Chapter 6-1 Physiological Psychology Final Study Quiz

Cones are responsible for color vision. Unlike rods, which are responsible for vision in low light conditions, cones are sensitive to different wavelengths of light and allow us to perceive colors. There are three types of cones, each sensitive to different wavelengths, which enables us to see a wide range of colors. Therefore, cones play a crucial role in our ability to perceive and differentiate colors.

Cataracts are opacities that develop in the lens of the eye, causing a cloudy or blurry vision. These opacities interfere with the passage of light through the lens, leading to a decrease in visual acuity. Cataracts can occur due to aging, certain medical conditions, or as a side effect of medications. They can be treated with surgery to remove the cloudy lens and replace it with an artificial one, restoring clear vision.

Cones are better for seeing in the daylight because they are responsible for color vision and work best in bright light conditions. They are most sensitive to the wavelengths of light that are present in daylight, allowing us to perceive and distinguish different colors. Rods, on the other hand, are responsible for vision in low-light conditions and are less effective in bright light.

Photons are absorbed as particles of energy. Photons are fundamental particles of light and electromagnetic radiation. When photons interact with matter, they can be absorbed, causing the energy from the photons to be transferred to the absorbing material. This absorption of photons as particles of energy is the basis for various processes, such as the generation of electricity in solar cells or the absorption of light by pigments in photosynthesis.

The pupil is the correct answer because it is the opening in the eye that allows light to enter. It is located in the center of the iris and can change in size to regulate the amount of light that enters the eye. The iris, sclera, and conjunctiva are all parts of the eye, but they do not specifically function as the opening through which light enters.

Cells that move nutrients through the system are not a part of the sensory system. The sensory system is responsible for detecting and processing sensory information from both the internal and external environment. Cells with specialized sensory receptors are involved in detecting sensory stimuli, while cells that receive information from the internal and external environment are responsible for transmitting and processing this information. However, cells that move nutrients through the system are part of the circulatory or digestive systems, which are responsible for transporting and distributing nutrients throughout the body.

The sclera is the tough outer coat of the eye. It is the white part of the eye that covers most of the eyeball. The sclera provides protection and structural support to the eye, helping to maintain its shape. It is made up of dense connective tissue and is responsible for maintaining the integrity of the eye.

The human visible spectrum refers to the range of wavelengths that the human eye is capable of perceiving as colors. It is commonly known that the human eye can see colors ranging from violet to red. This corresponds to a wavelength range of approximately 400 to 700 nanometers (nm). Therefore, the correct answer is "wavelengths of 400-700nm."

Cones are more concentrated in the fovea. The fovea is a small central area of the retina that contains a high density of cones, which are responsible for color vision and visual acuity. Rods, on the other hand, are more concentrated in the peripheral areas of the retina and are responsible for vision in low light conditions. Therefore, the fovea, being the area of highest visual acuity, contains a higher concentration of cones.

The correct answer is 2 (rods & cones). Photoreceptors are specialized cells in the retina of the eye that detect light and allow us to see. Rods are responsible for vision in low light conditions and do not perceive color, while cones are responsible for color vision and function best in bright light. Therefore, the two types of photoreceptors are rods and cones.

Frequency is the number of cycles per second of an electromagnetic wave. It represents how many times the wave oscillates or completes a cycle in one second. It is measured in hertz (Hz). Wavelength, on the other hand, is the distance between two consecutive points on a wave, while period is the time it takes for one complete cycle. Photons, on the other hand, are particles of light. Therefore, frequency is the correct answer as it directly corresponds to the number of cycles per second of an electromagnetic wave.

When focusing on near objects, the lens of the eye becomes more rounded. This change in shape allows the lens to increase its refractive power, which helps to bring close objects into clear focus. This adjustment is necessary because the eye's natural resting state is for the lens to be less rounded, which is better suited for focusing on distant objects.

The given answer states that wavelength is associated with hue. In the context of light and color, hue refers to the attribute that distinguishes different colors, such as red, blue, or green. Wavelength, on the other hand, is a physical property of light that determines its color. Different wavelengths of light are perceived as different colors by the human eye. Therefore, the answer correctly identifies the relationship between wavelength and hue, stating that they are associated with each other.

