Cardiopulmonary Quiz 1 Practice
Cardiac and pulmonary diseases are conditions that affect the lungs and heart. Over the week we have been able to cover some aspects of the cardiovascular system and the cardiopulmonary quiz one is designed to keep your mind fresh on what we learnt. Give it a shot and good luck!
Questions and Answers
- 1.
A control system that acts as a switch to turn on and is considered an "open loop."
- A.
Positive Feedback
- B.
Feed forward
- C.
Negative Feedback
Correct Answer
B. Feed forwardExplanation
A control system that acts as a switch to turn on and is considered an "open loop." This suggests that the control system does not rely on feedback from the output to adjust its behavior. Instead, it operates based on predetermined inputs and does not make any corrections based on the actual output. This type of control system is known as feed forward, as it only considers the input and does not take into account the output or any feedback information.Rate this question:
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- 2.
A type of control system that is considered the workhorse for controlling homeostasis and contains an odd number of inverse relationships
- A.
Postive Feedback
- B.
Feed Forward
- C.
Negative Feedback
Correct Answer
C. Negative FeedbackExplanation
Negative feedback is a type of control system that is considered the workhorse for controlling homeostasis. It helps maintain stability by reversing any deviations from the desired set point. In negative feedback, the output of the system is used to counteract the input, thereby reducing the deviation. This control system contains an odd number of inverse relationships, meaning that the output of the system opposes the input. This ensures that the system self-regulates and maintains equilibrium.Rate this question:
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- 3.
True of False. The nesting of cycles found in complex systems decreases the stability of the regulated variable.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
The statement suggests that the nesting of cycles in complex systems does not decrease the stability of the regulated variable. In complex systems, the nesting of cycles can actually enhance stability by providing feedback loops that help regulate and maintain the variable within desired limits. These feedback loops can help counteract disturbances and maintain equilibrium, ultimately contributing to stability rather than decreasing it.Rate this question:
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- 4.
Flow is calculated by
- A.
Pressure divided by resistance
- B.
Resistance divided by pressure
Correct Answer
A. Pressure divided by resistanceExplanation
P=QR Pressure=Flow*ResistanceRate this question:
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- 5.
_________ can be described as both force per unit area or energy/volume.
Correct Answer
pressureExplanation
i.e
lbs per sq in (psi)
dynes/sq cm
P = Energy/Volume or Work/VolumeRate this question:
- 6.
Mercury is __________ times more dense thatn blood or water
- A.
23
- B.
13.6
- C.
It is the same density
Correct Answer
B. 13.6Explanation
Mercury is 13.6 times more dense than blood or water. This means that for every unit of volume, mercury weighs 13.6 times more than the same volume of blood or water. In other words, mercury is much denser and heavier compared to blood or water.Rate this question:
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- 7.
What might you see as a result of high blood pressure in a patient with conjestive heart failure
- A.
The veins will be difficult to see
- B.
The patient will wheeze a lot
- C.
The jugular veins are engorged within the neck
Correct Answer
C. The jugular veins are engorged within the neckExplanation
High blood pressure in a patient with congestive heart failure can lead to increased pressure in the veins. This can cause the jugular veins in the neck to become engorged or swollen. This can be observed visually as the veins in the neck may appear more prominent or bulging. This is due to the impaired ability of the heart to pump blood effectively, leading to increased pressure in the veins and fluid accumulation in the body.Rate this question:
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- 8.
True or False. The blood pressure increases as it flows from the heart out to the peripheral circulation
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
The blood pressure actually decreases as it flows from the heart out to the peripheral circulation. This is because the resistance to blood flow increases as the blood vessels become smaller and more numerous in the peripheral circulation. As a result, the pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood vessels decreases. Therefore, the statement "The blood pressure increases as it flows from the heart out to the peripheral circulation" is false.Rate this question:
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- 9.
For resisters in parralel, is the total resistance across the total path less than or greater than through any single path?
- A.
Less than
- B.
Greater than
Correct Answer
A. Less thanExplanation
When resistors are connected in parallel, the total resistance across the total path is always less than the resistance through any single path. This is because in a parallel circuit, the current has multiple paths to flow through, and each path offers less resistance compared to a single path. As a result, the total resistance decreases, allowing more current to flow through the circuit.Rate this question:
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- 10.
This type of muscle is nonstriated and innervated by the autonomic nervouse sytem
- A.
Skeletal Muscle
- B.
Cardiac Muscle
- C.
