This Cardiac Muscle Study Questions Bank focuses on the physiological aspects of cardiac muscle functions, particularly action potentials, excitation-contraction coupling, and ion channel dynamics. It assesses key knowledge areas critical for understanding cardiac muscle behavior, vital for medical and healthcare education.
At rest
During the depeolarization phase
During the brief notch repolarization
During the plateau phase
During the repolarization phase
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During the depolarization phase
During the ‘notch’ phase
During the plateau phase
During the repolarization phase
At rest
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Microtubule
Synaptic vesicle
Gap Junction
Sodium Channel
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Inositol triphosphate (IP3)
Protein kinase A
An increase in intracellular calcium concentration
An increase in intracellular sodium concentration
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An increase in K+ conductance
An increase in Na+ conductance
A decrease in Cl- conductance
A decrease in Ca2+ conductance
Simultaneous increases in K+ and Cl- conductances
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Inward K+ current
Inward Na+ current
Inward Ca2+ current
Outward Na+ current
Outward Ca2+ current
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The shallow slope of the AV node pacemaker potentials
Slow action potential conduction velocity of AV nodal cells
Slow action potential conduction velocity along atrial muscle cell membranes
Slow action potential conduction in the Purkinje network of the ventricles
Greater parasympathetic nerve firing to the ventricles than to the atria
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Primarily permeable to Na+
Primarily permeable to Ca2+
Primarily permeable to K+
Primarily permeable to Cl-
Equally permeable to Na+ and K+
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Extracellular calcium is required to initiate contraction
Ca2+ binds to troponin allowing cross-bridge cycling to occur
ATP is required for the removal of Ca2+ from the cytoplasm
All DHP receptors are mechanically coupled to RyR
Primary active Na+/K+ pumps create a concentration gradient that the secondary active Na+/Ca2+ exchanger utilizes to remove Ca2+ from the cytoplasm
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Depolarization of the muscle sarcolemma, Ca2+ influx from RyR, Ca2+ activated Ca2+ release from DHP receptors in the SR, cross-bridge cycling, Ca2+ removal from SR by SERCA, PMCA, and Na/Ca exchanger
Depolarization of the muscle sarcolemma, Ca2+ influx through DHP receptors, Ca2+ activated Ca2+ release from RyR in the SR, cross-bridge cycling, Ca2+ removal from SR by SERCA, PMCA, and Na/Ca exchanger
Depolarization of the muscle sarcolemma, Ca2+ influx through PMCA, Ca2+ activated Ca2+ release from SERCA in the SR, cross-bridge cycling, Ca2+ removal from SR by DHP receptors and RyR
Depolarization of the muscle sarcolemma, cross-bridge cycling, Ca2+ influx through DHP receptors, Ca2+ activated Ca2+ release from RyR in the SR, Ca2+ removal from SR by SERCA, PMCA, and Na/Ca exchanger
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It is primarily permeable to Na+
It is opened by membrane depolarization
It is opened by vagal nerve stimulation
It is primarily permeable to K+
It is closed by norepinephrine
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It is a result of Ca2+ flux out of the cell
It increases in duration as heart rate increases
It corresponds to the effective refractory period
It is the result of approximately equal inward and outward currents
It is the portion of the action potential when another action potential can most easily be elicited
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Cardiac action potentials are much longer in duration
The ions responsible for the depolarizing upstroke is Na+ and Ca2+ in both types of action potentials
Na+ channel inactivation plays a major role in repolarization of neuronal action potentials but not SA nodal action potentials
Slow-activation cardiac action potentials display automaticity while neuronal action potentials do not
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Decreased intracellular Na+ concentration
Increased intracellular K+ concentration
Increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration
Increased Na/glucose cotransport
Increased Na/Ca exchange
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Inactivation of the Na/Ca exchanger
An increase in the intracellular potassium concentration
Hyperpolarization of the membrane potential
An increase in the flow of sodium out of the cell
A decrease in intracellular volume
Upstroke of the action potential in the sinoatrial (SA) node
Upstroke of the action potential in Purkinje fibers
Plateau of the action potential in ventricular muscle
Repolarization of the action potential in ventricular muscle
Repolarization of the action potential in the SA node
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Na/K pump
PMCA
SERCA
DHP Receptor
Na/Ca exchanger
β1-adrenergic receptor
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During the depolarization phase
During the ‘notch’ phase
During the plateau phase
During the repolarization phase
At rest
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They are open during the plateau phase of the action potential
They allow calcium entry that triggers sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release
They are found in the T-tubule membrane
They open in response to depolarization of the membrane
They contribute to the pacemaker potential
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During the depolarization phase
During the ‘notch’ phase
During the plateau phase
During the repolarization phase
At rest
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The plateau phase of the ventricular muscle action potential
The repolarization phase of the skeletal muscle action potential
The upstroke of the smooth muscle action potential
The refractory period of the nerve cell action potential
The end-plate potential of the skeletal muscle fiber
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Cardiac ventricular muscle
Intestinal smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle fibers
Nerve cell bodies
Presynaptic nerve terminals
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