Cardiology Quiz: Basic MCQ Exam! Trivia

Trigeminy refers to a cardiac rhythm where a premature ventricular contraction (PVC) occurs every third beat. In this rhythm, the normal sinus beats are followed by a PVC, creating a pattern of three beats. This is different from bigeminy, where a PVC occurs every other beat. Therefore, the correct answer is trigeminy.

The fibrous parietal pericardium anchors the heart to some of the structures around it, such as the sternum and diaphragm. The fibrous pericardium is a tough, fibrous sac that surrounds the heart and helps to protect and anchor it in place. It is attached to the diaphragm below and the sternum above, providing stability and support to the heart. The other options, chordae tendineae, papillary muscles, and troponin, are not directly involved in anchoring the heart to surrounding structures.

The correct answer is LAD, LCX, and RCA. These are the three major coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart. The LAD (left anterior descending) artery supplies the front and bottom parts of the heart, the LCX (left circumflex) artery supplies the left side of the heart, and the RCA (right coronary artery) supplies the right side of the heart. These arteries play a crucial role in delivering oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle, and any blockages or damage to these arteries can lead to heart problems.

A normal PR interval refers to the time it takes for the electrical impulse to travel from the atria to the ventricles of the heart. The correct answer, 0.12-0.20 sec, falls within the normal range for a PR interval. This duration allows for proper coordination between the atria and ventricles, ensuring efficient and effective pumping of blood throughout the heart.

Based on the information provided, the patient's symptoms of sudden dyspnea, crackles around the scapulae, and history of hypertension are suggestive of left heart failure. Left heart failure occurs when the left side of the heart is unable to pump blood effectively, leading to a buildup of fluid in the lungs. The tripod position, where the patient sits upright and leans forward to breathe, is a compensatory mechanism to relieve respiratory distress. Therefore, the correct answer is left heart failure.

SVT stands for supraventricular tachycardia, which is a type of abnormal heart rhythm. A Delta wave is a characteristic finding on an electrocardiogram (ECG) that is associated with a condition called Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW). WPW is a type of SVT where there is an extra electrical pathway in the heart, known as an accessory pathway. This pathway can cause the electrical signals to bypass the normal conduction system of the heart, leading to a rapid heart rate. Therefore, SVT associated with a Delta wave is most likely due to AVRT (atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia) in the context of WPW.

The correct answer is atrial tachycardia, atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia, atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia. These are the three main types of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), which is a type of abnormal heart rhythm that originates above the ventricles. Atrial tachycardia refers to a rapid heart rate originating from the atria, while atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia and atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia involve abnormal electrical pathways in the heart's conduction system. These conditions can cause symptoms such as palpitations, dizziness, and shortness of breath, and may require medical intervention for management.

Refractoriness refers to the period of recovery that cells need after being discharged before they are able to respond to a stimulus. During this time, the cells are temporarily unable to generate another action potential, making them unresponsive to further stimulation. This refractory period is crucial for ensuring proper cell signaling and preventing excessive firing of action potentials.

Cardiac output refers to the amount of blood that is pumped by the heart into the aorta every minute. It is determined by the product of the heart rate (the number of times the heart beats per minute) and the stroke volume (the amount of blood ejected from a ventricle with each heartbeat). Therefore, the correct answer is the "Amount of blood pumped into the aorta each minute by the heart".

Administering nitro to a patient with ST elevation in leads 2, 3, and aVF can cause a drop in blood pressure. Nitro is a vasodilator that relaxes the blood vessels, leading to decreased blood pressure. Therefore, if the blood pressure drops after administering nitro, it is important to administer a bolus of normal saline to increase fluid volume and stabilize the blood pressure. This is necessary to ensure adequate perfusion to the vital organs and prevent further complications.

The coronary sinus is a large vein that collects deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle. It is located on the posterior side of the heart and drains into the right atrium. The right atrium is one of the four chambers of the heart and receives deoxygenated blood from the body. Therefore, the correct answer is the Right Atrium.

Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is the most common congenital heart defect. It occurs when there is a hole in the wall that separates the two lower chambers of the heart, known as the ventricles. This hole allows oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood to mix, causing the heart to work harder to pump blood. VSD can vary in size and severity, and in some cases, it may close on its own without requiring treatment. However, larger VSDs may require surgical intervention to repair the defect and prevent complications.

The intrinsic rate for the Bundle of His is 40-60. This means that the Bundle of His, which is responsible for conducting electrical signals through the heart, has an inherent rate of 40-60 beats per minute.

A junctional escape rhythm is characterized by a slow heart rate (typically between 40-60 beats per minute) and originates from the AV junction. In this rhythm, the P waves may be absent or occur after the QRS complex, which is consistent with the given description. The QRS duration of 0.10 seconds is within the normal range, further supporting the diagnosis of a junctional escape rhythm.

The leads aVR, aVL, and aVF are known as augmented leads because they measure the electrical activity of the heart from different angles or viewpoints. These leads provide additional information about the electrical activity of the heart and are used in electrocardiography to diagnose various cardiac conditions. They are also known as unipolar leads because they measure the electrical potential difference between a specific electrode and a reference point. Therefore, the correct answer is "Both A and B" as these leads are both augmented and unipolar.

Dromotropic represents conduction velocity. Conduction velocity refers to the speed at which electrical impulses travel through the heart's conduction system. Dromotropic drugs or factors can either increase or decrease conduction velocity, affecting the rate at which the heart conducts electrical impulses. This term is commonly used in cardiology to describe the effects of medications or conditions on the heart's electrical conduction system.