Health And care- Pediatric Cardiac Disease Test

A thrill is a continual rhythmic vibration.

Decreased urinary output can be a sign of worsening heart failure because when the heart is not functioning properly, it may not be able to pump blood effectively, leading to a decrease in blood flow to the kidneys. This can result in reduced urine production. Therefore, a decrease in urinary output, such as fewer wet diapers or less frequent toileting, can indicate that the heart failure is worsening.

The foramen ovale is a normal cardiac structure found in all newborns and can be best described as a "door" between the right and left atria.

Digoxin is a medication commonly used to treat heart conditions such as congestive heart failure and atrial fibrillation. It works by slowing down the heart rate and increasing the strength of each heartbeat. However, if an adult already has a heart rate less than 60 beats per minute, giving them digoxin can further slow down the heart rate to dangerously low levels. This can lead to symptoms such as dizziness, fainting, and even heart block. Therefore, it is important to avoid administering digoxin to adults with a heart rate less than 60 bpm.

It allows most of the blood from the right ventricle to bypass the fetus' fluid-filled lungs, protecting the lungs from being overworked and allowing the right ventricle to strengthen.

Flexing the hips and knees decreases venous return to the heart from the legs; when venous return to the heart is decreased, the cardiac workload is decreased.

Marfan syndrome is a genetic disorder that can be associated with congenital heart defects (CHD). People with Marfan syndrome often have issues with their heart valves and an enlarged aorta. They also tend to be tall and lean, with a wingspan that is longer than their height. It is believed that Abraham Lincoln may have had Marfan syndrome. Therefore, the statement "Marfan syndrome is a congenital defect sometimes associated with CHD" is true.

Everybody needs a "gimme" now and then

Hypoxia leads to poor peripheral circulation; clubbing occurs as a result of additional capillary development and tissue hypertrophy of the fingertips.

I'm not trying to explain this shit. I have to read it some more.

digoxin slows the heart rate and strengthens contractions; it shouldn't be given if the heart rate is abnormally low with regard to the child's age. The most accurate measure of the child's heart rate is the apical (not radial) pulse. Urine output and blood pressure don't need to be assessed before digoxin administration.

Telling the parents about the sequence of events before and after surgery will decrease their anxiety and increase cooperation. The nurse should listen to the parents' concerns, rather than dismissing them by telling them not to worry. It isn't appropriate to obtain an order for anti-anxiety medication for the parents. Children do best with preoperative teaching 3 to 7 days before a procedure rather than 1 month before.

Digoxin is a medication commonly used to treat heart conditions, such as congestive heart failure and certain arrhythmias. It works by increasing the strength of the heart's contractions and slowing down the heart rate. However, in children (1 year and older) with a heart rate of less than 70, administering digoxin can further slow down the heart rate, potentially leading to serious complications. Therefore, it is true that digoxin should not be given to a child with a heart rate below 70.

The child's fatigue results from left to right shunting that occurs with tetralogy of Fallot. This shunting causes poorly oxygenated blood to circulate through the body. Poor muscle tone and inadequate food intake can result from this condition, but these are effects, not causes. Restricted blood flow leaving the heart is associated with aortic stenosis.

The correct answer to the question is 1, One, ONE, one. This indicates that the maximum amount of medication that should be given in a single dose to an infant is 1 mL (0.05 mg). The repetition of the word "one" and the use of both numerical and written forms emphasize the importance of not exceeding this dosage.

Postductal coarctation of the aorta causes several changes in the lower extremities: diminished peripheral pulses, hypotension, and resulting cool temp. A child under age 3 can't describe his symptoms, but may exhibit exceptional irritability (rather than lethargy). High blood pressure in the upper portions of the body produces headache and vertigo. Pedal edema isn't related to diminished perfusion of the lower extremities.

A calibrated syringe or dropper provides the most accurate measurement of the medication.

Vomiting is a sign of digoxin toxicity. Palpitations and increased heart rate indicate that digoxin is needed. The serum level is within the normal range.

Because these infants become extremely fatigued while sucking, small frequent feedings with adequate rest periods can improve their total intake.

At about 21 days of gestation, the fetal heart begins beating and circulating blood. This is a crucial milestone in the development of the fetus, as it marks the beginning of the cardiovascular system. The fetal heart starts to pump blood, which allows nutrients and oxygen to be delivered to the developing organs and tissues. The circulation of blood is essential for the proper growth and development of the fetus. Therefore, the statement is true.

A difference in pulse amplitude between the upper and lower extremities or between the femoral and radial pulses suggests a coarctation of the aorta (narrowing of the aorta below the left subclavian artery). A patent ductus arteriousus is associated with a bounding pulse due to left-to-right shunting of blood in the heart. A weak or thinner pulse indicates diminished cardiac output.

The increased blood volume and pressure in the lungs resulting from left ventricular failure causes pulmonary edema; dyspnea, and early sign of failure, is probably caused by the decreased distensibility of the lungs.

When the child squats, blood pools in the lower extremities because of flexion of the hips and knees; less blood returns to the hear, enabling the heart to beat more effectively.

Digoxin is a medication used to treat heart failure and certain heart rhythm disorders. It works by slowing down the heart rate and making the heart beat stronger. However, if the heart rate is already too slow, administering Digoxin can further decrease the heart rate and lead to serious complications. Therefore, it is contraindicated to administer Digoxin if the heart rate is less than 100 in an infant.

