figure out what pitch a sound is
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Transduce sound waves into nerve impulses
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Figure out the tone of a pitch
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Transduce nerve impulses into sound energy
Correct Answer
A. Transduce sound waves into nerve impulsesExplanation
Hair cells within the organ of Corti are responsible for transducing sound waves into nerve impulses. The organ of Corti is located within the cochlea of the inner ear and contains thousands of hair cells. These hair cells are specialized sensory cells that convert mechanical vibrations (sound waves) into electrical signals (nerve impulses) that can be interpreted by the brain as sound. This process of transduction allows us to perceive and understand different pitches and tones of sound.Rate this question:
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- 10.
The organ of Corti does NOT consist of __________.
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The basilar membrane
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The tectorial membrane
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Hair cells
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The cochlea
Correct Answer
A. The cochleaExplanation
The organ of Corti is a structure located within the cochlea of the inner ear. It is responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain. The organ of Corti consists of several components, including the basilar membrane, the tectorial membrane, and the hair cells. However, the cochlea itself is not part of the organ of Corti. The cochlea is the overall structure that houses the organ of Corti and other important structures involved in hearing.Rate this question:
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- 11.
Outer hair cells ____________.
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Form a single line of cells along the basilar membrane
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Form three rows of cells along the basilar membrane
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Form a single line of cells along the scala media
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Form three rows of cells along the scala media
Correct Answer
A. Form three rows of cells along the basilar membraneExplanation
Outer hair cells form three rows of cells along the basilar membrane. This arrangement of cells allows for precise tuning and amplification of sound signals. The outer hair cells play a crucial role in the cochlea by amplifying and fine-tuning the vibrations of the basilar membrane, which is essential for the detection of different frequencies of sound. This three-row arrangement increases the sensitivity and selectivity of the auditory system, enabling us to perceive a wide range of sounds with accuracy.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Inner hair cells are responsible have a _________.
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Tuning function
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Structural function
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Defense function
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Hearing function
Correct Answer
A. Hearing functionExplanation
Inner hair cells are responsible for the hearing function. These specialized cells in the cochlea convert sound vibrations into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain. They play a crucial role in transmitting auditory information and are essential for our ability to perceive and understand sounds. Without functioning inner hair cells, the hearing process would be greatly impaired or even impossible.Rate this question:
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- 13.
Which of the following are outer hair cells not responsible for?
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Achieving high sensitivity
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Sharp tuning
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Converting mechanical movement into neural activity
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Carrying information from higher auditory system to cochlea
Correct Answer
A. Converting mechanical movement into neural activityExplanation
Outer hair cells are responsible for achieving high sensitivity and sharp tuning in the auditory system. They amplify sound vibrations and enhance the sensitivity of the cochlea. They also play a role in carrying information from the higher auditory system to the cochlea. However, the conversion of mechanical movement into neural activity is primarily done by inner hair cells, not outer hair cells.Rate this question:
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- 14.
What occurs in the cilia that causes ion channels to open?Cilia tips are joined by a fiber link, so when the cilia tips move, __________.
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The link stretches, activating the channels
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The link collapses, activating the channels.
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The link stretches or collapses, either of which activate the channels.
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The link becomes stretched, which creates gaps in it's cellular membrane, which allows ion in through the links.
Correct Answer
A. The link stretches or collapses, either of which activate the channels.Explanation
The correct answer is that the link stretches or collapses, either of which activate the channels. This suggests that the movement of the cilia tips can cause the link between them to either stretch or collapse, and both of these actions can activate the ion channels. This implies that the opening of the ion channels is dependent on the mechanical movement of the cilia tips and the resulting changes in the link between them.Rate this question:
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- 15.
The afferent auditory nerve is responsible for _______________.
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Transmitting hearing information from the cochlea to central nervous system.
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Transmitting hearing information from the cochlea to peripheral nervous system.
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Transmitting hearing information from the central nervous system.to cochlea
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Transmitting hearing information from the peripheral nervous system.to cochlea
Correct Answer
A. Transmitting hearing information from the cochlea to central nervous system.Explanation
The afferent auditory nerve is responsible for transmitting hearing information from the cochlea to the central nervous system. This nerve carries the electrical signals generated by the hair cells in the cochlea to the brain, where they are processed and interpreted as sound.Rate this question:
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- 16.
