A&P 2 The Heart
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Glands, heart, vessels
- 1.Damage to the__________ is referred to as heart block
- A.
SA node
- B.
AV valves
- C.
AV bundles
- D.
AV node
- 2.Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events?
- A.
Excitation of the SA node
- B.
Closure of the heart valves
- C.
Friction of blood against the chamber walls
- D.
Opening and closing of the heart valves
- 3.The p wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates_____________
- A.
Ventricular repolarization
- B.
Ventricular depolarization
- C.
Atrial repolarization
- D.
Atrial depolarization
- 4.Which of the following is not an age-related change affecting the heart?
- A.
Atherosclerosis
- B.
Decline in cardiac reserve
- C.
Fibrosis of cardiac muscle
- D.
Thinning of the valve flaps
- 5.Which of the following is not part of the conduction system of the heart?
- A.
AV node
- B.
Bundle of His
- C.
AV valve
- D.
SA node
- 6.Blood within the pulmonary veins returns to the
- A.
Right atrium
- B.
Left atrium
- C.
Right ventricle
- D.
Left ventricle
- 7.The left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to
- A.
Acoommodate a greater volume of blood
- B.
Expand the thracic cage during diastole
- C.
Pump blood with greater pressure
- D.
Pump blood through a smaller valve
- 8.Small muscle masses attached to the chordae tendineae are the
- A.
Trabeculae carneae
- B.
Pectinate muscles
- C.
Papillary muscles
- D.
Venae cavae
- 9.Which of the events below does not occur when the semilunar valves are open?
- A.
Ventricles are in diastole
- B.
Blood enters pulmonary artieries and the aorta
- C.
Av valves are closed
- D.
Ventricles are in systole
- 10.The term for pain associated with deficient blood delivery to the heart that may be caused by the transient spasm of coronary arteries is
- A.
Ischemia
- B.
Pericarditis
- C.
Myocardial infarct
- D.
Angina pectoris
- 11.
- A.
Second intercostal space to the right of the sternum
- B.
Second intercostal space to the left of the sternum
- C.
Fifth intercostal space inferior to the left nipple
- D.
Fifth right intercostal space
- 12.The source of blood carried to capillaries in the myocardium would be the
- A.
Coronary sinus
- B.
Fossa ovalis
- C.
Coronary arteries
- D.
Coronary veins
- 13.The fact that the left ventricle of the heart is thicker than the right ventricle reveals that it
- A.
Pumps a greater volume of blood
- B.
Pumps blood against a greater resistance
- C.
Expands the thoracic cage
- D.
Sends blood through a smaller valve
- 14.Hemrrhage with a large loss of blood causes
- A.
A lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output
- B.
A rise in blood pressure due to change in cardiac output
- C.
No change in blood pressure but a slower heart rate
- D.
No change in blood pressure but a change in respiration
- 15.If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from
- A.
Decreased delivery of oxygen
- B.
A decrease in the number of available mitochondria for energy production
- C.
A lack of nutrients to feed into metabolic pathways
- D.
An inadequate supply of lactic acid
- 16.If the length of the absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle cells was the same as it is for skeletal muscle cells
- A.
It would be much longer before cardiac cells could respond to a second stimulation
- B.
Contractions would last as long as the refractory period
- C.
Tetanic contractions might occur, which would stop the hearts pumping action
- D.
It would be less than 1 2 ms
- 17.Norepinephrine acts on the heart by
- A.
Decreasing heart contractility
- B.
Causing a decrease in stroke volume
- C.
Blocking the action of calcium
- D.
Causing threshold to be reached more quickly
- 18.
- A.
The heart would stop, since the vagal nerves trigger the heart to contract
- B.
The heart rate would increase by about 25 beats per minute
- C.
The av node would become the pacemaker of the heart
- D.
Parasympathetic stimulation would increase, causing a decrease in heart rate
- 19.Foramen ovale
- A.
Connects the two atria in the fetal heart
- B.
