CCNA ICND 1 Part 2

The correct answer states that if authentication fails using CHAP, then PAP authentication is attempted. This means that the ppp authentication chap pap command configures the router to first try CHAP authentication. If the authentication fails, it will then attempt PAP authentication as a backup method.

The correct answer is "Router(config)#router rip" because this command is used to enter the routing protocol configuration mode for RIP (Routing Information Protocol). By using this command, the router is configured to use RIP as the routing protocol.

The command "show cdp traffic" displays information about the CDP (Cisco Discovery Protocol) traffic on a Cisco device. This includes the number of CDP packets received and transmitted, as well as any checksum errors encountered. Therefore, this command can be used to view the CDP packet checksum errors.

The command "show startup-config" displays the configuration stored in NVRAM. NVRAM stands for Non-Volatile Random Access Memory, which is a type of memory that retains its data even when the power is turned off. The startup-config file contains the configuration settings that are used when the device is powered on or restarted. By using the "show startup-config" command, the user can view and verify the configuration stored in NVRAM.

The correct answer is "copy tftp: flash:". This command is used to download a copy of the Cisco IOS image file from a TFTP server to the flash memory of a Cisco device. The "copy" command is used to copy files, and in this case, "tftp:" specifies the source file location (TFTP server) and "flash:" specifies the destination file location (flash memory).

The Cisco IOS command "terminal monitor" enables a Telnet session to receive console messages. This means that when this command is used, any console messages that are generated on the device will be displayed on the Telnet session. This is useful for troubleshooting and monitoring purposes as it allows the user to see important system messages without having physical access to the device's console.

During periods of blank network traffic and blank users, it is preferable to use debug commands with lower intensity and fewer executions. This is because debug commands can generate a significant amount of output, which can overload the network and impact its performance. By using lower intensity and fewer executions of debug commands, the impact on network traffic and users is minimized, allowing for smoother operations.

LANs typically transmit data faster than WANs because they cover a smaller geographic area, allowing for faster transmission speeds. LANs connect devices within a single building or small area, while WANs transmit data across larger distances. Additionally, companies or organizations usually own the hardware and software required for WANs, making them responsible for their maintenance and operation.

When you start a Cisco router, you should see Cisco IOS software output text on the console. This text typically includes information about the router's boot process, system initialization, and any error or status messages that may be relevant. It provides important information for troubleshooting and monitoring the router's operation.

The primary purpose of setup mode on a Cisco router is to bring up a minimal feature config. Setup mode allows users to quickly and easily configure basic settings on the router, such as hostname, IP addresses, and passwords, in order to establish a basic functioning configuration. It is designed to simplify the initial setup process and provide a starting point for further configuration and customization of the router.

The "show version" command is used to display the configuration of the system hardware and the software version information on Cisco IOS software. This command provides details such as the IOS version, hardware model, uptime, configuration register, and more. It is commonly used to gather information about the device and verify the software and hardware configurations.

The default value of the RIP hold-down timer is 180 seconds. This timer is used in the Routing Information Protocol (RIP) to prevent routing loops by temporarily ignoring updates from a neighbor after a route has been invalidated. During the hold-down period, the router will not accept updates for that route, helping to stabilize the routing table. After the hold-down timer expires, the router will accept new updates for the route.

The last stage during a Cisco router boot process is to find and load the configuration. After the router has completed the Power-On Self Test (POST), it proceeds to find and load the Cisco IOS software, followed by finding and loading the bootstrap. Finally, it looks for the configuration file and loads it, allowing the router to apply the necessary settings and configurations for operation.

The correct answer is "clock rate 64000". In Cisco IOS software, the "clock rate" command is used to set the clock speed on a serial interface. The value specified after the command is in bits per second (bps), so "64000" represents a clock speed of 64kbps.

The correct answer is "show flash". This command displays the amount of memory that is available where the Cisco IOS image is stored on the router.

The command "show ip nat translations" displays the active translation for a NAT translations table.

