Brain And Behavior Exam 3

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| By Ekanye

Ekanye

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Quizzes Created: 16 | Total Attempts: 13,040

| Attempts: 194

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1/74 Questions

What is a fertilized egg?
- Zygote
- Ectoderm
- Neural groove

About This Quiz

These are all questions from the powerpoints from chapter 7,8,9 Good luck!

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2.

Note: A Human embryo will develop three cell layers: What is the outer layer, that becomes the nervous system
- Zygote
- Ectoderm
- Neural groove
Correct Answer

A. Ectoderm

Explanation

The correct answer is Ectoderm. During embryonic development, the outer layer of cells, known as the ectoderm, gives rise to various structures including the nervous system. The ectoderm undergoes further differentiation and forms the neural tube, which eventually develops into the brain and spinal cord. Therefore, the ectoderm is responsible for the formation of the nervous system in a human embryo.

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3.

The ______________ forms between the ridges of the ectoderm
- Neural groove
- Zygote
- Neural tube
Correct Answer

A. Neural groove

Explanation

The neural groove forms between the ridges of the ectoderm during early embryonic development. This groove eventually closes and forms the neural tube, which gives rise to the central nervous system. The zygote refers to the fertilized egg, while the neural groove is the initial structure that precedes the formation of the neural tube. Therefore, the correct answer is neural groove.

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4.

What forms from the neural ridges?
- Neural
- Neural Tube
- Neural groove
Correct Answer

A. Neural Tube

Explanation

The neural tube forms from the neural ridges.

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5.

The anterior part of the neural tube has three subdivisions- *check all that applies*
- Forebrain
- Backbrain
- Midbrain
- Middlebrain
- Hindbrain
Correct Answer(s)

A. Forebrain
A. Midbrain
A. Hindbrain

Explanation

The anterior part of the neural tube is divided into three subdivisions: the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain is responsible for higher cognitive functions, such as thinking and problem-solving. The midbrain is involved in sensory processing and motor control. The hindbrain controls basic functions like breathing and heart rate. Therefore, the correct answer is forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.

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6.

A developing human is called an ___________________ for the first 10 weeks, then a _____________ after
- Fetus, embryo
- Embryo, fetus
- Embryo, ectoderm
- None of the above
Correct Answer

A. Embryo, fetus

Explanation

During the first 10 weeks of development, a developing human is called an embryo. After this period, it is referred to as a fetus.

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7.

Define Neurogenesis
- Cells become distinctive neurons or glial cells
- Cells move to establish distinct population
- Mitosis produces neurons
Correct Answer

A. Mitosis produces neurons

Explanation

Neurogenesis refers to the process of generating new neurons through mitosis, which is the division of cells. During neurogenesis, cells undergo mitosis to produce new neurons, which then become part of the nervous system. This process is essential for the development and maintenance of the brain and plays a crucial role in learning, memory, and overall brain function.

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8.

Define Cell migration
- Mitosis produces neurons
- Cells move to establish distinct populations
- Cells become distinctive neurons or glial cells
Correct Answer

A. Cells move to establish distinct populations

Explanation

Cell migration refers to the process in which cells move from one location to another within an organism. In the given context, it is explained that cells move to establish distinct populations. This means that during development, cells migrate to specific regions or areas in the body where they will form distinct groups or populations. These distinct populations can then differentiate into specific cell types, such as neurons or glial cells, depending on the signals and cues they receive in their new location. Therefore, cell migration plays a crucial role in the establishment of different cell populations and the formation of diverse cell types in the body.

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9.

Define Differentiation
- Cells become distinctive neurons or glial cells
- Cells move to establish distinct populations
- Mitosis produces neurons
Correct Answer

A. Cells become distinctive neurons or glial cells

Explanation

Differentiation refers to the process by which cells become specialized and acquire distinct characteristics. In this context, the correct answer suggests that during differentiation, cells undergo a transformation and develop into either neurons or glial cells, which are two different types of cells in the nervous system. This process is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system as it allows for the specialization and organization of cells into specific roles and functions.

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10.

Define Synaptogenesis
- Mitosis produces neurons
- Establishment of synaptic connections
- Loss or development of synapses, fine tuning
- Selective death of some nerve cells
Correct Answer

A. Establishment of synaptic connections

Explanation

Synaptogenesis refers to the process of the establishment of synaptic connections between neurons. During synaptogenesis, new synapses are formed between neurons, allowing for communication and transmission of signals in the nervous system. This process is crucial for the development and functioning of the brain, as it enables the formation of neural networks and the fine-tuning of connections. Mitosis, on the other hand, is the process of cell division that produces new cells, including neurons, but it is not specifically related to synaptogenesis. The other options, loss or development of synapses and selective death of some nerve cells, are not accurate definitions of synaptogenesis.