Is a condition in which the heart valves do not completley close
- C.
Is a shallow depression in the intreventricular septum
- D.
Is a connection between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta in the fetus
- 20.Which vessel of the heart recieves blood during right ventricular systole?
- A.
Venae cavae
- B.
Pulmonary trunk
- C.
Aorta
- D.
Pulmonary veins
- 21.Which of these vessels receives blood during ventricular systole?
- A.
Aorta only
- B.
Pulmonary arteries only
- C.
Pulmonary veins only
- D.
Both aorta and pulmonary trunk
- 22.The tricuspid valve is closed
- A.
While the ventricle is in diastole
- B.
When the ventricle is in systole
- C.
While the atrium is contracting
- D.
By the movement of blood from the atrium to ventricle
- 23.Which of the following factors does not influence heart rate
- A.
Skin color
- B.
Age
- C.
Gender
- D.
Body temperature
- 24.When viewing a dissected heart, it is easy to visually discern the right and left ventricles by
- A.
Tracing out where the auricles connect
- B.
Noticing the thickness of the venricle walls
- C.
Locating the apex
- D.
Finding the papillary muscles
- 25.
- A.
The mitral valve seperates the right atrium from the right ventricle
- B.
The tricuspid valve divides the left atrium from the left ventricle
- C.
Aortic and pulmonary valves control the flow of blood into the heart
- D.
The AV valves are supported by chordae tendineae so that regurgitation of blood into the atria during ventricle contaction does not occur
- 26.Select the correct statement about the structure of the heart wall
- A.
The fibrous skeleton forms the bulk of the heart
- B.
Connective tissue in the heart wall aids in the conduction of the action potential
- C.
The heart chambers are lined by the endomysium
- D.
They myocardium is the layer of the heart that actually contracts
- 27.The second heart sound is heard during which phase of the cardiac cylce?
- A.
Isovolumetric relaxation
- B.
Isovolumetric contraction
- C.
Ventricular ejection
- D.
Ventricular filling
- 28.Select the correct statement about cardiac output
- A.
A slow heart rate increases end diastolic volume, stroke volume, and force of contraction
- B.
Decreased venous return will result in increased end diastolic volume
- C.
If a semilunar valve were partially obstructed, the end systolic volume in the affected ventricle would be decreased
- D.
Stroke volume increasees if end diastolic volume decreases
- 29.
- A.
Refers to the short period during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely
- B.
Occurs while the AV valves are open
- C.
Occurs immediately after the aortic and pulmonary valves close
- D.
Occurs only in people with heart valve defects
- 30.Compared to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle
- A.
Has gap junctions that allow it to act as a functional syncytium
- B.
Lacks striations
- C.
Has more nuclei per cell
- D.
Cells are larger than skeletal muscle cells
- 31.During the period of ventricular filling
- A.
Pressure in the heart is at its peak
- B.
Blood flows passively through the atria and the open AV valves into the ventricles
- C.
The atria remain in diastole
- D.
It is represented by the P wave on the ECG
- 32.The time of day most hazardous for heart attacks is
- A.
Morning
- B.
Noon time
- C.
Evening
- D.
During sleep
- 33.Select the correct statement about the function of myocardial cells
- A.
The entire heart contracts as a unit or it does not contract at all
- B.
Each cardiac muscle cell is nnervated by a sympathetic nerve ending so that the nervous system can increase heart rate
- C.
The refactory period in skeletal muscle is much longer than that in cardiac muscle
- D.
The influx of potassium ions from extracellular sources is the initiating event in cardiac muscle contraction.
- 34.During contraction of hear muscle cells
- A.
The action potential is initiated by voltage-gated slow calcium channels
- B.
Some calcium enters the cell from the extracellular space and triggers the release of larger amounts of calcium from intracellular stores
- C.
The action potential is prevented from spreading from cell to cell by gap junctions
- D.
Calcium is prevented from entering cardiac fibers that have been stimulated
- 35.Commotio cordis is heart failure due to a
- A.
