Hardest Trivia Test On Microbiology! Quiz
Do you want a career in the medical field as a microbiologist and since you started your classes think that you have gathered a lot of information in this discipline? Let’s us take your memory for a test drive by seeing just how well you can tackle the hardest trivia test on microbiology below and see just how high you score.
Questions and Answers
- 1.
The innate response resists a particular foreign agent; moreover, innate immune responses improve on repeated exposure to the agent.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
The statement in the question contradicts the known facts about the innate immune response. The innate response is a non-specific defense mechanism that does not improve on repeated exposure to a specific foreign agent. In contrast, the adaptive immune response, which includes the production of antibodies, improves with repeated exposure to a specific foreign agent. Therefore, the correct answer is False.Rate this question:
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- 2.
Blood cell development occurs in the bone marrow of mammals during the process of
- A.
Hemolysis
- B.
Hematopoesis
- C.
Hemostasis
- D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
B. HematopoesisExplanation
Hematopoiesis is the correct answer because it is the process of blood cell development that occurs in the bone marrow of mammals. Hemolysis refers to the breakdown of red blood cells, while hemostasis refers to the process of stopping bleeding. Therefore, neither of these options are correct.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Substances that are recognized as foreign and provoke immune responses are called
- A.
Antibodies
- B.
Antigens
- C.
Infective agents
- D.
Inducers
Correct Answer
B. AntigensExplanation
Antigens are substances that are recognized as foreign by the immune system and can provoke an immune response. When antigens enter the body, they stimulate the production of antibodies, which are proteins that bind to and neutralize the antigens. This immune response is an important defense mechanism against pathogens and foreign substances in the body. Therefore, antigens are the correct answer to the question.Rate this question:
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- 4.
Which of the following is a physical barrier in the nonspecific defense of a mammalian host?
- A.
Inflammation
- B.
Phagocytosis
- C.
Fever
- D.
Mucous membranes
Correct Answer
D. Mucous membranesExplanation
Mucous membranes are a physical barrier in the nonspecific defense of a mammalian host. They line various parts of the body such as the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive tracts, forming a protective barrier against pathogens. The mucous secreted by these membranes helps to trap and remove foreign substances, preventing them from entering the body.Rate this question:
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- 5.
The lungs are protected from microorganisms by
- A.
the mucociliary blanket.
- B.
 lysozyme in mucus. 

- C.
Phagocytic action of alveolar macrophages.
- D.
all of the choices
Correct Answer
D. all of the choicesExplanation
The correct answer is "all of the choices". The lungs are protected from microorganisms by multiple mechanisms, including the mucociliary blanket, which traps and removes microorganisms; lysozyme in mucus, which has antimicrobial properties; and the phagocytic action of alveolar macrophages, which engulf and destroy microorganisms.Rate this question:
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- 6.
Tears protect the eyes by
- A.
Flushing and lysozyme.

- B.
Inflammation
- C.
Vasodilation
- D.
Stimulating opsonization.