Surprise!!!! Child will return from surgery with ET tube and nurse should check for bilateral breath sounds to evaluate tube placement. Just a thought. What would we do if two of the choices were 1.) assess airway & 2.) perform hand hygiene? My head would explode.

Because the infant tires so easily, sufficient calories cannot be infested to meet nutritional needs.

This murmur is the most characteristic finding in children with VSD

Kawasaki disease is a type of vasculitis affecting small to medium sized vessels. It primarily affects the lymph nodes but may progress to the coronary arteries. A child with Kawasaki disease has afever for at least five days along with an erythematous rash, red tongue, and red, cracked dry lips. Irritability, not lethargy is seen in Kawasaki disease, along with decreased appetite and edema of the hands and feet. Respiratory congestion isn't a common symptom.

A cardiac catheterization will identify the exact location of the VSD as well as assess pulmonary pressures.

Parents should encourage normalcy within the limits of the child's condition. The child needs to have appropriate limits and discipline, but being too strict or overindulging the child makes it hard for him to learn acceptable behavior. A 1 year old child is beginning to explore his world and needs to have activities with other children.

The minimal hourly urine output should be at least 30 mL/hr for an adult or a child. The normal heart rate for a 5 yr old is 70 to 90 bts minute. Adequate cap refill time is 3 to 5 seconds. Crackles are an abnormal finding and may indicate hypervolemia, or excess circulating fluid volume, and heart failure.

For kawasaki disease, aspirin is given initially in an anti-inflammatory dose to control fever and symptoms of inflammation. When fever has subsided, aspirin is continued at an antiplatelet dose. If the child develops coronary abnormalities, salicylate therapy is continued indefinitely. Acetaminophen and ibuprofen aren't used because they don't thin the blood. Amoxicillin is an antibiotic, and antibiotics aren't effective in treating kawasaki disease.

Bleeding from the catheter site may become life threatening and demands immediate action. Immediately apply pressure to the site. An increased pulse indicates pain and the need for medication, which the nurse should give if other signs of pain are present, but it isn't an emergency intervention. Because a child must remain flat after a cardiac cath, a decrease in urine output may occur, but it doesn't require immediate action unless urine output is absent. An increased body temperature after cardiac catheterization is not abnormal.

With transposition of the great vessels, the pulmonary artery is attached to the left ventricle and the aorta is attached to the right ventricle. The child is cyanotic because blood reaches the tissues from the right ventricle before being oxygenated by the lungs. In atrial septal defect and ventricular septal defect, blood is shunted from the left side of the heart to the right side through patent openings. Because the blood travels from left to right, it's oxygenated and doesn't produce cyanosis. Coarctation of the aorta is a narrowing of the aorta that decreases the circulation of oxygenated blood to the body. With this condition, the child won't be cyanotic unless cardiac output drops.

Mrs. Reklau emphasized this. The body responds to the chronic hypoxia caused by the heart defect by increasing the production of red blood cells in an attempt to increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.

signs of digoxin toxicity include nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, and yellow-green visual spots, but the mother will only be able to assess objective symptoms such as vomiting. Digoxin causes a decreased heart rate, which can progress to complete heart block if toxicity occurs (digoxin toxicity doesn't lead to tachycardia). Bulging of the anterior fontanel is a sign of increased intracranial pressure.

Hypercyanotic spells ("tet spells"), in which a child has an extreme bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes, are commonly seen in children with tetralogy of Fallot (a condition with four cardiac anomalies: VSD, pulmonic stenosis, an overriding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy). The parents should maintain a calm, comforting approach and place the child in the knee-chest position. It isn't necessary to call the physician, and the spells aren't considered a medical emergency unless profound hypoxia occurs.

Newborn K+ 3-6 mEq/L Older: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L

Early signs of heart failure include tachycardia, sudden weight gain, scalp sweating, and weak peripheral pulses. Weight gain can indicate venous congestion. Tachycardia occurs with heart failure as the heart's workload increases. Weak peripheral pulses are a sign of heart failure.

The clamping of the umbilical cord refers to the process of cutting and sealing the cord after birth. The Foramen Ovale is a small opening between the left and right atria of the heart in a fetus. During fetal development, this opening allows blood to bypass the lungs since the fetus receives oxygen from the placenta. However, when the umbilical cord is clamped, it causes changes in the circulatory system, leading to the closure of the Foramen Ovale. Therefore, the statement that clamping the umbilical cord closes the Foramen Ovale is true.

Nursing responsibility includes but not limited to knowing serum digoxin levels.

Upon discharge, parents should be taught to call the physician before the child has dental care. The child may be at risk for bacterial endocarditis after surgery, and dental procedures are a common portal of entry for bacteria. The physician may order antibiotics before a dental procedure.

Administration:Direct to the side of the mouth and rinse with water.

Cardiac Catheterization is used for pressure readings inside the heart.

The nurse should next ask about cocaine use. Cocaine use can cause tachycardia, hypertension, coronary artery spasm with infarction, and pneumothorax resulting in severe, acute chest pain. Exercise, smoking, and family hx of MI can be addressed after the danger of cocaine-related complications has been eliminated.