Mild electrical shock to the heart itself
- B.
Severe electrical shock to the body
- C.
Relatively mild blow to the chest that occurs during a vulnerable interval (2 ms) when the heart is repolarizing
- D.
Loss of blood from an artery
- 36.Which statement best describes arteries
- A.
All carry oxygenated blood to the heart
- B.
All carry blood away from the heart
- C.
All contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood
- D.
Only large arteries are lined with endothelium
- 37.If we were able to artificially alter the membrane permeability of pacemaker cells so that sodium influx is more rapid
- A.
Threshold is reached more quickly and heart rate would increase
- B.
Potassium channels compensate and no change in heart rate would occur
- C.
Heart rate would decrease, but blood pressure would rise due to the excess sodium present
- D.
Tetanic contraction would occur due to the short absolute refractory period of cardiac muscle
- 38.Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continous blood circulation?
- A.
Tunica intima
- B.
Tunica media
- C.
Tunica externa
- D.
Basement membrane
- 39.Which of hte following chemicals does not help regulate blood pressure?
- A.
ADH
- B.
Atrial natriuretic peptide
- C.
Angiotensin II
- D.
Nitric acid
- 40.Which tunic of an artery contains endothelium?
- A.
Tunica intima
- B.
Tunica media
- C.
Tunica externa
- D.
Basement membrane
- 41.Aldosterone will
- A.
Promote an increase in blood pressure
- B.
Promote a decrease in blood volume
- C.
Result in a larger ouput of urine
- D.
Decrease sodium reabsorption
- 42.Brain blood flow autoregulaton
- A.
Is less sensitive to pH than to a decreased oxygen level
- B.
Causes constriction of cerebral blood vessels in response to a drop in systemic blood pressure
- C.
Is abolished when abnormally high CO2 levels persist
- D.
Is controlled by caridac centers in the pons
- 43.Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of
- A.
Arterioles
- B.
Arteries
- C.
Veins
- D.
Capillaries
- 44.The circulatory route that runs from the digestive tract to the liver is called
- A.
Hepatic portal circulation
- B.
Pulmonary circulation
- C.
Coronary circulation
- D.
Cerebral circulation
- 45.The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the
- A.
Elastic arteries
- B.
Muscular arteries
- C.
Arterioles
- D.
Capillaries
- 46.Which of the following signs of hypovolemic shock is a relatively late sign?
- A.
Cold, clammy skin
- B.
Increased heart rate
- C.
Rapid, thready pulse
- D.
Rapildy falling blood pressure
- 47.Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise?
- A.
Blood will be deverted to the digestive organs
- B.
The skin will be cold and clammy
- C.
Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood
- D.
Blood flow to the kidneys increases
- 48.Which of the following is not one of the three main factors influencing blood pressure?
- A.
Cardiac output
- B.
Peripheral resistance
- C.
Emotional state
- D.
Blood volume
- 49.
- A.
Their prime function is the exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and tissue cells
- B.
The contraction and realxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter
- C.
They distribute blood to various parts of the body
- D.
They contain a large quantity of elastic tissue
- 50.Which of the following processes provides a long-term response to changes in blood pressure?
- A.
Neural controls
- B.
Baroreceptor-initiated reflexes
- C.
Chemoreceptor-initiated reflexes
- D.
Renal regulation
- 51.The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is
- A.
The form of shock caused by anaphylaxis
- B.
Any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally
- C.
Shock that results form large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomitting or diarrhea
- D.
Always fatal
- 52.Peripheral resistance
- A.
Decreases with increasing length of the blood vessel
- B.
Increases as blood vessel diameter increases
- C.
Increases as blood viscostiy increases
- D.
Is not a major factor in blood pressure in healthy individuals
- 53.Blood flow to the skin
- A.
Is controlled mainly by decreasing pH
- B.
Increases when environmental temperature rises
- C.
Increases when body temperature drops so that the skin does not freeze
- D.