______________ is when firing occurs in the absence of sound stimulation.
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Frequency selectivity
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Phase locking
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Spontaneous firing
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Place locking
Correct Answer
A. Spontaneous firingExplanation
Spontaneous firing refers to the occurrence of neural firing in the absence of any external sound stimulation. This can happen when the neurons in the auditory system generate electrical impulses spontaneously, without being triggered by any specific sound input. Spontaneous firing is an important phenomenon in auditory processing as it helps maintain a baseline level of neural activity and can contribute to the detection of weak sounds or the perception of silence.Rate this question:
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- 17.
____________ is the firing of a neuron at one distinct point in the period of a sound wave.
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Frequency selectivity
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Phase locking
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Spontaneous firing
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Place locking
Correct Answer
A. Phase lockingExplanation
Phase locking refers to the synchronization of the firing of a neuron with a specific phase of a sound wave. This means that the neuron consistently fires at the same point in the sound wave, indicating a strong relationship between the neural activity and the stimulus. It allows the brain to accurately process and distinguish different frequencies in the auditory system. Therefore, phase locking is the most appropriate explanation for the given statement.Rate this question:
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- 18.
_______ is how fibers respond more to to specific sound frequencies.
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Frequency selectivity
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Phase locking
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Spontaneous firing
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Place locking
Correct Answer
A. Frequency selectivityExplanation
Frequency selectivity refers to how fibers in the auditory system respond more to specific sound frequencies. This means that certain fibers are more sensitive to certain frequencies and will generate a stronger response when stimulated by those frequencies. This selectivity allows for the perception and discrimination of different frequencies in sound. Phase locking refers to the synchronization of neural firing to the phase of a sound wave. Spontaneous firing refers to the baseline level of neural activity in the absence of external stimulation. Place locking is not a recognized term in auditory physiology.Rate this question:
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- 19.
The tonotopic organisation is a place representation of __________ on the ___________.
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Volume; incus
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Volume; basilar membrane
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Frequency; incus
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Frequency; basilar membrane
Correct Answer
A. Frequency; basilar membraneExplanation
The tonotopic organization refers to the arrangement of different frequencies of sound along the basilar membrane in the cochlea. This means that different regions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to different frequencies of sound. As sound waves travel through the cochlea, they cause vibrations in specific areas of the basilar membrane based on their frequency. This allows the brain to perceive different pitches of sound based on the specific region of the basilar membrane that is activated. Therefore, the correct answer is "frequency; basilar membrane."Rate this question:
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- 20.
According to the Place Code Theory of Pitch, low frequency sound vibrations produce maximal distortion at __________________.
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The base of the basilar membrane
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The apex of the basilar membrane
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The base of the auditory association cortex
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The apex of the auditory association cortex
Correct Answer
A. The apex of the basilar membraneExplanation
According to the Place Code Theory of Pitch, low frequency sound vibrations produce maximal distortion at the apex of the basilar membrane. This theory suggests that different frequencies of sound activate different parts of the basilar membrane, with high frequencies causing maximal distortion at the base and low frequencies causing maximal distortion at the apex. Therefore, the correct answer is the apex of the basilar membrane.Rate this question:
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- 21.
Place Code Theory of Pitch has difficulty accounting for ________________.
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Low frequencies
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Medium frequencies
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High frequencies
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Multi-pitch frequencies
Correct Answer
A. Low frequenciesExplanation
The Place Code Theory of Pitch suggests that different frequencies of sound are encoded by specific locations along the basilar membrane in the cochlea. However, this theory has difficulty accounting for low frequencies because the physical properties of the basilar membrane make it less responsive to low-frequency vibrations. Therefore, the Place Code Theory is not as effective in explaining how low-frequency sounds are processed and perceived by the auditory system.Rate this question:
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- 22.
What's the right order?