The conjunctiva is a thin transparent mucous membrane that lines the eyelid and folds back to attach to the eye. It helps to protect the eye from foreign particles and provides lubrication for smooth movement of the eyelid over the eye. The conjunctiva also contains blood vessels that supply nutrients and oxygen to the eye.

The distance between two successive peaks in electromagnetic waves is called wavelength. Wavelength is a fundamental property of waves, including electromagnetic waves such as light. It is measured as the distance between two corresponding points on adjacent waves, such as from peak to peak or from trough to trough. The wavelength determines the color or frequency of the wave, with shorter wavelengths corresponding to higher frequencies and vice versa.

Sensation refers to the process of receiving and detecting stimuli from the environment, while perception involves interpreting and making sense of those stimuli. Similarly, sound-waves are the physical vibrations that we detect with our ears, while music is the interpretation and understanding of those sound-waves as a form of art or expression. Therefore, the relationship between sensation and perception can be compared to the relationship between sound-waves and music.

Sensory transduction refers to the process in which receptor cells convert physical stimulus into electrochemical energy. This means that when a physical stimulus, such as light or sound, is detected by the receptor cells, they convert it into electrical signals that can be transmitted to the brain for processing and interpretation.

The fovea is a pit in the central region of the retina that contains a higher concentration of photoreceptors. It is responsible for detailed pattern vision. However, it is not responsible for the blind spot. The blind spot is actually caused by the optic disc, where the optic nerve exits the eye and there are no photoreceptors.

Rods are more sensitive than cones. Rods are photoreceptor cells in the retina that are responsible for vision in dim light conditions. They are highly sensitive to light and can detect even small amounts of light, allowing us to see in low-light environments. Cones, on the other hand, are responsible for color vision and function best in bright light conditions. While cones provide us with detailed and color-rich vision, they are not as sensitive to dim light as rods. Therefore, rods are more sensitive than cones.

Myopia, also known as nearsightedness, is the correct answer. It is a condition where a person is unable to see distant objects clearly. This occurs when the eyeball is too long, causing light to focus in front of the retina instead of directly on it. As a result, distant objects appear blurry or out of focus.

Astigmatism is the correct answer because it refers to the blurring of light in a particular orientation that occurs when the surface of the cornea or lens is not spherical. This means that the cornea or lens has an irregular shape, causing the light to be focused unevenly on the retina. As a result, individuals with astigmatism may experience blurred or distorted vision at all distances. Cataracts, presbyopia, myopia, and hyperopia are different conditions that affect vision but do not specifically involve the blurring of light due to an irregular cornea or lens shape.

The optic disk is not responsible for your 'blind spot'. The blind spot is actually caused by the absence of photoreceptor cells (both rods and cones) in the area where the optic nerve exits the eye, which is located at the optic disk.

Hyperopia, also known as farsightedness, is the correct answer. It is characterized by the inability to see near objects clearly, and this is often caused by the eye ball being too short. In hyperopia, light rays entering the eye focus behind the retina instead of directly on it, resulting in blurred vision for close-up objects. This condition can be corrected with the use of glasses or contact lenses that help to bring the image into focus on the retina.

The parvocellular layer is responsible for transmitting information about the perception of color and fine details. This layer is located in the primary visual cortex and receives input from the cones in the retina that are responsible for color vision. It is also involved in processing high-resolution visual information, such as fine details and textures. The parvocellular layer plays a crucial role in our ability to perceive and discriminate colors, as well as to see fine details in our visual environment.

The magnocellular layer is responsible for transmitting information about perception of form, movement, depth, and small differences in brightness. This layer contains neurons that are specialized for processing visual information related to these aspects. It receives input from the retina and sends this information to higher visual areas for further processing and interpretation. The magnocellular layer is particularly important for detecting motion and spatial information, as well as for perceiving the overall structure and form of visual stimuli.

When light enters the eye, it bends toward the middle because it enters a medium that is more dense. This is due to the fact that the refractive index of the eye's lens is higher than that of the surrounding air. As light passes through the lens, it slows down and changes direction, causing it to converge towards the center of the eye.

The cornea and lens are the principal optical components that focus the image on the retina. The cornea is the transparent outer covering of the eye that helps to refract light onto the lens. The lens, located behind the iris, further refracts the light and adjusts its focus to create a clear image on the retina. Together, the cornea and lens play a crucial role in the process of focusing light and ensuring that it is properly directed onto the retina for vision.