Is not an important source of nutrients and oxygen for skin cells
- 54.The pulse pressure is
- A.
Systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure
- B.
Systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure
- C.
Systolic pressure divided by diastolic pressure
- D.
Diastolic pressure plus 1/3 (systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure)
- 55.Which of the following do not influence arterial pulse rate?
- A.
Acitvity
- B.
Postural changes
- C.
Emotions
- D.
The vessel selected to palpate
- 56.Which of the following is true about veins?
- A.
Venous valves are formed from the tunica media
- B.
Up to 35% of total body blood is in venous circulation at any given time
- C.
Veins have a small lumen in relation to the thickness of the vessel wall
- D.
Veins are called capacitance vessels or blood reservoirs
- 57.Which of the choices belwo reflects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of luid that flows across the capillary walls?
- A.
Hydrostatic and osmotic pressure
- B.
Hydrostatic pressure only
- C.
Blood volume and viscosity
- D.
Plasma and formed element concentration
- 58.The influence of blood vessel diameter on peripheral resistance is
- A.
The only factor that incfluences resistance
- B.
Significant because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius
- C.
Significant because resistance is directly proportional to the blood vessel diameter
- D.
Insignificant because vessel diameter does not vary
- 59.Histologically, the _________ is squamous epithelum supported by a sparse connective tissue layer
- A.
Tunica intima
- B.
Tunica media
- C.
Tunica externa
- D.
Tunica adventitia
- 60.In the dynamics of blood flow through capillaries, hydrostatic pressure
- A.
And ostmotic pressure are the same
- B.
Is the same as capillary blood pressure
- C.
Generally forces fluid from the interstitial space into the capillaries
- D.
Is completley canceled out by osmotic pressure
- 61.Mechanisms that do not help regulate blood prssure include
- A.
Nervous control that operates via reflex arcs involving baroreceptors, chemoreceptors and higher brain centers
- B.
The dural sinus reflex
- C.
Renal regulation via the renin-angiotensin system of vasoconstriction
- D.
Chemical controls such as atrial natriuretic peptide
- 62.The term ductus venosus refers to
- A.
A fetal shunt that bypasses the lungs
- B.
Damage to the valves in the veins, leading to varicose veins
- C.
A conditon of the aged in which the arteries lose elasticity
- D.
A special fetal vessel that allow umbilical blood to bypass the liver
- 63.Which of the following is a type of circulatory shock?
- A.
Hypovolemic, caused by increased blood volume
- B.
Cardiogenic, which results from any defect in blood vessels
- C.
Vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone
- D.
Circulatory, where blood volume is normal and constant
- 64.Which of the choices below does not involve tissue perfusion?
- A.
Delivery of oxygen and nutrients to, and removal of wastes from, tissue cells
- B.
Gas exchange in the lungs
- C.
Absorption of nutrients form the digestive tract
- D.
Blood clotting
- 65.A patient with essential hypertension might have pressures of 200/120 mm Hg. This hyperstensive state could result in all of the following changes except
- A.
Increased work of the left ventricle
- B.
Increased incidence of coronary artery disease
- C.
Increased damage to blood vessel endothelium
- D.
Decreased size of the heart muscle
- 66.Arteriole blood pressure increases in response to all but which of the following?
- A.
Increasing stroke volume
- B.
Increasing heart rate
- C.
Rising blood volume
- D.
Falling blood volume
- E.
All of these
- 67.Which of the following are involved directly in pulmonary circulation?
- A.
Superior vena cava, right atrium, and left ventricle
- B.
Right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and left atrium
- C.
Left ventricle, aorta, and inferior vena cava
- D.
Right atrium, aorta, and left ventrilce
- 68.Fenestrated capillaries
- A.
Are not more permeable than continous capillaries
- B.
Are not common in endocrine oragns and in areas ewhere capillary absorption is an imprtant function
- C.
Do not occur in the glomerular capillaries of the kidneys
- D.