In Cisco CLI, the command to specify PPP authentication is entered in the "interface config mode". This mode allows the user to configure settings specific to a particular interface, such as authentication protocols, IP addresses, and other interface-related configurations. By entering the command in this mode, the user can specify PPP authentication for the desired interface.

The correct answer is "no cdp run". This command is used to disable CDP (Cisco Discovery Protocol) on the device as a whole. CDP is a Cisco proprietary protocol used to discover and gather information about directly connected Cisco devices. By using the "no cdp run" command, CDP functionality is turned off on the device, preventing it from sending or receiving CDP packets.

The correct answer states that the DHCP server provided by Cisco IOS software is a complete DHCP server. This means that it is capable of performing all the necessary functions of a DHCP server, such as assigning IP addresses, default gateways, DNS servers, and other network configuration parameters to clients. It does not require obtaining DHCP information from a master DHCP server, as it can independently handle all DHCP requests and provide the necessary network settings to clients.

The error message "Serial1 is up, line protocol is down" indicates that the physical layer of the serial interface is functioning properly (up), but the data link layer protocol is not established (down). This can be caused by two situations. Firstly, if there are no keepalives, it means that the interface is not receiving regular signals to confirm the connection, resulting in the line protocol being down. Secondly, if there is a mismatch in the encapsulation type between the devices connected to the serial interface, they won't be able to establish a proper data link layer protocol, causing the line protocol to be down.

A subnet mask is used to divide an IP address into network and host portions. It helps the router determine which part of the IP address represents the network and which part represents the host. The network bits identify the network to which the IP address belongs, while the subnet bits further divide the network into smaller subnets. Therefore, the correct answer is "network and subnet bits."

When you enter a major command on a Cisco router, the router switches you from one configuration mode to another. This means that you are moving from one level of configuration to a higher level, allowing you to make more advanced changes to the router's settings.

The correct answer is "show ip route". This command is used to display information about the static route configuration on a Cisco router. It provides details about the routing table, including the static routes that have been configured. By using this command, network administrators can view the static routes and their associated next-hop addresses, administrative distances, and other relevant information.

Cisco-proprietary HDLC adds a new type of field to make it possible for multiple network layer protocols to share the same serial link. This new field allows for the inclusion of protocol information with the data field, enabling different protocols to be identified and processed correctly. By including this additional field, HDLC ensures that each protocol's data is properly encapsulated and transmitted over the serial link, allowing for efficient and reliable communication between different network layer protocols.

With RIP (Routing Information Protocol), load balancing is performed over multiple paths that have equal cost. This means that the paths have the same metric or cost value, indicating that they are equally efficient or desirable for routing traffic. By distributing the traffic across these paths, RIP ensures that the network resources are utilized optimally and that no single path becomes overloaded.

Distance vector protocols, such as RIP, determine the direction and distance to any network in an internetwork. They use a hop count to measure the distance and determine the best path for routing. This process is also known as "routing by rumor" because routers exchange periodic updates to share information about network changes. Examples of distance vector protocols include RIP.

A Class A network has 3 octets in the host field. In IPv4 addressing, the host field represents the portion of the IP address that identifies a specific device on a network. In a Class A network, the first octet is reserved for the network ID, while the remaining three octets are used for the host ID. This allows for a large number of unique host addresses within a Class A network, making it suitable for large organizations or internet service providers.

The output of the "show cdp interface" command includes information about the encapsulation type. This means that the command will display the type of encapsulation used for the interface, which is important for understanding how data is formatted and transmitted over the network.

The correct answer is "copy startup running". This command copies the configuration file stored in NVRAM (non-volatile RAM) into the running configuration in RAM (random access memory). This allows the configuration changes made in the startup configuration file to take effect immediately in the running configuration.

The correct answer is "exec-timeout 15 30". This command is used to set the console session timeout to 15 minutes and 30 seconds. It specifies the amount of time of inactivity before the console session is terminated.

Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) is a proprietary protocol developed by Cisco. It is used to discover information about directly connected Cisco devices. CDP runs at the data link layer of the network, allowing devices to share information about their capabilities, such as device type, IP address, and software version. However, CDP is not an open protocol standard and it does not discover information about all devices on the network. Therefore, the given answer is correct.

The correct answer is "Router(config-if)# encapsulation hdlc". This command is used to enable HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control) encapsulation on a specific interface in a router's configuration mode. HDLC is a protocol used for serial communication between routers and is commonly used in WAN (Wide Area Network) connections. By using this command, the router will encapsulate data using HDLC protocol on the specified interface, allowing for efficient and reliable communication between routers.

A CDP update packet includes two pieces of information: platform and device identifiers. The platform refers to the type of device or operating system being used, while device identifiers provide unique identification for the device. These two pieces of information help in identifying and understanding the devices connected to the network. Other options like routing updates, MAC address list, and link speed are not included in a CDP update packet.

The "disable" command is used in Cisco IOS software to return from privileged EXEC mode to user EXEC mode. This command terminates the current privileged EXEC session and returns the user to the previous user EXEC mode.

The first statement accurately describes WANs as they are usually owned by the companies in which they are implemented. The second statement is also accurate as WANs connect devices that are separated by a wide geographical area. The third statement is true as WANs utilize the services of carriers such as telephone companies, cable companies, satellite systems, and network providers. However, the last statement is incorrect as WANs do not connect devices that are in small geographic areas. Instead, they connect devices that are separated by a wide geographical area.

ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) and IDSL (ISDN Digital Subscriber Line) are both types of DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) technologies. ADSL is the most common type of DSL, providing high-speed internet access over existing telephone lines. It allows for faster download speeds compared to upload speeds. IDSL, on the other hand, is a slower version of DSL that uses ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) technology. It provides symmetrical upload and download speeds, making it suitable for businesses that require reliable and consistent data transmission.

To obtain CDP information about a remote device that is not directly connected, one can use SSH or Telnet to access a Cisco device that is connected to the target device. By accessing the connected Cisco device, one can retrieve the CDP information about the remote device indirectly.

The "show user" command would be used to see who has Telnet sessions to your router. This command provides information about the current users logged into the router, including their usernames, session IDs, and login times. By using this command, you can identify the active Telnet sessions and the users connected to your router.

WAN protocols define encapsulation of data for transmission toward a remote location and the mechanisms for transferring the resulting frames at Layer 2 of the OSI model. Layer 2, also known as the Data Link Layer, is responsible for error-free transmission of data frames over the physical network. This layer handles functions such as framing, addressing, and error detection, ensuring reliable communication between devices on the same network or across different networks.

To troubleshoot a NAT connectivity problem on a Cisco router, there are three actions that should be taken. Firstly, it is important to determine whether there are enough addresses in the NAT pool to ensure that there are sufficient addresses available for translation. Secondly, verifying that the router interfaces are appropriately defined as NAT inside or NAT outside is crucial for proper NAT functionality. Lastly, it is necessary to confirm that the ACL referenced by the NAT command is permitting all the necessary inside local IP addresses, as any restrictions in the ACL could cause connectivity issues.

Routers evaluate the available paths to a destination, which means that they analyze the different routes that can be taken to reach a specific destination. The routing process uses metrics and administrative distances to evaluate network paths, which helps determine the best route based on factors such as speed, reliability, and cost. Dynamic routing occurs when routers learn and update their routing information using routing protocols, allowing them to adapt to changes in the network. This is different from static routing, where the network admin manually configures the routing information on each router.

Debug commands are used to troubleshoot and identify issues within a network. They are not meant to be used for monitoring normal network operations. Instead, they are specifically designed to isolate problems and gather information about network behavior during abnormal situations. By using debug commands, network administrators can identify and fix issues more efficiently, ensuring the smooth operation of the network. Therefore, the correct answer is "isolate."