- E.
 flushing and lysozyme and vasodilation
Correct Answer
A. Flushing and lysozyme.
Explanation
Tears protect the eyes by flushing and lysozyme. Flushing refers to the action of tears washing away foreign particles, dust, and debris from the surface of the eyes, keeping them clean and preventing infections. Lysozyme is an enzyme present in tears that has antimicrobial properties, helping to kill bacteria and protect the eyes from infections. Therefore, both flushing and lysozyme play a role in protecting the eyes.Rate this question:
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- 7.
Under normal circumstances, which of the following is(are) normally sterile environments in mammals?
- A.
Kidneys
- B.
Ureters
- C.
Urinary bladder
- D.
All of these
Correct Answer
D. All of theseExplanation
The correct answer is "all of these". Under normal circumstances, the kidneys, ureters, and urinary bladder are all considered sterile environments in mammals. This means that they are free from bacteria and other microorganisms. This sterility is important for the proper functioning of these organs and helps to prevent infections and other complications.Rate this question:
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- 8.
Which of the following is used to help protect the lungs from infection?
- A.
Turbulent airflow deposits airborne pathogens on sticky mucosal surfaces.
- B.
The mucociliary escalator moves trapped organisms away from the lungs by ciliary action.
- C.
Coughing and sneezing forcefully expel organisms away from the lungs.
- D.
all of the choices
Correct Answer
D. all of the choicesExplanation
All of the choices (turbulent airflow, mucociliary escalator, coughing and sneezing) are mechanisms that help protect the lungs from infection. Turbulent airflow deposits airborne pathogens on sticky mucosal surfaces, where they can be cleared by the mucociliary escalator, which moves trapped organisms away from the lungs through ciliary action. Additionally, coughing and sneezing forcefully expel organisms away from the lungs, further reducing the risk of infection. Therefore, all of these choices contribute to protecting the lungs from infection.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Lysozyme is an enzyme that lyses
- A.
Viruses
- B.
Fungi
- C.
Bacteria
- D.
Parasites
Correct Answer
C. BacteriaExplanation
Lysozyme is an enzyme that is known for its ability to break down the cell walls of bacteria. It does this by hydrolyzing the bonds in the peptidoglycan layer of the bacterial cell wall, causing it to lyse or burst. This makes lysozyme an effective defense mechanism against bacterial infections. While lysozyme may have some activity against other microorganisms like fungi, viruses, and parasites, its primary target and most effective action is against bacteria.Rate this question:
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- 10.
The skin surface (epidermis) is a very favorable environment for colonization by microorganisms.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
The given statement is false because the skin surface (epidermis) is not a favorable environment for colonization by microorganisms. The skin has several defense mechanisms, such as the presence of a protective barrier, the production of antimicrobial peptides, and the constant shedding of dead skin cells, which make it difficult for microorganisms to colonize and grow on the skin.Rate this question:
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- 11.
The lower genitourinary tract is usually free of microorganisms.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
The lower genitourinary tract is not usually free of microorganisms. It is actually home to a variety of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. These microorganisms can be both beneficial and harmful. The presence of certain bacteria, such as lactobacilli, helps maintain a healthy balance in the genital tract. However, the presence of other microorganisms, such as sexually transmitted infections (STIs), can lead to infections and other health problems. Therefore, it is incorrect to say that the lower genitourinary tract is usually free of microorganisms.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Lactobacillus contributes to the antimicrobial defenses for the adult female reproductive tract by making lactic acid to lower the pH.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Lactobacillus contributes to the antimicrobial defenses for the adult female reproductive tract by producing lactic acid, which helps to lower the pH. This acidic environment created by lactic acid inhibits the growth of harmful bacteria and pathogens, thus protecting the reproductive tract from infections. Therefore, the statement is true.Rate this question:
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- 13.
Cervical mucus has antibacterial activity.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Cervical mucus is a natural bodily secretion produced by the cervix. It plays a crucial role in the female reproductive system by aiding in the transport and protection of sperm. One of the ways it accomplishes this is through its antibacterial activity. The mucus contains substances that can inhibit the growth and activity of bacteria, helping to prevent infections in the reproductive tract. Therefore, the statement that cervical mucus has antibacterial activity is true.Rate this question:
