Chapter 23 Microbiology Final Summer 2009

The correct answer is "subacute." Subacute bacterial endocarditis refers to a slow-developing infection of the inner lining of the heart caused by bacteria. In this case, the bacteria responsible for the infection are alpha-hemolytic streptococci, which are commonly found in the mouth. The term "subacute" is used to describe the gradual onset and progression of the infection.

The term "acute" is used to describe a condition that has a rapid onset and a short duration. In the context of bacterial endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus from the mouth, the term "acute" suggests that the infection progresses quickly and can be fatal within a few days to weeks. This indicates that the disease has a severe and aggressive nature, requiring prompt medical intervention for the best chance of survival.

The correct answer is myocardium. The pericardial layer is the thickest layer of the heart and is composed of cardiac muscle, which is called the myocardium. The myocardium is responsible for the contraction of the heart and pumping of blood throughout the body.

The endocardium is the innermost cardiac wall. It is a thin layer of tissue that lines the chambers of the heart and covers the heart valves. It is composed of endothelial cells and connective tissue. The endocardium plays a crucial role in preventing blood clots and maintaining smooth blood flow within the heart.

The given correct answer is "diastolic". Diastolic pressure refers to the pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest and is filling with blood. During this phase, the heart relaxes and the blood is able to flow into the coronary arteries and supply oxygen to the heart muscle. Diastolic pressure is an important measure of cardiovascular health and is typically represented by the bottom number in a blood pressure reading.

Brucellosis is transmitted through milk from infected animals or through direct contact with infected animals. This infectious disease is caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella and can affect various animals, including cattle, goats, and pigs. Humans can contract brucellosis by consuming raw or unpasteurized milk or dairy products from infected animals, or by coming into contact with the bodily fluids or tissues of infected animals. The bacteria can enter the body through the digestive system or through breaks in the skin, leading to symptoms such as fever, fatigue, joint pain, and muscle aches.

The given correct answer, bacillus anthracis, is a large gram-positive, endospore-forming aerobic rod. This bacterium is responsible for causing the disease anthrax in animals and humans. It is characterized by its ability to form spores, which can survive in harsh conditions for extended periods of time. Bacillus anthracis is often found in soil and can infect individuals through contact with contaminated animals or animal products.

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Inhalational anthrax refers to the form of anthrax that is contracted by inhaling spores of the Bacillus anthracis bacteria. This form of anthrax is the most severe and can be fatal if not treated promptly. Symptoms typically appear within a few days after exposure and may include fever, cough, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. Inhalational anthrax is considered a medical emergency and immediate medical attention is necessary.

Ischemia refers to the inadequate blood supply to a specific tissue or organ, resulting in a lack of oxygen and nutrients. This can occur due to various reasons such as blockage of blood vessels, narrowing of arteries, or decreased blood flow. The term "ischemia" accurately describes the condition of loss of blood supply to the tissue, leading to its dysfunction or damage.

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Gas gangrene is a type of infection caused by bacteria called Clostridium perfringens. This bacteria ferments carbohydrates, producing gas as a byproduct. This gas causes swelling and tissue damage, leading to the characteristic symptoms of gas gangrene, such as severe pain, swelling, and a foul-smelling discharge. Therefore, the given statement correctly explains the process of gas production by the bacteria involved in gas gangrene.

Rickettsia spp is an obligate intracellular parasite. This means that it is a type of parasite that can only survive and reproduce inside the cells of its host organism. It relies on the host's cellular machinery to carry out its life cycle and obtain essential nutrients. Being intracellular allows Rickettsia spp to evade the immune system and cause diseases such as typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever.

Infectious mononucleosis is transmitted through saliva. This means that the virus can be spread through activities such as kissing, sharing drinks or utensils, or any other close contact with an infected person's saliva. The virus can also be transmitted through coughing or sneezing, as tiny droplets of saliva can be released into the air and then inhaled by others. Therefore, it is important to practice good hygiene, such as washing hands regularly and avoiding close contact with infected individuals, to prevent the spread of infectious mononucleosis.

Ebola causes thrombocytopenia, a condition characterized by low platelet count. Platelets are important for blood clotting, and when their levels are low, it can result in excessive bleeding and difficulty in stopping bleeding. Therefore, the correct answer is platelets.

Endocarditis is the inflammation of the endocardium, which is the inner lining of the heart chambers and valves. This condition is usually caused by a bacterial or fungal infection that enters the bloodstream and attaches to the damaged areas of the heart. The infection can lead to the formation of small clumps of bacteria, known as vegetations, which can damage the heart valves and result in symptoms such as fever, fatigue, and heart murmurs. Prompt diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics are crucial to prevent complications and damage to the heart.

Necrosis refers to the death of tissue. It occurs when there is an inadequate blood supply or a severe injury to the tissue, leading to the death of cells in that area. This can result in the loss of function and can be caused by various factors such as infections, toxins, or lack of oxygen. Necrosis is different from apoptosis, which is a programmed cell death that occurs in a controlled manner.

