External
Extrinsic
Intrinsic
Reciprocal
Workers are like machines that must be programmed to perform in a certain way
Most workers are creative and intelligent individuals who should be given a great deal of freedom and flexibility in how they perform their jobs
Workers will only exert their maximum effort if they believe that their goals are attainable
Workers are individuals who do not respond in the same way to a particular management style
Helped managers find the level of lighting associated with optimum productivity
Showed that workers could be programmed like machines to perform simple repetitive tasks, and thus led to the development of assembly lines
Changed the direction of research away from Taylor's scientific management toward the study of human-based management
Showed that physical working conditions haveno impact on worker happiness
Always provides greater motivation than a lower order need
Never provides as much motivation as a lower order need
Becomes a source of motivation after lower order needs are satisfied
Contributes directly to the physical survival of the individual
Important motivators
Hygiene factors
Ways for workers to meet their social needs
Consistent with his Theory X approach to motivation
Feedback
Autonomy
Task identity
Task significance
Theory C
Theory D
Theory X
Theory Y
Objective planning
Management by objectives
The three step planning system
Cyclical objective analysis
The best way to motivate workers is to offer everyone the same reward
Workers perceptions of fairness will affect their level of motivation
Workers generally do a good job of estimating their contributions to a firm
In the United States, workers tend to focus on their own situation and pay a little attention to the efforts and rewards of other workers
The best way to deal with cultural differences in the workplace is to treat everyone the same way
Cultural differences were once a major problem, but television, telecommunications, e-mail, and the Internet have brought people closer together and greatly reduced cultural differences
Managers must be very aware of cultural differences and recognize that different employees may respond best to different management adn motivational styles
Only firms that hire a lot of foreign-born workers are likely to have problems dealing with cultural differences. Workers born in the United States tend to have a common set of values and attitudes, regardless of age or social background
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