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- 14.
The shorter urethra in females is one reason why urinary tract infections are more common in females than in males.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
The shorter urethra in females makes it easier for bacteria to enter the urinary tract, leading to a higher risk of urinary tract infections.Rate this question:
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- 15.
The mucociliary blanket is found in the digestive system of mammals.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
The mucociliary blanket is actually found in the respiratory system of mammals, not the digestive system. It is a layer of mucus that lines the respiratory tract and is covered in tiny hair-like structures called cilia. The cilia move in coordinated waves to help sweep mucus and trapped particles out of the respiratory system, helping to keep it clean and free of foreign substances.Rate this question:
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- 16.
____________ are a group of cytokines produced by some eukaryotic cells in response to a viral infection.
Correct Answer
InterferonsExplanation
Interferons are a group of cytokines produced by some eukaryotic cells in response to a viral infection. They play a crucial role in the body's immune response to viral infections by inhibiting the replication of viruses and activating immune cells. Interferons also help to regulate the immune system and promote the production of other immune molecules. Overall, interferons are an important defense mechanism against viral infections.Rate this question:
- 17.
_____________ is a process by which microorganisms or other particles are coated by serum components, preparing them for recognition and ingestion by phagocytic cells.
Correct Answer
OpsonizationExplanation
Opsonization is a process in which microorganisms or particles are coated with serum components, such as antibodies or complement proteins. This coating enhances the recognition and ingestion of these particles by phagocytic cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils. Opsonization facilitates the immune response by marking the pathogens or foreign particles for destruction by the immune cells.Rate this question:
- 18.
Lectin binds to certain carbohydrates to begin the activation of the classical complement pathway.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Lectin does not bind to certain carbohydrates to begin the activation of the classical complement pathway. This statement is false.Rate this question:
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- 19.
The bacteriocins produced by Escherichia coli are called colicins.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Escherichia coli produces a type of antimicrobial peptide called colicins, which are toxic to other bacteria. These colicins are considered bacteriocins because they are produced by bacteria and target other bacteria. Therefore, the statement that the bacteriocins produced by Escherichia coli are called colicins is true.Rate this question:
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- 20.
Body temperature is a physiological barrier against certain microorganisms.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Body temperature plays a crucial role in preventing the growth and survival of certain microorganisms. Most microorganisms have optimal growth temperatures that are lower or higher than the normal body temperature. Therefore, when the body temperature is elevated during fever, it creates an unfavorable environment for the microorganisms, inhibiting their growth and reducing their ability to cause infection. This is why maintaining a stable body temperature is important for the body's defense against pathogens.Rate this question:
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- 21.
The alternative complement pathway plays an important role in innate immunity, but it is not an effective defense against intravascular invasion by bacteria and some fungi.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
The alternative complement pathway is an important component of innate immunity and serves as a defense mechanism against intravascular invasion by bacteria and some fungi. Therefore, the given statement is incorrect.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Human fevers are commonly caused by viral or bacterial infections, and in almost every instance fever results from an exogenous pyrogen produced by the microorganism or virus.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
The statement in the question is incorrect. While it is true that human fevers can be caused by viral or bacterial infections, fever can also result from other causes such as inflammation, certain medications, or even non-infectious conditions. Therefore, it is not accurate to say that fever in almost every instance results from an exogenous pyrogen produced by microorganisms or viruses.Rate this question:
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- 23.
Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) include
- A.
Lipopolysaccharide
- B.
Peptidoglycan
- C.
Phospholipids of the cytoplasmic membrane. 

