Brain And Behavior Exam 4
The human brain is the most powerful organ in the human body and scientists have unlocked much of its secrets and others haven’t. Most of human behavior can be explained by examining a person`s brain. How much do you understand about the human brain and behavior? Take up the quiz below and get to find out.
Questions and Answers
- 1.
Because the visual system integrates stimuli over time, its performance is relatively
- A.
Fast, at the expense of sensitivity
- B.
Slow but sensitive
- C.
Fast and sensitive
- D.
Sensitive, at the expense of acuity
Correct Answer
B. Slow but sensitiveExplanation
The visual system integrates stimuli over time, which means it takes longer to process information. However, this slower processing allows for a higher level of sensitivity, meaning it can detect and respond to subtle changes or stimuli. This trade-off between speed and sensitivity means that the visual system may not be as quick as other systems, but it is more capable of detecting and analyzing visual information in detail.Rate this question:
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- 2.
The magnocellular versus parvocellular distinction was made first with regard to _______ cells.
- A.
Retinal bipolar
- B.
Retinal ganglion
- C.
Lateral geniculate
- D.
Striate cortex
Correct Answer
C. Lateral geniculateExplanation
The magnocellular versus parvocellular distinction was made first with regard to lateral geniculate cells. The lateral geniculate nucleus is a part of the thalamus that receives input from the retina and relays visual information to the primary visual cortex. The magnocellular cells are larger and respond to low spatial frequencies and high temporal frequencies, while the parvocellular cells are smaller and respond to high spatial frequencies and low temporal frequencies. This distinction in the lateral geniculate nucleus helps in processing different aspects of visual information, such as motion and color.Rate this question:
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- 3.
An on-center/off-surround cells responds most strongly when
- A.
The entire center and surround are illuminated
- B.
A spot of light illuminates part of the center
- C.
The entire center is illuminated
- D.
A spot of light illuminates part of the sorround
Correct Answer
C. The entire center is illuminatedExplanation
An on-center/off-surround cell is a type of receptive field found in the visual system. It is characterized by having a central region that is excited by light and a surrounding region that is inhibited by light. In this case, the correct answer suggests that the cell responds most strongly when the entire center is illuminated. This means that the cell is maximally activated when light is present in the central region and there is no inhibition from the surrounding region.Rate this question:
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- 4.
Which of the following best describes the complete androgen insensitivity phenotype in an XY adult human?
- A.
Testes, uterus, fallopian tubes, labia, breast
- B.
Testes, vas deferens, uterus, fallopian tubes, breast
- C.
Testes, labia, clitoris
- D.
Ovaries, uterus, fallopain tubes, labia, breast
Correct Answer
C. Testes, labia, clitorisExplanation
The correct answer describes the complete androgen insensitivity phenotype in an XY adult human as having testes, labia, and clitoris. This condition occurs when an individual with XY chromosomes is unable to respond to androgens, which are male sex hormones. As a result, the individual's external genitalia develop in a female-like manner, with testes instead of ovaries, and the presence of labia and clitoris.Rate this question:
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- 5.
5-alpha-reductase is necessary for the development of the
- A.
Gonads
- B.
Wolffian ducts in males
- C.
External genitalia in normal males
- D.
Testes
Correct Answer
C. External genitalia in normal malesExplanation
5-alpha-reductase is an enzyme that is necessary for the development of external genitalia in normal males. It converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which is a more potent androgen. DHT is responsible for the masculinization of the external genitalia during fetal development. Without 5-alpha-reductase, the external genitalia may not develop properly, leading to ambiguous or female genitalia in individuals who are genetically male. The enzyme is not directly involved in the development of gonads, Wolffian ducts, or testes.Rate this question:
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- 6.
In the absence of the Sry protein, the indifferent gonad
- A.
Atrophies
- B.
Becomes an ovary
- C.
Becomes a testicle
- D.
Becomes both an ovary and a testicle
Correct Answer
B. Becomes an ovaryExplanation
In the absence of the Sry protein, the indifferent gonad develops into an ovary. The Sry protein is responsible for initiating the development of testes. Without this protein, the default pathway for sexual development is the formation of ovaries.Rate this question:
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- 7.
Leptin inhibits the secretion of ____, which is an endogenous antagonist of melanaocortin receptors.
- A.
Orexin
- B.
Neuropeptide Y
- C.
Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone
- D.
Agouti-related peptide (AgRP)
Correct Answer
D. Agouti-related peptide (AgRP)Explanation
Leptin is a hormone that regulates energy balance by inhibiting appetite. In this context, it inhibits the secretion of agouti-related peptide (AgRP), which is an endogenous antagonist of melanocortin receptors. AgRP is known to stimulate appetite and promote food intake. Therefore, by inhibiting the secretion of AgRP, leptin indirectly reduces appetite and helps regulate energy balance.Rate this question:
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- 8.
A primary tenet of homestasis is
- A.
Repetition
- B.
Redundancy
- C.
Body temperature maintenance
- D.
Water balance
Correct Answer
B. RedundancyExplanation
Redundancy is a primary tenet of homeostasis because it refers to the presence of multiple systems or processes that can perform the same function in the body. This redundancy ensures that even if one system fails or is compromised, there are backup mechanisms in place to maintain stability and balance within the body. This principle is essential for the body to adapt and respond to changes in the internal and external environment, allowing it to maintain a steady state and ensure overall health and well-being.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Extremely dilute urine is symptomatic of
- A.
Diabetes insipidus
- B.
Diabetes mellitus
- C.
Drinking too much seawater
- D.