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Cochlear nucleus -> inferior colliculus -> medial geniculate nucleus -> superior olivary complex -> auditory cortex
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Cochlear nucleus -> inferior colliculus -> superior olivary complex -> medial geniculate nucleus -> auditory cortex
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Cochlear nucleus -> superior olivary complex -> inferior colliculus -> medial geniculate nucleus -> auditory cortex
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Cochlear nucleus -> superior olivary complex -> medial geniculate nucleus ->inferior colliculus -> auditory cortex
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Cochlear nucleus -> superior olivary complex -> medial geniculate nucleus -> auditory cortex -> inferior colliculus
Correct Answer
A. Cochlear nucleus -> superior olivary complex -> inferior colliculus -> medial geniculate nucleus -> auditory cortexExplanation
The correct order is Cochlear nucleus -> superior olivary complex -> inferior colliculus -> medial geniculate nucleus -> auditory cortex. This is the correct order of the auditory pathway in the central nervous system. Sound information first travels from the cochlea to the cochlear nucleus, then to the superior olivary complex, which is involved in sound localization. From there, it goes to the inferior colliculus, which is responsible for integrating auditory information. Next, it passes through the medial geniculate nucleus, which acts as a relay station to the auditory cortex, where sound perception occurs.Rate this question:
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- 23.
____________ is the first brainstem nucleus at which afferent auditory nerve fybres synapse.
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Cochlear nucleus
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Inferior colliculus
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Medial geniculate nucleus
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Superior olivary complex
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Auditory cortex
Correct Answer
A. Cochlear nucleusExplanation
The cochlear nucleus is the first brainstem nucleus where afferent auditory nerve fibers synapse. This means that when sound waves are detected by the ear, the auditory nerve fibers carry the information to the cochlear nucleus, which is responsible for processing and relaying the auditory signals to higher brain regions for further interpretation. The other options listed, such as the inferior colliculus, medial geniculate nucleus, superior olivary complex, and auditory cortex, are all involved in the auditory pathway but are not the first site of synapse for the auditory nerve fibers.Rate this question:
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- 24.
____________ uses timing and intensity differences in binaural signals to localize sound.
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Cochlear nucleus
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Inferior colliculus
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Medial geniculate nucleus
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Superior olivary complex
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Auditory cortex
Correct Answer
A. Superior olivary complexExplanation
The superior olivary complex is responsible for localizing sound by utilizing timing and intensity differences in binaural signals. This complex receives input from both ears and compares the differences in the arrival time and loudness of sounds to determine their location in space. It plays a crucial role in sound localization and helps us perceive the direction and distance of sounds accurately.Rate this question:
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- 25.
_____________ may function in sound localisation, and in combining information from lower areas in the brainstem.
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Cochlear nucleus
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Inferior colliculus
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Medial geniculate nucleus
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Superior olivary complex
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Auditory cortex
Correct Answer
A. Inferior colliculusExplanation
The inferior colliculus is a midbrain structure that plays a crucial role in sound localization and integrating information from lower brainstem areas. It receives input from both ears and helps in determining the direction and location of sound sources. It also acts as a relay station, sending auditory information to higher brain regions, including the auditory cortex. Therefore, the inferior colliculus is involved in processing and integrating auditory information to facilitate sound localization and perception.Rate this question:
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- 26.
_________ utilizes 2-way information flow between it and the auditory cortex.
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Cochlear nucleus
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Inferior colliculus
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Medial geniculate nucleus
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Superior olivary complex
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Auditory cortex
Correct Answer
A. Medial geniculate nucleusExplanation
The medial geniculate nucleus is the correct answer because it is a relay station in the thalamus that receives auditory information from the inferior colliculus and sends it to the auditory cortex. This two-way information flow allows for the processing and interpretation of auditory stimuli. The other options, such as the cochlear nucleus, inferior colliculus, superior olivary complex, and auditory cortex, are involved in the auditory pathway but do not specifically utilize a two-way information flow with the auditory cortex like the medial geniculate nucleus does.Rate this question:
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- 27.
___________ maintains the tonotopic organisation of frequencies.
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Cochlear nucleus
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Inferior colliculus
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Medial geniculate nucleus
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Superior olivary complex
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Auditory cortex
Correct Answer
A. Auditory cortexExplanation
The auditory cortex is responsible for maintaining the tonotopic organization of frequencies. Tonotopy refers to the spatial arrangement of neurons in the auditory system that respond to different frequencies of sound. In the auditory cortex, neurons are arranged in an orderly manner based on the frequency of the sound they respond to. This organization allows for efficient processing and interpretation of different frequencies of sound, contributing to our ability to perceive and discriminate various pitches and tones.Rate this question:
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- 28.
The semicircular canals are responsible for measuring _____________.