- D.
Two of the choices
- E.
 all of the choices
Correct Answer
D. Two of the choicesExplanation
PAMPs are molecules that are recognized by the immune system as foreign and potentially harmful. They are typically found on the surface of pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. In this case, lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan are examples of PAMPs. Phospholipids of the cytoplasmic membrane, on the other hand, are not typically considered PAMPs. Therefore, the correct answer is "two of the choices" since lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan are included in the list of PAMPs.Rate this question:
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- 24.
A fever augments the host's defenses by
- A.
 stimulating leukocytes into action.
- B.
Enhancing microbiostasis.

- C.
Enhancing the activity of the immune system.

- D.
 all of these
Correct Answer
D. Â all of theseExplanation
A fever can enhance the host's defenses in multiple ways. It stimulates leukocytes, which are white blood cells responsible for fighting off infections, into action. This increase in leukocyte activity helps the immune system to combat pathogens more effectively. Additionally, a fever can enhance microbiostasis, which is the ability of the body to control the growth of microorganisms. By raising the body's temperature, a fever creates an unfavorable environment for the growth and survival of certain pathogens. Therefore, all of these options are correct explanations for how a fever augments the host's defenses.Rate this question:
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- 25.
Which of the following is considered to be a biological defense mechanism?
- A.
Skin
- B.
Fever
- C.
 gastric acid 

- D.
Normal microbiota
Correct Answer
D. Normal microbiotaExplanation
Normal microbiota refers to the microorganisms that live on and inside our bodies without causing harm. They help protect us from harmful pathogens by competing for resources and space, producing antimicrobial substances, and stimulating our immune system. This is considered a biological defense mechanism because it is a natural and inherent part of our body's defense against infections and diseases.Rate this question:
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- 26.
Which of the following pathways for complement activation is generally dependent upon the formation of antigen-antibody complexes?
- A.
 the classical pathway
- B.
 the alternative pathway

- C.
 the lectin complement pathway

- D.
 all of the choices
Correct Answer
A. Â the classical pathwayExplanation
The classical pathway of complement activation is generally dependent upon the formation of antigen-antibody complexes. This pathway is initiated when antibodies bind to antigens, forming immune complexes. This binding triggers a series of enzymatic reactions that ultimately lead to the activation of complement proteins and the formation of the membrane attack complex, resulting in the lysis of the target cell. The alternative pathway, on the other hand, can be activated independently of antibodies, while the lectin complement pathway is activated by the binding of mannose-binding lectin to pathogen surfaces. Therefore, the correct answer is the classical pathway.Rate this question:
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- 27.
Complement mediated lysis is achieved by
- A.
Entry of lysozyme into gram-positive bacteria.

- B.
 entry of lysozyme into gram-negative bacteria.

- C.
Entry of lysozyme into gram-positive bacteria and entry of lysozyme into gram-negative bacteria.
- D.
None of the choices
Correct Answer
B.  entry of lysozyme into gram-negative bacteria.
Explanation
Lysozyme is an enzyme that can break down the cell walls of bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria have an outer membrane that protects them from lysozyme, so the entry of lysozyme into gram-negative bacteria would result in complement mediated lysis. On the other hand, gram-positive bacteria do not have an outer membrane, so lysozyme can easily enter and lyse these bacteria without the need for complement. Therefore, the correct answer is the entry of lysozyme into gram-negative bacteria.Rate this question:
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- 28.
Which of the following is not a way in which fever augments the host's defenses?
- A.
Inhibition of the parasite's growth by raising the temperature above the optimum growth temperature
- B.
Inhibition of growth by decreasing the availability of iron to the organism
- C.
 stimulation of leukocytes into action so that they can kill the organism
- D.
Enhances the activity of the immune system
Correct Answer
A. Inhibition of the parasite's growth by raising the temperature above the optimum growth temperatureExplanation
Fever augments the host's defenses by stimulating leukocytes into action so that they can kill the organism and enhancing the activity of the immune system. It also inhibits growth by decreasing the availability of iron to the organism. However, raising the temperature above the optimum growth temperature does not directly inhibit the growth of the parasite. Therefore, it is not a way in which fever augments the host's defenses.Rate this question:
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- 29.
Complement
- A.
Augments opsonization of bacteria by antibodies.

- B.
Results in lysis of Gram-negative bacteria.
- C.
 results in lysis of Gram-positive bacteria.

- D.
 both augments opsonization of bacteria by antibodies and results in lysis of Gram-negative bacteria
- E.
 all of the choices
Correct Answer
D. Â both augments opsonization of bacteria by antibodies and results in lysis of Gram-negative bacteriaExplanation
Complement is a part of the immune system that enhances the process of opsonization, which is the coating of bacteria by antibodies to facilitate their recognition and destruction by phagocytes. It also plays a role in the lysis of Gram-negative bacteria, causing their cell membranes to rupture. Therefore, the correct answer states that complement both enhances opsonization and causes lysis of Gram-negative bacteria.Rate this question:
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- 30.
Cytokines
- A.
Cause lysis of invading microorganisms.