Smooth Muscle
Correct Answer
C. Smooth MuscleExplanation
Smooth muscle is the correct answer because it is the only type of muscle that is nonstriated and innervated by the autonomic nervous system. Skeletal muscle is striated and is innervated by the somatic nervous system, while cardiac muscle is striated and is innervated by both the autonomic and somatic nervous systems. Smooth muscle is found in the walls of organs, blood vessels, and other structures, and its contraction is involuntary and controlled by the autonomic nervous system.Rate this question:
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- 11.
This muscle is striated and innervated by the somatic nervous system
- A.
Skeletal Muscle
- B.
Cardiac Muscle
- C.
Smooth Muscle
Correct Answer
A. Skeletal MuscleExplanation
Skeletal muscle is the correct answer because it is the only muscle type that is both striated and innervated by the somatic nervous system. Striated muscles have a striped appearance due to the arrangement of contractile proteins, and skeletal muscles fall under this category. Additionally, the somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements, which includes the contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscles. Cardiac muscle, found in the heart, is also striated but is innervated by the autonomic nervous system. Smooth muscle, found in the walls of organs, is not striated and is innervated by the autonomic nervous system.Rate this question:
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- 12.
This type of muscle is striated and innervated by the autonomic nervous sytem
- A.
Skeletal Muscle
- B.
Cardiac Muscle
- C.
Smooth Muscle
Correct Answer
B. Cardiac MuscleExplanation
Cardiac muscle is the correct answer because it is striated, meaning it has a striped appearance, and it is innervated by the autonomic nervous system. Unlike skeletal muscle, which is under voluntary control, cardiac muscle is involuntary and is responsible for the contraction of the heart. Smooth muscle, on the other hand, is also involuntary but is not striated and is found in organs such as the intestines and blood vessels.Rate this question:
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- 13.
What neurotransmitter(s) is responsible for regulating smooth muscle?
- A.
Acetylcholine
- B.
Norepinephrine
- C.
Both Acetylcholine and Norepinephrine
Correct Answer
C. Both Acetylcholine and NorepinephrineExplanation
The answer is both because smooth muscle is innervated by the autonomic nervous system which uses Norepinephrine in excitatory actions and Acetylcholine in inhibitory actionsRate this question:
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- 14.
Acetylcholine is excitatory in which type of muscle
- A.
Skeletal Muscle
- B.
Cardiac Muscle
- C.
Smooth Muscle
Correct Answer
A. Skeletal MuscleExplanation
Skeletal muscle is innervated by the somatic nervous system in which acetylcholine is excitatory.Rate this question:
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- 15.
The term that best describes when a muscle is stimulated with a single electrical shock a quick contraction followed by immediate relaxation
- A.
Summation
- B.
Twitch
- C.
Incomplete Tetanus
- D.
Complete Tetanus
Correct Answer
B. TwitchExplanation
A twitch is the correct term to describe when a muscle is stimulated with a single electrical shock, resulting in a quick contraction followed by immediate relaxation. This term is used to describe the brief and isolated response of a muscle to a single stimulus. It is different from summation, which refers to the increased force of contraction when multiple stimuli are applied rapidly, and from incomplete and complete tetanus, which involve sustained contractions of varying degrees.Rate this question:
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- 16.
The term that best describes when a second electrical shock is administered before complete relaxation of the muscle
- A.
Summation
- B.
Twitch
- C.
Incomplete Tetanus
- D.
Complete Tetanus
Correct Answer
A. SummationExplanation
Summation is the term that best describes when a second electrical shock is administered before complete relaxation of the muscle. Summation occurs when the muscle is stimulated again before it has fully relaxed from the previous stimulation, causing a stronger contraction. This can result in a sustained contraction and increased muscle tension. In contrast, a twitch refers to a brief and single contraction of the muscle, while incomplete tetanus is a sustained contraction with partial relaxation, and complete tetanus is a sustained contraction without any relaxation.Rate this question:
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- 17.
The term that best describes an increasing frequency of electrical shocks administered to a muscle that causes the relaxation period between twitches to decrease and the strength of the contraction to increase
- A.
Summation
- B.
Twitch
- C.
Incomplete Tetanus
- D.
Complete Tetanus
Correct Answer
C. Incomplete TetanusExplanation
Incomplete tetanus is the term that best describes an increasing frequency of electrical shocks administered to a muscle that causes the relaxation period between twitches to decrease and the strength of the contraction to increase. In incomplete tetanus, the muscle fibers are stimulated at a high frequency, which leads to a sustained contraction with brief relaxation periods. This results in an increase in the strength of the contraction and a decrease in the relaxation time between twitches.Rate this question:
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- 18.
