Memory [intro To Psych]
Questions and Answers
- 1.
The steps to memory can best be described as follows:
- A.
Putting it in, keeping it in, getting it out.
- B.
Sensing it, perceiving it, remembering it, forgetting it.
- C.
Finding it, using it, storing it, using it again.
- D.
A series of passive data files.
Correct Answer
A. Putting it in, keeping it in, getting it out.Explanation
The correct answer is "putting it in, keeping it in, getting it out." This answer accurately describes the steps involved in memory. First, information is encoded and stored in memory ("putting it in"). Then, the information is retained and maintained in memory ("keeping it in"). Finally, when needed, the information is retrieved from memory ("getting it out"). This sequence of steps reflects the basic process of memory formation, storage, and retrieval.Rate this question:
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- 2.
Storage is the step of memory that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a form that is usable by the brain.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Encoding is the first process of memory and is the process that people use to interpret the incoming sensory information to then convert into a form that is usable in the brain's storage systems. Storage is the next step in memory that involves holding on to the information for some period of time.Rate this question:
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- 3.
What are the three processes of memory in order?
- A.
Retrieval, storage, encoding
- B.
Holding, storing, converting
- C.
Encoding, storage, retrieval
- D.
Informing, encoding, retrieving
Correct Answer
C. Encoding, storage, retrievalExplanation
The correct answer is encoding, storage, retrieval. This is because encoding is the process of converting sensory information into a form that can be stored in memory. Storage refers to the retention of encoded information over time. Finally, retrieval is the process of accessing and recalling stored information when needed.Rate this question:
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- 4.
What is the visual sensory memory that has a limited capacity and duration?
- A.
Echoic
- B.
Iconic
- C.
Long-term
- D.
Auditory
Correct Answer
B. IconicExplanation
Iconic memory refers to the visual sensory memory that has a limited capacity and duration. It is a type of sensory memory that stores visual information for a brief period, usually less than a second. This memory allows us to retain a visual image for a short time after the stimulus is no longer present. It is often described as a mental snapshot or a visual echo. In contrast, echoic memory refers to the auditory sensory memory, long-term memory refers to the storage of information over an extended period, and auditory memory specifically relates to the storage of auditory information.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Information enters into short-term memory through a process known as
- A.
Primacy effect
- B.
Selective attention
- C.
Repetition
- D.
Recency effect
Correct Answer
B. Selective attentionExplanation
Selective attention is the process by which information enters into short-term memory. It involves focusing on specific stimuli while filtering out irrelevant information. This allows the individual to consciously process and encode the relevant information into short-term memory. The primacy effect refers to the tendency to remember the first items in a list, while the recency effect refers to the tendency to remember the last items. Repetition may aid in memory consolidation, but it is not the initial process by which information enters into short-term memory.Rate this question:
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- 6.
The capacity and duration of short-term memory can be increased using the methods of chunking and maintenance rehearsal.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Chunking is a memory technique where information is organized into meaningful groups or chunks, which allows for easier recall and increases the capacity of short-term memory. Maintenance rehearsal refers to the repetition of information to keep it in short-term memory for a longer duration. Both chunking and maintenance rehearsal are effective methods to enhance the capacity and duration of short-term memory, making the statement true.Rate this question:
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- 7.
It is possible for memories to be available but not _______, when people cannot seem to "get to" the memories.
Correct Answer
accessibleExplanation
Sometimes, memories can be stored in our minds but not easily accessible or retrievable. This means that although the memories are there, we may struggle to recall or access them when we want to. This can happen due to various reasons such as interference from other memories, lack of cues or triggers to retrieve the memory, or even psychological factors like repression or suppression. In such cases, the memories are still present but not readily accessible to our conscious awareness.Rate this question:
- 8.
Brenda has been able to tie her shoes since she was 4 but now finds it difficult to explain to her baby brother how to tie his shoes but she can easily demonstrate it for him. Brenda's memory for shoe-tying is best characterized as a _____ memory.
- A.
Declarative (explicit)
- B.
Semantic
- C.
Episodic
- D.
Nondeclarative (implicit)
Correct Answer
D. Nondeclarative (implicit)Explanation
Brenda's memory for shoe-tying is best characterized as nondeclarative (implicit) memory because it is a type of memory that is acquired through practice and repetition, rather than conscious recollection. Brenda learned how to tie her shoes at a young age and has since formed automatic associations and motor skills related to the task. This type of memory is often difficult to put into words or explain verbally, but can be easily demonstrated through actions or behaviors.Rate this question:
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- 9.
When you take your final exam in your psychology class, what type of memory will you most certainly need to access to answer each question?
- A.
Procedural
- B.
Semantic
- C.
Episodic
- D.
Working
Correct Answer
B. SemanticExplanation
To answer each question on a psychology final exam, you would most certainly need to access semantic memory. Semantic memory refers to the knowledge and understanding of general facts, concepts, and ideas. It involves the recall of information that is not tied to any specific personal experience or context. In a psychology exam, you would need to rely on your semantic memory to remember and understand the theories, principles, and definitions related to various psychological concepts and topics.Rate this question:
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- 10.
What is the linkage between the surroundings and the remembered information that allows retrieval of information to be easier if in the same environment as it when it was input?
- A.
Retrieval cues
- B.
Encoding specifity
- C.
Flashbulb memories
- D.