- B.
 play key roles in both specific and non-specific immunity.

- C.
 are required for regulation of the immune response.

- D.
Play key roles in both specific and non-specific immunity and are required for regulation of the immune response.
Correct Answer
D. Play key roles in both specific and non-specific immunity and are required for regulation of the immune response.Explanation
Cytokines are signaling molecules that play important roles in the immune system. They are involved in both specific and non-specific immunity, meaning they contribute to both the adaptive and innate immune responses. Additionally, cytokines are required for the regulation of the immune response, helping to coordinate and control the actions of various immune cells. Therefore, the correct answer states that cytokines play key roles in both specific and non-specific immunity and are required for regulation of the immune response.Rate this question:
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- 31.
The alternate complement pathway plays an important role in
- A.
Innate immunity.
- B.
 aquired immunity.

- C.
Specific immunity.
- D.
Both innate immunity and specific immunity.
Correct Answer
A. Innate immunity.Explanation
The alternate complement pathway is a part of the innate immune response. It is a cascade of reactions that helps in the recognition and elimination of pathogens. Unlike the acquired and specific immune responses, which require prior exposure to a pathogen, the alternate complement pathway is always present and can be activated immediately upon encountering a pathogen. Therefore, the correct answer is innate immunity.Rate this question:
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- 32.
Which of the following is (are) way(s) that the complement system aids in the defensive responses of an organism?
- A.
 lysis of antibody coated gram-negative bacteria

- B.
Attract phagocytic cells

- C.
Activation of phagocytic cells
- D.
All of these are ways that the complement system aids in the defensive responses of an organism.
Correct Answer
D. All of these are ways that the complement system aids in the defensive responses of an organism.Explanation
The complement system aids in the defensive responses of an organism through multiple ways. Firstly, it can cause lysis of antibody coated gram-negative bacteria, effectively destroying them. Secondly, it can attract phagocytic cells to the site of infection, enhancing the immune response. Lastly, it can activate phagocytic cells, stimulating their ability to engulf and destroy pathogens. Therefore, all of these mechanisms contribute to the defensive responses of an organism.Rate this question:
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- 33.
Macrophage
- A.
Are derived from monocytes.
- B.
Have receptors for compounds released by the immune system that coat microorganisms and enhance phagocytosis.
- C.
Spread throughout the body of animals and take up residence in specific tissues.
- D.
All of the choices
Correct Answer
D. All of the choicesExplanation
Macrophages are derived from monocytes, which are a type of white blood cell. They have receptors for compounds released by the immune system that coat microorganisms and enhance phagocytosis, which is the process of engulfing and destroying foreign substances. Macrophages also spread throughout the body of animals and take up residence in specific tissues, where they play a crucial role in immune response and defense against infections. Therefore, all of the given choices accurately describe the characteristics and functions of macrophages.Rate this question:
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- 34.
Dendritic cells
- A.
 play an important role in the development of allergies and hypersensitivity.
- B.
Contain granules with histamine and other pharmacologically active substances that contribute to the inflammatory response.
- C.
Are capable of recognizing specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns and play an important role in non-specific resistance.

- D.
Are mainly important in the defense against protozoan and helminth parasites.
Correct Answer
C. Are capable of recognizing specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns and play an important role in non-specific resistance.
Explanation
Dendritic cells are capable of recognizing specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns and play an important role in non-specific resistance. This means that they can identify certain patterns on the surface of pathogens and initiate an immune response, even without prior exposure to the specific pathogen. This ability allows dendritic cells to provide a rapid defense against a wide range of pathogens.Rate this question:
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- 35.
Which of the following releases histamine?
- A.
Mast cells 