The lens of the eye has an adjustable amount of diopters. The lens is responsible for focusing light onto the retina, and it can change its shape to adjust the focal length, allowing for clear vision at different distances. This ability to adjust the lens's curvature is known as accommodation, and it is controlled by the ciliary muscles. By changing the amount of diopters, the lens can focus on objects that are near or far, providing clear vision at different distances.

Photometry is a branch of physics that focuses on measuring light and its properties. It specifically measures radiant energy, which refers to the energy carried by electromagnetic radiation. However, photometry specifically focuses on the visible spectrum of light, which is the range of wavelengths that are visible to the human eye. Furthermore, it takes into account the sensitivity of the human eye to different wavelengths, meaning that it weights the measurements based on how the human eye perceives different colors. Therefore, the correct answer is that photometry measures radiant energy of the visible spectrum weighted by human sensitivity.

Glaucoma is a condition that results from the build-up of aqueous humor, the fluid inside the eye. This fluid is responsible for maintaining the pressure within the eye. When there is a build-up of aqueous humor, it leads to increased intraocular pressure, which can damage the optic nerve and cause vision loss. Therefore, the correct answer is that the build-up of aqueous humor results in increased intraocular pressure.

The period of an electromagnetic wave refers to the time it takes for the wave to complete one full cycle, which includes both a peak and a trough. It is the duration between two successive peaks or troughs in the wave. Therefore, the period is the correct answer to this question.

Photopigments are light-absorbing molecules found in the cells of the retina that play a crucial role in the process of vision. These pigments are responsible for absorbing light and initiating a series of chemical reactions that ultimately result in the transmission of visual information to the brain. Photoreceptors, such as rods and cones, contain these photopigments, which enable them to detect and respond to different wavelengths of light. Opsin, on the other hand, is a protein component of photopigments, while chromophore refers to the part of the molecule responsible for absorbing light.

The iris is responsible for adjusting the amount of light that enters the eye. It is the colored part of the eye and contains muscles that control the size of the pupil. When there is bright light, the iris contracts to make the pupil smaller, reducing the amount of light entering the eye. Conversely, in low light conditions, the iris expands to make the pupil larger, allowing more light to enter the eye. This adjustment helps to regulate the amount of light reaching the retina, ensuring optimal vision in different lighting conditions.

The correct answer is that vitreous humor is found in the posterior chamber. The vitreous humor is a gel-like substance that fills the posterior chamber of the eye, which is located behind the lens and in front of the retina. It helps maintain the shape of the eye and provides support to the retina. The aqueous humor, on the other hand, is a watery fluid that fills the anterior chamber of the eye, which is located between the cornea and the lens.

Presbyopia is the correct answer because it refers to the age-related condition where the lens of the eye becomes less flexible and loses its ability to focus on near objects. This condition typically occurs as a natural part of the aging process and is characterized by difficulty in reading or performing tasks that require clear vision up close. Cataracts, myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism are all different eye conditions, but they do not specifically involve the inability to focus on near objects due to increased stiffness in the lens with age.

Opsin is responsible for different photopigments being sensitive to different colors. Opsin is a protein found in the photoreceptor cells of the retina. It combines with a molecule called chromophore to form different photopigments, such as rhodopsin and photopsins, which are sensitive to different wavelengths of light. This allows us to perceive different colors. The opsin protein plays a crucial role in the process of phototransduction, where light energy is converted into electrical signals that are sent to the brain for interpretation.

Radiometry is the measurement and study of radiant energy, which refers to the energy carried by electromagnetic waves. The correct answer states that radiometry measures the radiant energy of the entire electromagnetic spectrum. This means that radiometry encompasses the measurement of energy from all types of electromagnetic waves, including radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays. By measuring the radiant energy across the entire spectrum, radiometry allows for a comprehensive understanding of the energy distribution and characteristics of electromagnetic waves.

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A chromophore is a molecule or part of a molecule that is responsible for the absorption of light. In the context of photopigments, such as those found in the retina of the eye, the chromophore is the component that absorbs light and initiates the process of vision. The other options, opsin, fovea, and scoral, are not lipids or directly involved in the absorption of light in photopigments.