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Acceleration of the skull
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Velocity of the skull
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Angle of the skull
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Sound localisation
Correct Answer
A. Acceleration of the skullExplanation
The semicircular canals are responsible for measuring the acceleration of the skull. These canals are part of the inner ear and are filled with fluid. When the head moves or changes its position, the fluid in the canals also moves, which stimulates the hair cells within the canals. This stimulation allows the brain to detect and interpret changes in acceleration and help maintain balance and spatial orientation. The semicircular canals do not measure velocity or angle of the skull, and sound localization is primarily attributed to the auditory system.Rate this question:
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- 29.
Which of the following is not part of the vestibular sacs?
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Semicircular canals
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Utricle
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Saccule
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Kinocilium
Correct Answer
A. KinociliumExplanation
The correct answer is "Kinocilium" because it is not part of the vestibular sacs. The vestibular sacs include the semicircular canals, utricle, and saccule, which are responsible for detecting changes in head position and linear acceleration. The kinocilium, on the other hand, is a structure found in hair cells of some sensory organs, such as the inner ear and the lateral line system of fish, but it is not specifically part of the vestibular sacs.Rate this question:
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- 30.
Which of the following structures does not match its function:
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Auditory system: sound detection, localization, and identity
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Bilateral auditory cortex: sound localization
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Brachium of inferior colliculus: frequency and intensity of sound
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Lateral lemniscus: overall hearing
Correct Answer
A. Bilateral auditory cortex: sound localizationExplanation
The bilateral auditory cortex is responsible for sound localization, which means it helps us determine the direction from which a sound is coming. This is an accurate match between the structure and its function because sound localization is one of the main functions of the auditory cortex.Rate this question:
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- 31.
Which of the following is not obtained by cutaneous senses?
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Pressure
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Heat/Cold
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Stimuli that damage tissue
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Wetness
Correct Answer
A. WetnessExplanation
Wetness is not obtained by cutaneous senses because it is not a distinct sensory modality. The sensation of wetness is actually a combination of the tactile sensation of pressure and the thermal sensation of heat or cold. When our skin comes into contact with a wet object or substance, it triggers the perception of wetness through the activation of these other sensory modalities. Therefore, wetness itself is not directly detected by the cutaneous senses.Rate this question:
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- 32.
Kinesthesia receives input from ____________.
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Semicircular canals
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Joints, tendons, and muscles
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Bones
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Peripheral nervous system
Correct Answer
A. Joints, tendons, and musclesExplanation
Kinesthesia is the sense that enables us to perceive the position and movement of our body parts. It is responsible for our awareness of the location of our limbs, the tension in our muscles, and the movement of our joints. This information is received through receptors located in our joints, tendons, and muscles. These receptors provide feedback to our brain about the position and movement of our body, allowing us to have a sense of our body's position in space and to coordinate our movements effectively. The other options, such as the semicircular canals, bones, and the peripheral nervous system, do not directly provide the necessary input for kinesthetic perception.Rate this question:
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- 33.
Which of the following is untrue:
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Touch is the combination of pressure and vibration
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Hot receptors are closer to the surface of the skin than cold receptors (because hot surfaces are more dangerous)
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Pain is associated with skin tissue damage
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Temperature receptor activation is relative to the baseline temperature
Correct Answer
A. Hot receptors are closer to the surface of the skin than cold receptors (because hot surfaces are more dangerous)Explanation
Hot receptors are not closer to the surface of the skin than cold receptors. In fact, cold receptors are located closer to the surface of the skin than hot receptors. This is because cold temperatures can cause damage to the skin more quickly than hot temperatures, so the body needs to be able to detect and respond to cold stimuli more rapidly.Rate this question:
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- 34.
Pain receptors are also known as ____________.
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Acureceptors
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Nocireceptors
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Naloxones
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Cingulate receptors
Correct Answer
A. NocireceptorsExplanation
Pain receptors, also known as nocireceptors, are sensory receptors that respond to potentially harmful stimuli by sending signals to the brain, resulting in the perception of pain. These receptors are specialized nerve endings found throughout the body and are responsible for detecting and transmitting pain signals.Rate this question:
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- 35.
Where are there no pain receptors?
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Skin
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Sheath around muscles, internal organs
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Cornea of the eye
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Brain
Correct Answer
A. BrainExplanation
The brain does not have pain receptors. Pain receptors, also known as nociceptors, are specialized nerve endings that detect and transmit pain signals to the brain. However, the brain itself does not have these receptors, so it is unable to feel pain. This is why brain surgeries can be performed while the patient is awake, as the brain does not register pain during the procedure.Rate this question:
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- 36.