- B.
Basophils
- C.
Plasma cells
- D.
Mast cells and basophils 

- E.
none of the choices
Correct Answer
D. Mast cells and basophils 
Explanation
Mast cells and basophils are both types of white blood cells that release histamine. Histamine is a chemical compound that is involved in the body's immune response and plays a role in inflammation and allergic reactions. When mast cells and basophils are activated, they release histamine, which can cause symptoms such as itching, swelling, and redness. Therefore, mast cells and basophils are the correct answer for the question.Rate this question:
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- 36.
Lymphocytes are comprised of which of the following cell types?
- A.
 T cells
- B.
B cells
- C.
Natural killer cells 

- D.
all of the choices
- E.
T cells and B cells only
Correct Answer
D. all of the choicesExplanation
Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in the immune system. They are comprised of various cell types, including T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity, B cells produce antibodies, and natural killer cells are involved in the innate immune response. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the choices" because lymphocytes consist of T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells.Rate this question:
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- 37.
Macrophages are derived from
- A.
Granulocytes
- B.
Basophils
- C.
Neutrophils
- D.
Monocytes
Correct Answer
D. MonocytesExplanation
Macrophages are derived from monocytes. Monocytes are a type of white blood cell that circulates in the bloodstream. When they migrate into tissues, they differentiate into macrophages. Macrophages play a crucial role in the immune system, as they are responsible for engulfing and destroying pathogens, dead cells, and other foreign substances. They also play a role in initiating and regulating immune responses.Rate this question:
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- 38.
Macrophages have surface receptors for all of the following except
- A.
Mannose and fucose.
- B.
Zymosan
- C.
Antibodies
- D.
Peptidoglycan
- E.
Macrophages have receptors for all of the choices.
Correct Answer
E. Macrophages have receptors for all of the choices.Explanation
Macrophages are immune cells that play a crucial role in the immune response. They have surface receptors that allow them to recognize and bind to various molecules, such as mannose, fucose, zymosan, antibodies, and peptidoglycan. These receptors help macrophages to identify and engulf foreign particles, pathogens, and damaged cells. Therefore, it can be concluded that macrophages have receptors for all of the choices given in the question.Rate this question:
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- 39.
Eosinophils defend against protist and helminth parasites by
- A.
phagocytosis.
- B.
Complement activation. 

- C.
Antibody production. 