The pericardium is a protective sac that surrounds the heart. It consists of two layers, the fibrous pericardium and the serous pericardium. The serous pericardium has two layers, the parietal layer which lines the fibrous pericardium, and the visceral layer which covers the heart. The space between these two layers is filled with fluid, known as pericardial fluid, which acts as a lubricant. This lubrication allows the heart to beat without friction, ensuring smooth and efficient functioning.

The correct answer is epicardium. The epicardium is the serous membrane that covers the heart. It is the outermost layer of the heart wall and is composed of a thin layer of connective tissue covered by a layer of mesothelium. The epicardium helps protect the heart and also plays a role in lubricating the heart to reduce friction during its beating.

Chagas' disease is also known as American Trypanosomiasis.

Anthrax has three exotoxins: edema toxin, lethal toxin, and cell-receptor binding protein. These exotoxins play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of anthrax. The edema toxin causes tissue swelling and edema, the lethal toxin contributes to the lethality of the infection, and the cell-receptor binding protein facilitates the attachment of the bacteria to host cells.

Prior to the discovery and widespread use of antibiotics, infected bites often led to the need for amputation. Infections were difficult to treat and could quickly spread, leading to severe complications. Amputation was sometimes the only option to prevent the infection from spreading further and potentially causing death. Without the ability to effectively combat bacterial infections, amputation was a last resort to save the patient's life and prevent the infection from spreading to other parts of the body.

Bartonella henselae may live inside cats with only a pore exposed.

Bubonic plague is a bacterial infection that causes rapid growth of bacteria in the blood and lymph. Without treatment, mortality rates can reach 50-75% within a week of the onset of symptoms.

Relapsing fever is a bacterial infection that is transmitted through ticks. The reservoir for this infection is rodents, meaning that they carry and harbor the bacteria. Ticks act as the vector, meaning they transmit the bacteria from the reservoir (rodents) to humans or other animals. Therefore, the correct answer is rodents, ticks.

The first symptom of Lyme's disease is a bull's eye rash 75% of the time. This rash is characterized by a red outer ring and a clear center, resembling a bull's eye. It is typically seen at the site of the tick bite and can appear within 3-30 days after the bite. The bull's eye rash is a key indicator of Lyme's disease and should prompt immediate medical attention for diagnosis and treatment.

The third phase of Lyme's disease is characterized by the development of arthritis. This means that after the initial symptoms of Lyme's disease, which include fever, fatigue, and a skin rash, the disease progresses to affect the joints, causing inflammation, pain, and swelling. Arthritis is a common manifestation of late-stage Lyme's disease and can affect multiple joints in the body. It is important to diagnose and treat Lyme's disease early to prevent the progression to this phase and the associated complications.

Taxoplasmosis is a parasitic infection that can be transmitted to humans through ingesting undercooked meat or through contact with cat feces. Both undercooked meat and cat feces are sources of the parasite that causes taxoplasmosis. Therefore, it is important to properly cook meat and practice good hygiene, especially when handling cat litter or coming into contact with cat feces, to prevent the transmission of this infection.

Toxoplasmosis is caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. This parasite can be found in contaminated food, water, or soil, as well as in the feces of infected cats. It can also be transmitted from mother to fetus during pregnancy. In healthy individuals, the infection may not cause any symptoms or only mild flu-like symptoms. However, it can be more severe in individuals with weakened immune systems or in unborn babies. It is important to practice good hygiene, such as washing hands and cooking food properly, to prevent infection.

L. tropica is the correct answer because it is the causative agent for cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by the Leishmania parasite, and there are different species of Leishmania that can cause different types of the disease. L. tropica specifically causes cutaneous Leishmaniasis, which is characterized by skin sores and ulcers. Therefore, L. tropica is the causative agent for this particular form of the disease.

Typhus is a term that refers to a group of infectious diseases characterized by high fever. The word "typhus" itself is derived from the Greek word "typhos," which means fever. Therefore, the correct answer "vapors" is not a suitable explanation for the term "typhus" as it does not accurately represent the meaning of the word.

Rocky Mountain spotted fever is a disease that causes a rash similar to measles. This rash specifically appears on the palms and soles of the feet.

In cytomegalovirus infectious, infected cells swell and the virus is also transmitted across the placenta.

The correct answer is "unknown" because the question is asking about the reservoir of Ebola, which refers to the natural habitat or host of the virus. As of now, scientists have not been able to definitively identify the reservoir for Ebola, although it is believed to be a wild animal species. Therefore, the correct answer is "unknown" as it accurately reflects the current state of knowledge regarding the reservoir of Ebola.

The correct answer is "ebola." Ebola is a type of hemorrhagic virus that causes severe illness and has a high fatality rate. It is characterized by symptoms such as fever, headache, muscle pain, and bleeding. The virus is transmitted through contact with infected animals or through direct contact with bodily fluids of infected individuals. The Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa in 2014-2016 was the largest and most complex outbreak since the virus was first discovered in 1976.