Pain receptors are activated by _______________.
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Mechanical, but not chemical stimulation
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Chemical, but not mechanical stimulation
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Both mechanical and chemical stimulation
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Neither mechanical nor chemical stimulation
Correct Answer
A. Both mechanical and chemical stimulationExplanation
Pain receptors, also known as nociceptors, are sensory receptors that detect and respond to potentially harmful stimuli. These receptors can be activated by both mechanical and chemical stimulation. Mechanical stimulation refers to physical pressure or force applied to the body, such as a cut or injury, while chemical stimulation refers to the presence of certain chemicals that can cause pain, such as inflammatory molecules released during tissue damage or irritation. Therefore, pain receptors can be triggered by both types of stimuli, allowing the body to perceive and respond to potential threats or injuries.Rate this question:
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- 37.
Which of the following does not result in analgesia?
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Massage
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Placebo
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Attention shifts
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Heroin
Correct Answer
A. HeroinExplanation
Heroin does not result in analgesia because it is an opioid drug that acts on the central nervous system to produce pain relief. It binds to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, inhibiting the transmission of pain signals. Therefore, heroin actually induces analgesia rather than not resulting in it.Rate this question:
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- 38.
Which of the following is false?
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Exogenous opiates reduce pain reactivity
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Brain produces several endorphins
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Naloxone amplifies opiate activity so it can be detected
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Focal brain stimulation can reduce pain
Correct Answer
A. Naloxone amplifies opiate activity so it can be detectedExplanation
Naloxone is an opioid receptor antagonist, meaning it blocks the effects of opioids. It is commonly used to reverse opioid overdoses. Therefore, it does not amplify opiate activity but rather reverses it. Naloxone is not used to detect opiate activity but rather to counteract its effects.Rate this question:
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- 39.
Which of the following is incorrectly matched to its evolutionary purpose:
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Sweet: safe food
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Salty: source of sodium
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Bitter: poisonous food
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Sour: unripened food
Correct Answer
A. Sour: unripened foodExplanation
The taste of sourness is often associated with unripened food, as the sour taste indicates that the food is not yet fully mature or ripe. This evolutionary purpose serves as a warning signal to humans and animals, discouraging them from consuming unripe or potentially harmful food that may cause digestive issues or other health problems. By associating sourness with unripeness, our taste buds have evolved to help us make informed decisions about what is safe to eat and what is not.Rate this question:
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- 40.
Which of the following is incorrectly matched to its best receptor:
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Saltiness: sodium chloride
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Sourness: hydroxide ions
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Bitterness: alkaloid
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Sweetness: sugar
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Umami: MSG
Correct Answer
A. Sourness: hydroxide ionsExplanation
Sourness is not correctly matched with hydroxide ions as hydroxide ions do not elicit a sour taste. Sourness is typically associated with the presence of acidic compounds such as citric acid or vinegar. Hydroxide ions, on the other hand, are alkaline and would generally be associated with a bitter taste.Rate this question:
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- 41.
Which of the following is not a cranial nerve involved with gustatory processing?
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7 (anterior tongue)
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9 (posterior tongue)
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10 (palate and epiglottis)
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11 (esophagus)
Correct Answer
A. 11 (esophagus)Explanation
Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting sensory information from the head and neck to the brain. The cranial nerves involved in gustatory processing are responsible for transmitting taste information from different regions of the tongue and palate. The esophagus, on the other hand, is not involved in gustatory processing. Its main function is to transport food from the mouth to the stomach. Therefore, option 11 (esophagus) is not a cranial nerve involved with gustatory processing.Rate this question:
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- 42.
Individual taste fibers respond to ______________.
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A single taste quality and a single temperature
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A single taste quality and several taste temperatures
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Several taste qualities and a single temperature
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Several taste qualities and several taste temperatures
Correct Answer
A. Several taste qualities and several taste temperaturesExplanation
Individual taste fibers are responsible for detecting different taste qualities, such as sweet, sour, bitter, and salty. Additionally, these taste fibers can also respond to different temperature sensations, such as hot and cold. Therefore, individual taste fibers can respond to several taste qualities and several taste temperatures.Rate this question:
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