- D.
releasing cationic proteins and reactive oxygen metabolites.
Correct Answer
D. releasing cationic proteins and reactive oxygen metabolites.Explanation
Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that play a role in the immune response against parasites. They defend against protist and helminth parasites by releasing cationic proteins and reactive oxygen metabolites. These substances can kill or damage the parasites, helping to eliminate the infection. Phagocytosis, complement activation, and antibody production are other mechanisms used by the immune system to defend against parasites, but in this case, the correct answer specifically refers to the release of cationic proteins and reactive oxygen metabolites by eosinophils.Rate this question:
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- 40.
Which of the following remain in the blood circulation rather than taking up residence in other tissues?
- A.
Monocytes
- B.
Macrophages
- C.
Neutrophils
- D.
All of the choices
Correct Answer
C. NeutrophilsExplanation
Neutrophils remain in the blood circulation rather than taking up residence in other tissues. Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune response by engulfing and destroying bacteria and other pathogens. They are typically found in high numbers in the blood and are the first responders to sites of infection or inflammation. Unlike monocytes and macrophages, which can leave the bloodstream and migrate to tissues to perform their functions, neutrophils primarily stay within the blood circulation to carry out their immune defense duties.Rate this question:
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- 41.
Which of the following cell types migrates to the lymphoid tissue after encountering pathogens in the skin or the mucous membranes?
- A.
Mast cells.
- B.
Dendritic cells
- C.
Macrophages
- D.
None of the choices
Correct Answer
B. Dendritic cellsExplanation
Dendritic cells are a type of immune cell that play a crucial role in initiating an immune response. After encountering pathogens in the skin or mucous membranes, dendritic cells migrate to the lymphoid tissue, such as lymph nodes, where they present antigens to activate other immune cells. This migration allows dendritic cells to effectively communicate and coordinate the immune response against the pathogens. Mast cells and macrophages also play important roles in the immune response, but they do not specifically migrate to the lymphoid tissue after encountering pathogens in the skin or mucous membranes.Rate this question:
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- 42.
A mature activated B cell is called a(n)
- A.
Plasma cell.
- B.
Dendritic cell.
- C.
Natural killer cell.
- D.
Spleen cell.
Correct Answer
A. Plasma cell.Explanation
A mature activated B cell is called a plasma cell because it is responsible for producing and secreting large amounts of antibodies. Plasma cells are derived from B cells that have undergone activation and differentiation in response to an antigen. They play a crucial role in the immune response by producing antibodies that can recognize and neutralize specific pathogens or foreign substances.Rate this question:
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- 43.
Natural killer cells specifically kill which of the following?
- A.
Tumor cells and cells infected by microorganisms
- B.
Gram positive bacteria
- C.
fungi and protozoa
- D.
Foreign transplanted tissue
Correct Answer
A. Tumor cells and cells infected by microorganismsExplanation
Natural killer cells are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system. They are able to recognize and kill tumor cells as well as cells infected by microorganisms. This is because natural killer cells have the ability to detect abnormal or stressed cells by recognizing specific markers on their surface. Once identified, natural killer cells release toxic substances that induce cell death, effectively eliminating the threat posed by tumor cells and infected cells.Rate this question:
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- 44.
The average adult has approximately 100,000 leukocytes per mm3of blood.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
The average adult does not have approximately 100,000 leukocytes per mm3 of blood.Rate this question:
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- 45.
T cells undergo maturation in the bone marrow.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
T cells actually undergo maturation in the thymus, not the bone marrow. The thymus is a specialized organ located in the upper chest, where T cells develop and mature before being released into the bloodstream. This is a crucial step in the immune system's ability to recognize and respond to foreign pathogens. Therefore, the correct answer is False.Rate this question:
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- 46.
Lymphoid tissues are always highly organized cellular complexes.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Lymphoid tissues are not always highly organized cellular complexes. While some lymphoid tissues, such as lymph nodes and spleen, are highly organized and contain distinct regions, other lymphoid tissues, like tonsils and Peyer's patches, are less organized and have a more diffuse structure. Therefore, it is incorrect to say that lymphoid tissues are always highly organized.Rate this question:
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- 47.
The lymph nodes lie at the junctions of lymphatic vessels where they filter out microbes and antigens from the lymph.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped structures that are part of the lymphatic system. They are located at the junctions of lymphatic vessels throughout the body. Lymph nodes act as filters, removing microbes and antigens from the lymph fluid. This helps to prevent the spread of infection and allows the immune system to respond effectively. Therefore, the statement that lymph nodes lie at the junctions of lymphatic vessels and filter out microbes and antigens from the lymph is true.Rate this question:
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- 48.
An intraepidermal lymphocyte migrates to a lymph node and matures into a dendritic cell after phagocytosing an antigen.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
The given statement is false. Intraepidermal lymphocytes are a type of lymphocytes that are found in the epidermis of the skin. They do not migrate to lymph nodes and mature into dendritic cells. Dendritic cells are a different type of immune cell that are responsible for capturing and presenting antigens to other immune cells.Rate this question:
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- 49.
GALT is an acronym that stands for: Glial Associated Lymphoid Target.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
The given statement is false. GALT actually stands for Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue, not Glial Associated Lymphoid Target. GALT refers to the lymphoid tissue located in the gastrointestinal tract, including the tonsils, adenoids, and Peyer's patches.Rate this question:
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- 50.
In birds, the __________ of Fabricius is where B cells undergo maturation.
Correct Answer
bursaExplanation
The bursa of Fabricius is an organ found in birds that plays a crucial role in the maturation of B cells. It is responsible for the production and development of B cells, which are a type of white blood cell involved in the immune response. The bursa provides the necessary environment for B cells to undergo maturation, allowing them to acquire the ability to recognize and respond to specific antigens. Without the bursa of Fabricius, birds would not be able to develop a functional immune system.Rate this question:
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