The "show cdp entry" command displays the device platform of a directly connected device. CDP (Cisco Discovery Protocol) is a Cisco proprietary protocol used to discover and collect information about directly connected Cisco devices. By using the "show cdp entry" command, the user can view detailed information about the neighboring devices, including their platform type. This command is useful for network administrators to identify the type of devices connected to their network and ensure compatibility and proper configuration.

The copy tftp startup command is used to download a config file from a TFTP server to NVRAM. This allows the router or device to retrieve its startup configuration from the TFTP server and store it in non-volatile RAM (NVRAM), ensuring that the device uses the correct configuration upon startup.

The practical minimum number of bits that can be borrowed to form a subnet is 2. Borrowing 2 bits allows for the creation of 4 subnets (2^2), which is the smallest number of subnets that can be formed. By borrowing fewer than 2 bits, the number of subnets would be insufficient for practical use.

The subnet mask 255.0.0.0 falls on octet boundaries because each octet in the mask has a value of either 255 or 0, indicating that the entire octet is either fully utilized or not utilized at all. This means that the network address is defined by the first octet, while the remaining three octets are available for host addresses.

If the boot field value is 0x2 during the Cisco router bootup process, the router will check the startup config file for boot system commands. This means that the router will look for any commands in the startup configuration file that specify which IOS image or subset to load during the bootup process. This allows the router to determine the appropriate software to load and run.

The command "sh ip dhcp conflicts" can be used to see if an address in the DHCP pool is already in use by another device. This command displays any IP addresses that are in conflict, meaning they have been assigned to multiple devices. By using this command, network administrators can identify and resolve address conflicts, ensuring that each device on the network has a unique IP address.

The command "cdp enable" enables the Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) on an individual interface. CDP is a proprietary protocol used by Cisco devices to gather information about neighboring devices and their capabilities. By enabling CDP on a specific interface, the device will start sending CDP advertisements on that interface, allowing neighboring devices to discover and gather information about it.

ROM monitor is a low-level operating system that is typically used for manufacturing testing and troubleshooting. It is a firmware program that resides in the read-only memory (ROM) of a computer system. The ROM monitor provides basic functions and commands that allow technicians to diagnose and troubleshoot hardware and software issues. It is often used in situations where the main operating system is not accessible or functional.

The Cisco IOS software is typically loaded into RAM to run on most routers. However, on some routers, it is run directly from flash memory. RAM is a type of volatile memory that allows for fast access to data and instructions, but it requires power to retain information. Flash memory, on the other hand, is non-volatile and can store data even when power is removed. Running the Cisco IOS software from flash memory allows for more permanent storage and ensures that the software is readily available even after a power cycle.

The command "ip route 186.157.5.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.1.3" specifies that the router should use address 10.1.1.3 to get devices on network 186.157.5.0. This means that any traffic destined for the devices on the network 186.157.5.0 will be routed through the specified address 10.1.1.3.

Routing tables provide an ordered list of known network addresses, allowing routers to determine the best path for data transmission. These tables also contain metrics, such as hop count or bandwidth, which help determine the desirability of a route. Additionally, routing table associations inform routers whether a destination is directly connected or can be reached through another router (the next hop router) on the way to the final destination.

When you copy a config from another source into RAM, the previous config is merged with the new config, with the new config taking precedence. This means that any conflicting configurations in the new config will overwrite the corresponding configurations in the previous config. The result is a merged configuration where the settings from the new config are prioritized over the settings from the previous config.

To determine how many bits to borrow from the host portion of the network address, you need to subtract the number of subnets that you need from the network portion. This is because the network portion represents the total number of subnets available, and subtracting the desired number of subnets will give you the number of additional bits required. By borrowing these bits from the host portion, you can create the necessary number of subnets.

The correct answer is "service timestamps". This command is used in Cisco IOS to add a time stamp to a debug or log message. By enabling this feature, the router or switch will append a time stamp to each debug or log message, allowing for easier troubleshooting and analysis of events.