A salty dinner
Correct Answer
A. Diabetes insipidusExplanation
Extremely dilute urine is a symptom of diabetes insipidus, a condition characterized by the inability of the kidneys to properly concentrate urine. This occurs due to a deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or a resistance to its effects. Diabetes mellitus, on the other hand, is a different condition characterized by high blood sugar levels and is not directly related to the concentration of urine. Drinking too much seawater or having a salty dinner may lead to dehydration and concentrated urine, rather than extremely dilute urine.Rate this question:
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- 10.
Quanta of light that enter the eye are captured by
- A.
Opsin
- B.
Retinal
- C.
Rhodopsin
- D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
C. RhodopsinExplanation
Rhodopsin is a light-sensitive protein found in the retina of the eye. When light enters the eye, it interacts with rhodopsin molecules, causing a chemical change in the retinal portion of the protein. This change triggers a series of events that ultimately leads to the generation of electrical signals, which are then transmitted to the brain for visual processing. Therefore, rhodopsin is responsible for capturing the quanta of light that enter the eye and initiating the process of vision.Rate this question:
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- 11.
A difference between human and cephalopod eyes is that the latter lack
- A.
A lens
- B.
Six pairs of extraocular muscles
- C.
A retina
- D.
A blind spot
Correct Answer
D. A blind spotExplanation
Cephalopod eyes do not have a blind spot, unlike human eyes. A blind spot is an area on the retina where the optic nerve exits the eye, resulting in no light-sensitive cells. This blind spot is absent in cephalopod eyes, allowing them to have a more complete field of vision without any gaps or missing information.Rate this question:
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- 12.
The spatial frequency of a visual stimulus array is equivalent to the
- A.
Predominant wavelenth(s).
- B.
Number of changes in intensity per unit of visual angle
- C.
Number of contours or boundaries across the entire visual space
- D.
Number of discriminable differences within a region of visual space.
Correct Answer
B. Number of changes in intensity per unit of visual angleExplanation
The spatial frequency of a visual stimulus array refers to the number of changes in intensity per unit of visual angle. This means that it measures how rapidly the intensity of the visual stimulus changes as we move our eyes across it. The higher the spatial frequency, the more changes in intensity per unit of visual angle, indicating a more detailed or complex visual stimulus.Rate this question:
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- 13.
Animals born in a rather early stage of bodily development are called
- A.
Altricial
- B.
Ectotherms
- C.
Glabrous
- D.
Precocial
Correct Answer
A. AltricialExplanation
Altricial refers to animals that are born in a relatively undeveloped state and require significant care and nurturing from their parents or caregivers. This term is used to describe species such as birds, rodents, and some mammals, whose young are born hairless, blind, and helpless. These animals rely on their parents for food, protection, and warmth until they are able to fend for themselves.Rate this question:
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- 14.
Development of masculine external genitalia is guranateed by the presence of
- A.
The XY chromosome pattern
- B.
The wolffian duct system
- C.
Secretion of androgens
- D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
D. None of the aboveExplanation
The development of masculine external genitalia is not guaranteed by any of the options given. While the XY chromosome pattern and the secretion of androgens play important roles in the development of male characteristics, they are not the sole factors responsible for the development of masculine external genitalia. The development of external genitalia is influenced by a complex interplay of genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors. The Wolffian duct system, which gives rise to the internal male reproductive organs, is also not solely responsible for the development of external genitalia. Therefore, none of the options provided can guarantee the development of masculine external genitalia.Rate this question:
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- 15.
Administering estrogens as well as androgens can masculinize female rat pups, but normal females are not masculinized by their own estrogen secretion because they have
- A.
The mullerian duct system
- B.
The XX chromosome pattern
- C.
Female gender identify
- D.
A circulating estrogen-binding protein
Correct Answer
D. A circulating estrogen-binding proteinExplanation
Female rat pups are masculinized when administered with both estrogens and androgens. However, normal females are not masculinized by their own estrogen secretion. This is because they have a circulating estrogen-binding protein, which binds to the estrogen and prevents it from masculinizing the female rat pups. This protein acts as a protective mechanism to maintain the normal female characteristics in adult females.Rate this question:
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- 16.
The hormone______ which induces drinking, is vital to the homeostasis of water balance due to hypovolemia
- A.
Corticosterone
- B.
Vasopressin
- C.
Angiotensin II
- D.
Renin
Correct Answer
C. Angiotensin IIExplanation
Angiotensin II is the correct answer because it is a hormone that plays a crucial role in regulating water balance when there is a decrease in blood volume (hypovolemia). Angiotensin II acts on the kidneys to promote water reabsorption, which helps to conserve water and maintain homeostasis. Additionally, it stimulates the release of vasopressin, another hormone involved in regulating water balance and promoting thirst. Corticosterone, renin, and vasopressin are not directly responsible for inducing drinking in response to hypovolemia.Rate this question:
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- 17.
The heat production per unit of body weight is greatest in which of the following animals?
- A.
Rats
- B.
Cats
- C.
Humans
- D.
Elephants
Correct Answer
A. RatsExplanation
Rats have the highest heat production per unit of body weight compared to cats, humans, and elephants. This is because rats have a higher metabolic rate, which means they generate more heat through their metabolic processes. Their small size and high activity levels contribute to their increased heat production. Cats, humans, and elephants have lower metabolic rates and larger body sizes, resulting in lower heat production per unit of body weight.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Injecting PYY (3-36) into rats causes them to
- A.
Eat more
- B.
Eat less.
- C.
Maintain weight
- D.
Become thirsty
Correct Answer
B. Eat less.Explanation
Injecting PYY (3-36) into rats causes them to eat less. PYY (3-36) is a peptide hormone that is released in the intestine after a meal. It signals to the brain that the body is full and suppresses appetite. Therefore, injecting PYY (3-36) into rats would mimic the effects of a full stomach, leading to a decrease in their food intake.Rate this question:
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