Are not found in the brain
- 69.The hepatic portal vein
- A.
Is actually an artery
- B.
Carries nutrient-rich blood to the liver
- C.
Carries oxygen-rich blood from the liver to the viscera
- D.
Carries blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava
- 70.Factors that aid venous return include all except
- A.
Activity of skeletal muscles
- B.
Pressure changes in the thorax
- C.
Venous valves
- D.
Urinary output
- 71.Select the correct statement about blood flow
- A.
It is relatively constant through all body organs
- B.
It is measured in mm Hg
- C.
It is greatest where resistance is highest
- D.
Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output
- 72.What do the ductus arteriousus and the foramen ovale become at birth?
- A.
Ligamentum teres; fossa ovalis
- B.
Fossa ovalis; ligamentum arteriosum
- C.
Ligamentum arteriosum; ligamentum teres
- D.
Ligamentum arteriosum; fossa ovails
- 73.Which of the following blood pressue readings would be indicative of hypertension?
- A.
120/80 in a 30 year old man
- B.
140/90 in a 70 year old woman
- C.
170/96 in a 50 year old man
- D.
110/60 in a 20 year old woman
- 74.The velocity of blood flow is
- A.
In direct proportion to the toal cross-secitonal area of the blood vessels
- B.
Slower in the arteries than in capillaries because arteries possess a realtively large diameter
- C.
Slower in the veins than in the capillaries because veins have a large diameter
- D.
Slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-secitonal area is the greatest
- 75.A throumbus (blood clot) in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of blood to the
- A.
Left side of the head and neck
- B.
Myocardium of the heart
- C.
Left upper arm
- D.
Right side of the head and neck and right upper arem
- 76.Cerebral blood flow is regulated by
- A.
Skin temperature
- B.
ADH
- C.
Intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms
- D.
The hypthalamic "thermostat"
- 77.Normal average blood pressure for a newborn baby is
- A.
120/80
- B.
90/55
- C.
150/90
- D.
130/80
- 78.Modified capillareis that are lined with phagocytes are called
- A.
Sinuses
- B.
Sinusoids
- C.
Thoroughfare channels
- D.
Anastomoses
- 79.Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure
- A.
An incrase in cardiac ouput corresponds to a decrease in blood pressure, due to the increased delivery
- B.
Systemic vasodilation would increase blood pressure, due to diversion of blood to essential areas
- C.
Excess protein production would decrease blood pressure
- D.
Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase
- 80.The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch aresitive to which of the following?
- A.
A decrease in carbon dioxide
- B.
Changes in arterial pressure
- C.
A decrease in oxygen levels
- D.
An increase in oxygen levels
- 81.The arterise that direcetly feed into the capillary beds are called
- A.
Muscular arteries
- B.
Elastic arteries
- C.
Areterioles
- D.
Venules
- 82.The short term controls of blood pressure, mediated by the nervous sytem and bloodborne chemicals, primarily operate via all but which of the following?
- A.
Reflex arcs involving baroreceptors
- B.
Altering blood volume
- C.
Reflex arcs associated with vasomotor fibers
- D.
Chemoreceptors
- 83.Where in the body would you find low oxygen levels causing vasoconstrition and high levels causing vasodilation?
- A.
Kidney
- B.
Lungs
- C.
Liver
- D.
Heart
- 84.If blood pressure is almost normal in a person who has lost blood, doos that mean the tisssues are receiving adequate blood flow?
- A.
Yes
- B.
No
- C.
Not necessarily
- 85.Which of the following would not result in the dilation of the feeder arterioles and opening of the precapillary sphincters in systemic capillary beds?
- A.
A decrease in lical tissue oxygen content
- B.
An increase in local tissue carbon dioxide
- C.
A local increase in histamine
- D.
A local increase in pH
- 86.Secondary hypertension can be caused by
- A.
Obesity
- B.
Stess
- C.
Arteriosclerosis
- D.
Smoking
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