Frame Relay is a data link layer protocol that operates between the physical layer and the network layer. It does not work at the application layer. The statement that Frame Relay works at the application layer is incorrect.

The connection to the network edge in Frame Relay is often a leased line, but dialup connections using ISDN or xDSL lines are also available from some providers. This statement is true.

Frame Relay implements no error or flow control. Unlike other protocols, Frame Relay does not have built-in error detection or correction mechanisms. This statement is true.

Frame Relay provides both PVC (Permanent Virtual Circuit) and SVC (Switched Virtual Circuit) services. It uses shared medium-bandwidth connectivity to carry both voice and data traffic. This statement is true.

Routing protocols use hop count, bandwidth, and delay to determine the best network path. Hop count refers to the number of routers or hops that a packet must traverse to reach its destination. Bandwidth is the capacity of a network link to transmit data, and routing protocols consider links with higher bandwidth as preferable. Delay refers to the time it takes for a packet to travel from its source to its destination, and routing protocols aim to minimize delay. These three factors help routing protocols make informed decisions about the most efficient and reliable network path.

Link-state routing protocols respond quickly to network changes because they use the information in the link-state database to calculate the shortest paths and update routing tables accordingly. LS routing protocols send periodic updates (LS refreshes) at long time intervals, approximately once every 30 minutes, to ensure that routers have the most up-to-date information about the network topology. In LS routing protocols, every router tries to build its own internal map of the network topology by exchanging link-state information with other routers. This allows each router to have a comprehensive understanding of the network and make informed routing decisions.

The answer accurately describes three key milestones in the history of the internet. Firstly, the statement about U.S. Department of Defense researchers devising the packet system is significant because it revolutionized data transmission. Secondly, the mention of ARPANET developers creating the first email messaging software in 1972 highlights the early development of communication protocols on the internet. Lastly, the introduction of DNS in 1984 is crucial as it provided the world with domain suffixes and country codes, which are fundamental to the structure and organization of the internet.

DSL service can be incrementally added in any area, meaning that it can be implemented gradually in different locations. DSL also has distance limitations, which means that the quality and speed of the connection can decrease as the distance between the user and the provider's central office increases. Additionally, DSL is not universally available in all geographical locations, indicating that there may be areas where DSL service is not accessible or not offered.

The command "clear ip nat translation inside" clears a specific extended dynamic translation entry from the NAT translation table. This command specifically clears the translation entry that is associated with the inside interface.

Packet-switching is a method of communication where data is divided into packets and sent over different routes to reach the destination. This allows for more efficient use of network resources and increased flexibility. The fact that the route taken by the packets can vary ensures redundancy and fault tolerance. Packet-switched networks utilize a shared public network owned by a carrier, allowing for cost savings compared to point-to-point leased lines. Therefore, the three statements accurately describe the functions of a packet-switching WAN communications link.

The first statement accurately describes data-link protocols in a WAN by stating that many protocols use a framing mechanism similar to HDLC. This means that these protocols divide data into frames for transmission over the network.

The second statement also accurately describes data-link protocols by stating that they define how data is encapsulated for transmission to remote sites and the mechanisms for establishing a connection between the sending and receiving devices.

Both statements provide accurate information about the characteristics and functions of data-link protocols in a WAN.

A network map is a visual representation of a network's infrastructure, including devices and their connections. It is primarily used to track modifications to network design, as it allows administrators to easily identify changes made to the network's layout or structure. Additionally, a network map helps track changes to the topology, which refers to the physical or logical arrangement of network devices. This information is crucial for troubleshooting network problems, as it provides a clear overview of the network's components and their interconnections. Therefore, the three identified statements accurately describe the primary uses of a network map.

The correct answer is organizations often want to share information with other organizations over across large distances because WANs are designed to connect multiple networks over a large geographical area. A department needs to share large data files quickly because WANs have high bandwidth capabilities that allow for fast data transfer. Students need to do research for classes by accessing library indexes and publications that are located in other parts of their country and in other parts of the world because WANs provide connectivity to remote resources.