The best term to describe a smooth sustained contraction with no visible relaxation between twitches
- A.
Summation
- B.
Twitch
- C.
Incomplete Tetanus
- D.
Complete Tetanus
Correct Answer
D. Complete TetanusExplanation
Complete tetanus is the best term to describe a smooth sustained contraction with no visible relaxation between twitches. In complete tetanus, the muscle fibers are stimulated at a high frequency, causing them to contract and remain contracted without any periods of relaxation. This results in a continuous and sustained contraction of the muscle, with no visible twitches or breaks in the contraction.Rate this question:
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- 19.
The best term to describe when the force of contraction remains constant throughout the shortening proces
- A.
Eccentric Contraction
- B.
Isometric Contraction
- C.
Isotonic Contraction
Correct Answer
C. Isotonic ContractionExplanation
Isotonic contraction is the correct term to describe when the force of contraction remains constant throughout the shortening process. In isotonic contraction, the muscle shortens while maintaining a constant tension or force. This type of contraction is commonly seen in activities such as lifting weights or performing bicep curls, where the muscle shortens as it contracts against a constant load.Rate this question:
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- 20.
The best term to describe when the length of muscle fibers remain constant (velocity of shortening is 0)
- A.
Eccentric Contraction
- B.
Isometric Contraction
- C.
Isotonic Contraction
Correct Answer
B. Isometric ContractionExplanation
Isometric contraction is the best term to describe when the length of muscle fibers remains constant and the velocity of shortening is 0. In isometric contractions, the muscle generates force without changing length, such as when holding a static position or pushing against an immovable object. This type of contraction is important for maintaining posture and stability. Eccentric contraction refers to the lengthening of muscle fibers, while isotonic contraction involves muscle shortening with a constant tension.Rate this question:
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- 21.
Which one of the following DOES NOT influence the strength of muscle contraction
- A.
Frequency of Stimulation
- B.
Thickness of each muscle Fiber
- C.
The initial length of the muscle fiber
- D.
All of the above influence the strength of muscle contraction
Correct Answer
D. All of the above influence the strength of muscle contractionExplanation
All of the factors mentioned in the options (frequency of stimulation, thickness of each muscle fiber, and the initial length of the muscle fiber) influence the strength of muscle contraction. The frequency of stimulation determines the rate at which muscle fibers contract, and a higher frequency leads to stronger contractions. The thickness of each muscle fiber affects the number of myofibrils present, which in turn affects the force generated during contraction. The initial length of the muscle fiber also plays a role as it affects the overlap of actin and myosin filaments, which impacts the force generated. Therefore, all of these factors contribute to the strength of muscle contraction.Rate this question:
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- 22.
The muscle type most likely to function normally at a length much shorter than its optimal length
- A.
Skeletal Muscle
- B.
Cardiac Muscle
- C.
Smooth Muscle
- D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
B. Cardiac MuscleExplanation
Cardiac muscle is the correct answer because it is designed to function at a shorter length than its optimal length. Unlike skeletal muscle, which requires a certain length to generate maximum force, cardiac muscle contracts forcefully even when it is stretched. This property allows the heart to pump blood efficiently, as it can contract forcefully even when the heart chambers are filled with blood. Smooth muscle, on the other hand, can also function at shorter lengths, but it is not as efficient or powerful as cardiac muscle.Rate this question:
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- 23.
Which of the following is the correct metabolic equation for internal respiration
- A.
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2
- B.
12 C6H12O6 + 6 O2 --> 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + 2 ATP
- C.
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 --> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP
- D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
C. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 --> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATPExplanation
The correct metabolic equation for internal respiration is C6H12O6 + 6 O2 --> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP. This equation represents the process of cellular respiration, where glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2) are converted into carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), and ATP (energy). This equation accurately reflects the products and reactants involved in the metabolic process of internal respiration.Rate this question:
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- 24.
Which one of the following statements is true regarding the partial pressure gradients found in lung capilariesYou may use the following diagram for help:
- A.
The alveolar PO2 is greater than the PO2 found in the lung capilary
- B.
The alveolar PO2 is less than the PO2 found in the lung capilary
- C.
The alveolar PCO2 is less than or equal to the PCO2 found in the lung capilary
- D.
Both A and C are correct
Correct Answer
D. Both A and C are correctExplanation
Both A and C are correct. The alveolar PO2 is greater than the PO2 found in the lung capillary because oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the capillary, resulting in a higher partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli. Similarly, the alveolar PCO2 is less than or equal to the PCO2 found in the lung capillary because carbon dioxide diffuses from the capillary into the alveoli, resulting in a lower partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli.Rate this question:
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- 25.
