Memory [intro To Psych]

The correct answer is encoding, storage, retrieval. This is because encoding is the process of converting sensory information into a form that can be stored in memory. Storage refers to the retention of encoded information over time. Finally, retrieval is the process of accessing and recalling stored information when needed.

Chunking is a memory technique where information is organized into meaningful groups or chunks, which allows for easier recall and increases the capacity of short-term memory. Maintenance rehearsal refers to the repetition of information to keep it in short-term memory for a longer duration. Both chunking and maintenance rehearsal are effective methods to enhance the capacity and duration of short-term memory, making the statement true.

Good nutrition, physical exercise, and adequate sleep contributes to good memory function.

Iconic memory refers to the visual sensory memory that has a limited capacity and duration. It is a type of sensory memory that stores visual information for a brief period, usually less than a second. This memory allows us to retain a visual image for a short time after the stimulus is no longer present. It is often described as a mental snapshot or a visual echo. In contrast, echoic memory refers to the auditory sensory memory, long-term memory refers to the storage of information over an extended period, and auditory memory specifically relates to the storage of auditory information.

Brenda's memory for shoe-tying is best characterized as nondeclarative (implicit) memory because it is a type of memory that is acquired through practice and repetition, rather than conscious recollection. Brenda learned how to tie her shoes at a young age and has since formed automatic associations and motor skills related to the task. This type of memory is often difficult to put into words or explain verbally, but can be easily demonstrated through actions or behaviors.

Henry Gustav Molaison, also known as H.M., was unable to form new declarative memories. This condition is known as anterograde amnesia. Anterograde amnesia is a type of memory impairment where individuals have difficulty forming new memories after the onset of the condition. In H.M.'s case, this was a result of surgical removal of parts of his brain to treat his epilepsy. Despite having intact memories from before the surgery, he was unable to create new memories. This condition highlights the importance of the hippocampus in the formation of new memories.

This scenario exemplifies the encoding failure explanation of forgetting. Encoding refers to the process of converting information into a memory trace that can be stored and retrieved later. In this case, Collin did not pay attention to his mother's words, so the information was not properly encoded into his memory. As a result, he is unable to recall what his mother told him, leading to his claim of forgetting.

According to Sperling, the capacity of iconic memory is everything that can be seen at one time. Iconic memory refers to the visual sensory memory that holds a brief and accurate representation of the visual scene. It allows us to briefly retain and process visual information before it is transferred to short-term memory or forgotten. This capacity is limited to the amount of visual information that can be perceived and processed in a single glance or exposure.

To answer each question on a psychology final exam, you would most certainly need to access semantic memory. Semantic memory refers to the knowledge and understanding of general facts, concepts, and ideas. It involves the recall of information that is not tied to any specific personal experience or context. In a psychology exam, you would need to rely on your semantic memory to remember and understand the theories, principles, and definitions related to various psychological concepts and topics.

Flashbulb memory refers to the vivid and detailed recollection of a significant and emotionally charged event. September 11th, being a major historical event that had a profound impact on people worldwide, is often remembered with great clarity and intensity. This type of memory is characterized by its emotional salience and the belief that the event is highly significant and consequential. Therefore, September 11th is an example of a flashbulb memory.

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the degeneration of cholinergic neurons, which are responsible for producing acetylcholine. As a result, the production of acetylcholine is significantly reduced in Alzheimer's patients. Acetylcholine plays a crucial role in memory, learning, and cognitive function, so its decreased production contributes to the cognitive decline observed in Alzheimer's disease.

The given answer is that memory is highly fluid and can be altered by the person even when the person is unaware he or she is doing it. This means that memories are not fixed or static, but rather can change and be influenced by various factors. It suggests that individuals have the ability to unintentionally modify their memories without being aware of it. This aligns with the research conducted by Elizabeth Loftus, who has shown that memory is malleable and subject to distortion.

The correct answer is "putting it in, keeping it in, getting it out." This answer accurately describes the steps involved in memory. First, information is encoded and stored in memory ("putting it in"). Then, the information is retained and maintained in memory ("keeping it in"). Finally, when needed, the information is retrieved from memory ("getting it out"). This sequence of steps reflects the basic process of memory formation, storage, and retrieval.

Selective attention is the process by which information enters into short-term memory. It involves focusing on specific stimuli while filtering out irrelevant information. This allows the individual to consciously process and encode the relevant information into short-term memory. The primacy effect refers to the tendency to remember the first items in a list, while the recency effect refers to the tendency to remember the last items. Repetition may aid in memory consolidation, but it is not the initial process by which information enters into short-term memory.

The semantic network model of memory suggests that the more nodes you must pass through to access information, the longer it will take for you to recall information. In a semantic network, nodes represent concepts or ideas, and the connections between nodes represent the relationships between those concepts. When retrieving information, the more nodes you have to traverse, the more time it will take to find and recall the desired information.

Encoding is the first process of memory and is the process that people use to interpret the incoming sensory information to then convert into a form that is usable in the brain's storage systems. Storage is the next step in memory that involves holding on to the information for some period of time.

Encoding specificity refers to the idea that the context or environment in which information is encoded plays a significant role in its retrieval. When information is encoded in a specific context, such as a particular location or state of mind, it becomes easier to retrieve that information when in the same or similar context. This is because the context serves as a retrieval cue, triggering the memory associated with that context. Therefore, being in the same environment as when the information was initially inputted enhances the retrieval process.

Sometimes, memories can be stored in our minds but not easily accessible or retrievable. This means that although the memories are there, we may struggle to recall or access them when we want to. This can happen due to various reasons such as interference from other memories, lack of cues or triggers to retrieve the memory, or even psychological factors like repression or suppression. In such cases, the memories are still present but not readily accessible to our conscious awareness.

A false positive is a cognitive phenomenon where individuals mistakenly believe that they recognize a stimulus in their memory, even though the stimulus is not actually present. This can occur in various situations, such as when someone misidentifies a person or object, or when they incorrectly recall information. False positives can lead to errors in perception and memory, and they are particularly relevant in fields such as eyewitness testimony and diagnostic testing.