ATM is implemented by using virtual circuits, which provide a bidirectional communication path from one ATM endpoint to another. ATM is a type of cell-switched connection technology that is capable of transferring voice, video, and data through private and public networks.

The original purpose of the Multimedia Cable Network System Partners Ltd. was to define a product and system standard capable of providing data and future services over CATV plants. This statement explains the initial objective of the organization, which was to establish a standard for delivering data and other services through cable television networks.

Cable modems enable two-way, high-speed data transmissions using the same coaxial lines that transmit cable television. This statement highlights the capability of cable modems to facilitate bi-directional data transfer, utilizing the existing coaxial infrastructure.

Cable modem access provides speeds superior to leased lines, with lower costs and simpler installation. This statement emphasizes the advantages of cable modem technology, such as faster speeds compared to traditional leased lines, cost-effectiveness, and ease of installation.

PPP originally emerged as an encapsulation protocol for transporting IP traffic over point-to-point links. This means that PPP was initially developed to provide a way to transmit IP packets over direct connections between two devices. PPP provides router-to-router and host-to-host connections over synchronous and asynchronous circuits, allowing for reliable communication between network devices. The LCP in PPP is used for the establishment, configurations, and testing of the data-link connection, ensuring that the connection is properly established and maintained.

The "show cdp interface" command in Cisco IOS displays the frequency at which packets are sent. This command provides information about the interfaces on a device that are running Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP), including the holdtime value which indicates the frequency at which CDP packets are sent. By using this command, network administrators can monitor and troubleshoot CDP traffic on their network devices.

An administrative distance is required when the same route is learned via multiple routing protocols. This is because each routing protocol assigns a different administrative distance to its routes, which is used to determine the preference of one route over another. When the same route is learned via multiple routing protocols, the administrative distance helps determine which route should be used. The route with the lowest administrative distance is preferred and will be chosen as the best route to reach the destination.

The three statements that describe considerations for point-to-point communication links are:
1) Point-to-point comm links require minimal expertise to install and maintain, indicating that they are relatively easy to set up and manage.
2) P2P comm links usually offer high QOS, suggesting that they provide a high level of quality of service, ensuring reliable and efficient communication.
3) P2P comm links provide permanent, dedicated capacity that is always available, indicating that the capacity of the link is dedicated solely to the communication between the two endpoints and is consistently accessible.

When configuring a DHCP server using SDM on a Cisco router, the following four parameters are required:

1. Pool name: This is the name given to the DHCP pool, which is a range of IP addresses that the DHCP server can assign to clients.

2. Lease time: This parameter determines the duration for which a client can use an IP address assigned by the DHCP server before it needs to renew the lease.

3. DHCP network and subnet: This specifies the network and subnet mask for the DHCP pool. It defines the range of IP addresses that can be assigned to clients.

4. Starting and ending addresses: These are the first and last IP addresses in the DHCP pool range, respectively. The DHCP server will assign addresses within this range to clients.

These parameters are essential for configuring a DHCP server and ensuring proper IP address assignment to clients on the network.

DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) technology is a circuit-switched connection technology that utilizes existing twisted-pair telephone lines to transmit high bandwidth data, such as multimedia and video, to service subscribers. It allows subscribers to use the same local-loop line for regular telephone voice connection as well as an always-on connection for instant network connectivity. DSL technologies also enable simultaneous voice and data transmissions by placing upload (upstream) and download (downstream) data transmissions within a 4 kHz window. This ensures that both voice and data can be transmitted simultaneously on a DSL service.

Circuit-switched networks involve the establishment, maintenance, and termination of a dedicated physical circuit for each communication session. This ensures a reliable and secure connection between the communicating parties. Additionally, circuit-switched networks allow multiple sites to connect to the switched network of a carrier and communicate with each other. ISDN, which stands for Integrated Services Digital Network, is an example of a circuit-switched network.