Serial position effect
Correct Answer
B. Encoding specifityExplanation
Encoding specificity refers to the idea that the context or environment in which information is encoded plays a significant role in its retrieval. When information is encoded in a specific context, such as a particular location or state of mind, it becomes easier to retrieve that information when in the same or similar context. This is because the context serves as a retrieval cue, triggering the memory associated with that context. Therefore, being in the same environment as when the information was initially inputted enhances the retrieval process.Rate this question:
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- 11.
September 11th is an example of what kind of memory?
- A.
Flashbulb memory
- B.
Semantic memory
- C.
Sensory memory
- D.
Procedural memory
Correct Answer
A. Flashbulb memoryExplanation
Flashbulb memory refers to the vivid and detailed recollection of a significant and emotionally charged event. September 11th, being a major historical event that had a profound impact on people worldwide, is often remembered with great clarity and intensity. This type of memory is characterized by its emotional salience and the belief that the event is highly significant and consequential. Therefore, September 11th is an example of a flashbulb memory.Rate this question:
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- 12.
A ___ ______ is when people think they recognize some stimulus in memory that is not actually there.
Correct Answer
false positiveExplanation
A false positive is a cognitive phenomenon where individuals mistakenly believe that they recognize a stimulus in their memory, even though the stimulus is not actually present. This can occur in various situations, such as when someone misidentifies a person or object, or when they incorrectly recall information. False positives can lead to errors in perception and memory, and they are particularly relevant in fields such as eyewitness testimony and diagnostic testing.Rate this question:
- 13.
Studies by Elizabeth Loftus find that memory
- A.
Is like a camera that can take pictures for people to recall and review as needed.
- B.
Is surprisingly inaccurate up to age 12, at which time people begin to show vast improvements.
- C.
Is highly influenced by culture and that today's technology is having a negative effect on memory.
- D.
Is highly fluid and can be altered by the person even when the person is unaware he or she is doing it.
Correct Answer
D. Is highly fluid and can be altered by the person even when the person is unaware he or she is doing it.Explanation
The given answer is that memory is highly fluid and can be altered by the person even when the person is unaware he or she is doing it. This means that memories are not fixed or static, but rather can change and be influenced by various factors. It suggests that individuals have the ability to unintentionally modify their memories without being aware of it. This aligns with the research conducted by Elizabeth Loftus, who has shown that memory is malleable and subject to distortion.Rate this question:
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- 14.
Collin is asked to repeat what his mother just told him. He says he "forgot" but in reality Collin wasn't paying attention to his mother at all. This is an example of the ____ explanation of forgetting.
- A.
Interference
- B.
Memory trace
- C.
Encoding failure
- D.
Repression
Correct Answer
C. Encoding failureExplanation
This scenario exemplifies the encoding failure explanation of forgetting. Encoding refers to the process of converting information into a memory trace that can be stored and retrieved later. In this case, Collin did not pay attention to his mother's words, so the information was not properly encoded into his memory. As a result, he is unable to recall what his mother told him, leading to his claim of forgetting.Rate this question:
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- 15.
Which neurotransmitter is no longer readily produced in Alzheimer's patients?
- A.
Acetylcholine
- B.
Dopamine
- C.
GABA
- D.
Endorphins
Correct Answer
A. AcetylcholineExplanation
Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the degeneration of cholinergic neurons, which are responsible for producing acetylcholine. As a result, the production of acetylcholine is significantly reduced in Alzheimer's patients. Acetylcholine plays a crucial role in memory, learning, and cognitive function, so its decreased production contributes to the cognitive decline observed in Alzheimer's disease.Rate this question:
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- 16.
According to Sperling, what is the capacity of iconic memory?
- A.
Everything that can be perceived in a lifetime.
- B.
Everything that can be seen at one time.
- C.
Everything that can be sensed in one second.
- D.
Everything that can be heard in one minute.
Correct Answer
B. Everything that can be seen at one time.Explanation
According to Sperling, the capacity of iconic memory is everything that can be seen at one time. Iconic memory refers to the visual sensory memory that holds a brief and accurate representation of the visual scene. It allows us to briefly retain and process visual information before it is transferred to short-term memory or forgotten. This capacity is limited to the amount of visual information that can be perceived and processed in a single glance or exposure.Rate this question:
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- 17.
The semantic network model of memory suggests that the ____ nodes you must pass through to access information, the longer it will take for you to recall information.
- A.
Fewer
- B.
More
- C.
Bigger the
- D.
More complex the
Correct Answer
B. MoreExplanation
The semantic network model of memory suggests that the more nodes you must pass through to access information, the longer it will take for you to recall information. In a semantic network, nodes represent concepts or ideas, and the connections between nodes represent the relationships between those concepts. When retrieving information, the more nodes you have to traverse, the more time it will take to find and recall the desired information.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Henry Gustav Molaison, infamously known as H.M. was unable to form new declarative memories. He suffered from what psychologists call ....
- A.
Anterograde amnesia
- B.
Psychogenic amnesia
- C.
Retrograde amnesia
- D.
Retroactive amnesia
Correct Answer
A. Anterograde amnesiaExplanation
Henry Gustav Molaison, also known as H.M., was unable to form new declarative memories. This condition is known as anterograde amnesia. Anterograde amnesia is a type of memory impairment where individuals have difficulty forming new memories after the onset of the condition. In H.M.'s case, this was a result of surgical removal of parts of his brain to treat his epilepsy. Despite having intact memories from before the surgery, he was unable to create new memories. This condition highlights the importance of the hippocampus in the formation of new memories.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Memory is unaffected by daily habits such as sleeping, nutrition, and sleep.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Good nutrition, physical exercise, and adequate sleep contributes to good memory function.Rate this question:
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