Skeletal muscle is a pump for
- A.
Blood
- B.
Lymph
- C.
Air
- D.
Both Lymph and Air
- E.
All of the above
Correct Answer
D. Both Lymph and AirExplanation
Skeletal muscle serves as a pump for both lymph and air. Skeletal muscles are responsible for the movement of lymph, which is a clear fluid that circulates throughout the body and helps remove waste products and toxins. Additionally, skeletal muscles also play a crucial role in breathing by contracting and relaxing to facilitate the movement of air in and out of the lungs. Therefore, the correct answer is that skeletal muscle acts as a pump for both lymph and air.Rate this question:
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- 26.
True or False. Conduits for air, lymph, and blood all primarily have unidirectional flow except for air which is bidirectional
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
The statement is true because conduits for air, lymph, and blood primarily have unidirectional flow, except for air which is bidirectional. This means that air, lymph, and blood flow in one direction through their respective conduits, ensuring efficient transportation and distribution throughout the body. However, air flow is bidirectional as it can be inhaled and exhaled through the same pathway, allowing for the exchange of gases in the respiratory system.Rate this question:
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- 27.
Considering the distinct angles of the bronchioles in relationship to the position of the heart, which of the lungs typically is affected in a pulmonary infection
- A.
The right lung
- B.
The Left lung
- C.
They have equal chance of becoming infected
Correct Answer
A. The right lungExplanation
The left bronchial tube has a sharper angel to compensate for the position of the heart, thus the more direct rout of infection would be to travel into the right lungRate this question:
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- 28.
The total cross-sectional area of each branch level of bronchi
- A.
Is greater than that of the previous branch point
- B.
Is less than that of the previous branch point
- C.
Is less than that of the previous branch point for the first 3-4 generations from the trachea and then reaches a point where it is greater than that of the previous branch point
- D.
Is greater than that of the previous branch point for the first 3-4 generations from the trachea and then reaches a point where it is less than that of the previous branch point
Correct Answer
C. Is less than that of the previous branch point for the first 3-4 generations from the trachea and then reaches a point where it is greater than that of the previous branch pointExplanation
In the bronchial tree, the total cross-sectional area of each branch level initially decreases for the first 3-4 generations from the trachea. This means that the diameter of the bronchi decreases as the branching occurs. However, after these initial generations, the total cross-sectional area starts to increase and becomes greater than that of the previous branch point. This increase in cross-sectional area allows for a larger surface area for gas exchange in the alveoli, ensuring efficient oxygenation of the blood.Rate this question:
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- 29.
During pregnancy you add another resistance bed in parallel as the blood flows to and from the fetus. Because of this during a healthy pregnancy the mother will usually experience
- A.
A drop in blood pressure due to decreased TPR
- B.
A rise in blood pressure due to decreased TPR
- C.
A drop in blood pressure due to increased TPR
- D.
A rise in blood pressure due to increased TPR
Correct Answer
A. A drop in blood pressure due to decreased TPRExplanation
During pregnancy, the mother's body needs to supply oxygen and nutrients to the fetus, which requires an increase in blood flow. To accommodate this, the body adds another resistance bed in parallel, which refers to the blood vessels in the placenta. This additional resistance bed causes a decrease in total peripheral resistance (TPR), which is the resistance to blood flow in the systemic circulation. As a result, the mother will experience a drop in blood pressure.Rate this question:
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- 30.
An extremely obese person is more likely to have problems breathing when laying down because the diaphram is
- A.
To short
- B.
Too long
Correct Answer
B. Too longExplanation
An extremely obese person is more likely to have problems breathing when laying down because their diaphragm is too long. The diaphragm is a muscle located beneath the lungs that helps in the process of breathing. In obese individuals, excess fat accumulation in the abdomen can push the diaphragm upwards, reducing its ability to expand and contract properly. This can lead to difficulties in taking deep breaths while lying down, causing problems with breathing.Rate this question:
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- 31.
The percent blood volume is highest in the
- A.
Arterial system
- B.
Venous system
Correct Answer
B. Venous systemExplanation
The percent blood volume is highest in the venous system because veins have a larger capacity to hold blood compared to arteries. Veins are thin-walled and have valves that prevent backflow of blood, allowing them to accommodate a larger volume of blood. Additionally, veins act as a reservoir for blood, storing it and releasing it when needed, such as during exercise or in cases of blood loss. Arteries, on the other hand, have thicker walls and are responsible for carrying oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body.Rate this question:
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- 32.
The cross-sectional area and Surface are both at their highest in the
- A.
Arteries
- B.
Capilaries
- C.
Veins
- D.
Aorta
Correct Answer
B. CapilariesExplanation
Capillaries have the highest cross-sectional area and surface area compared to arteries, veins, and the aorta. This is because capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in the body and are responsible for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and surrounding tissues. The large number and small size of capillaries allow for a greater total cross-sectional area, which facilitates efficient exchange of substances. Additionally, the extensive branching and network of capillaries increase the overall surface area available for exchange. Therefore, capillaries have the highest cross-sectional area and surface area among the given options.Rate this question:
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- 33.
True or False. As the radius goes down resistance also goes down
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
As the radius goes down resistance goes upRate this question:
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- 34.
From the mouth through the first 16 generations of branching is usually called the conducting zone. In contrast with the respiratory zone it contains smooth muscle, cilia, and mucus secreting cells. It also contains on average about __________ of dead space air.
- A.
20-40 ml
- B.
75-100 ml
- C.
150-200 ml
- D.
None. the dead space air is found in the respiratory zone
Correct Answer
C. 150-200 mlExplanation
The correct answer is 150-200 ml. The conducting zone of the respiratory system, which includes the first 16 generations of branching, contains smooth muscle, cilia, and mucus-secreting cells. It also contains a certain amount of dead space air, which refers to the air that remains in the conducting zone and does not reach the respiratory zone where gas exchange occurs. On average, this dead space air in the conducting zone is about 150-200 ml.Rate this question:
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- 35.
Which of the following is correct
- A.
Turbulence increases the resistance to airflow
- B.
Turbulence decreases the resistance to airflow
- C.
Turbulence decreases as airflow velocity increases
- D.
Both A and C are true
Correct Answer
A. Turbulence increases the resistance to airflowExplanation
Turbulence increases the resistance to airflow so A is correct and B is incorrect. C would be correct if it read: Turbulence INCREASES as airflow velocity increasesRate this question:
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- 36.
True or False. Boyles Law P1V1 = P2V2 is applicable in the lungs only so far as it transitionally acts as a closed container
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Boyle's Law states that the pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional at a constant temperature. In the context of the lungs, when we inhale, the volume of the lungs increases, causing a decrease in pressure, which allows air to flow into the lungs. Similarly, when we exhale, the volume of the lungs decreases, causing an increase in pressure, which forces air out of the lungs. Therefore, Boyle's Law is applicable in the lungs as they act as a closed container during the process of breathing.Rate this question:
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- 37.
As the chest wall expands what happens to volume and pressure
- A.
Volume and pressure both decrease
- B.
Volume and pressure both increase
- C.
Volume increases and pressure decreases
Correct Answer
C. Volume increases and pressure decreasesExplanation
When the chest wall expands, it creates more space in the chest cavity, allowing the lungs to expand. As the lungs expand, the volume of the chest cavity increases. This increase in volume leads to a decrease in pressure within the chest cavity. Therefore, as the chest wall expands, volume increases and pressure decreases.Rate this question:
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- 38.
Pressure at the mouth (Pm) is equivalent to which of the following
- A.
0 mm Hg relative to atmoshperic pressure
- B.
760 mm Hg
- C.
The same as resting Alveolar pressure
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
D. All of the aboveExplanation
The correct answer is "All of the above." This means that the pressure at the mouth (Pm) can be 0 mm Hg relative to atmospheric pressure, 760 mm Hg, or the same as resting alveolar pressure. In other words, the pressure at the mouth can be any of these options, as they are all equivalent.Rate this question:
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- 39.
Looking at the following graph pick the best statement belowrefer to the 1st column as colum A and the second column as column B
- A.
Column a is a normal breath and Column b is a deep breath
- B.
Column a is a deep breath and column b is a normal breath
- C.
As volume increases pressure decreases
- D.
Both a and c are correct
- E.
Both b and c are correct
Correct Answer
D. Both a and c are correctExplanation
Both a and c are correct because in the graph, as the volume increases (as shown in column A), the pressure decreases (as shown in column B). This relationship between volume and pressure is consistent with Boyle's Law, which states that as the volume of a gas increases, the pressure of the gas decreases, assuming constant temperature. Therefore, both statements a and c accurately describe the relationship between volume and pressure in the given graph.Rate this question:
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Mar 21, 2023Quiz Edited by
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Nov 05, 2008Quiz Created by
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