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11.

Define Neuronal cell death
- Selective death of some nerve cells
- Establishment of synaptic connections
- Loss or development of synapses, fine tuning
Correct Answer

A. Selective death of some nerve cells

Explanation

Neuronal cell death refers to the process of selective death of some nerve cells. This means that certain neurons undergo programmed cell death, leading to their elimination from the neural network. This process is a normal part of development and also occurs in response to injury or disease. It is important for maintaining the proper functioning and balance of the nervous system. The other options, establishment of synaptic connections and loss or development of synapses, fine-tuning, are not accurate definitions of neuronal cell death.

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12.

Define Synapse rearrangement
- Selective death of some nerve cells
- Loss or development of synapses, fine-tuning
- Establishment of synaptic connections
Correct Answer

A. Loss or development of synapses, fine-tuning

Explanation

Synapse rearrangement refers to the process of both losing and developing synapses, which allows for the fine-tuning of synaptic connections. This means that some synapses may be lost while new ones are formed, resulting in the refinement and optimization of neural circuits. This process is crucial for the establishment of proper synaptic connections and the efficient functioning of the nervous system.

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13.

__________ is the production of nerve cells
- Mitosis
- Ventricular zone
- Neurogenesis
Correct Answer

A. Neurogenesis

Explanation

Neurogenesis refers to the production of new nerve cells. It is a process that occurs in the brain, specifically in the ventricular zone, where neural stem cells divide and differentiate into neurons. Mitosis, on the other hand, is a general cell division process that occurs in various tissues, including nerve cells, but it does not specifically refer to the production of nerve cells. Therefore, neurogenesis is the correct answer as it accurately describes the production of nerve cells.

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14.

Nonneural cells divide through ________ and form the ____________
- Mitosis, ventricular zone
- Ventricular zone, mitosis
- Cell-cell interaction, neurogenesis
- Neurogenesis, cell-cell interaction
Correct Answer

A. Mitosis, ventricular zone

Explanation

Nonneural cells divide through mitosis, which is the process of cell division that results in the formation of two identical daughter cells. The ventricular zone refers to a region in the developing brain where neurogenesis, the process of generating new neurons, takes place. Therefore, the correct answer is mitosis, ventricular zone, as it accurately describes the division of nonneural cells and the formation of new neurons in the ventricular zone through mitosis.

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15.

Cells leave the ventricular zone and become
- Neruons
- Glial cells
- Non neural
- Both A and B are correct
- A B and C are correct
Correct Answer

A. Both A and B are correct

Explanation

Both A and B are correct because cells in the ventricular zone can differentiate into neurons or glial cells. Neurons are the main functional cells of the nervous system, responsible for transmitting signals, while glial cells provide support and protection to neurons. Therefore, depending on the specific developmental signals and cues, cells leaving the ventricular zone have the potential to become either neurons or glial cells.

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16.

True or FalseIn vertebrates, development is shaped by cell-cell interactions, and is less predetermined.
- False
- True
Correct Answer

A. True

Explanation

In vertebrates, development is shaped by cell-cell interactions, meaning that the communication and interactions between different cells play a crucial role in determining the outcome of development. This indicates that development is not entirely predetermined, as it can be influenced and modified by these interactions. Therefore, the statement "True" is the correct answer.

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17.

True or False During cell migration cells do not move away from the ventricular layer?
- False
- True
Correct Answer

A. False

Explanation

During cell migration, cells do move away from the ventricular layer. Cell migration is a process in which cells move from one location to another within an organism. In the context of the question, the ventricular layer refers to a layer of cells lining the ventricles of the brain. During brain development, cells in the ventricular layer undergo migration to different regions of the brain, contributing to the formation of various brain structures. Therefore, the statement that cells do not move away from the ventricular layer during cell migration is false.

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18.

True or False Radial glial cells act as guides for cells to migrate along.
- False
- True
Correct Answer

A. True

Explanation

Radial glial cells are a type of cell found in the developing central nervous system. They serve as a scaffold for migrating cells, providing a physical pathway for them to move along. These glial cells have long processes that extend from the inner to the outer surface of the brain, and migrating cells use these processes as guides to reach their final destinations. Therefore, it is true that radial glial cells act as guides for cells to migrate along.

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19.

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) promote adhesion of parts of the nervous system to guide cells
- True
- False
Correct Answer

A. True

Explanation

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are proteins that play a crucial role in promoting the adhesion of different cells in the nervous system. They help in the formation of connections between neurons, as well as in the guidance of axons during development. CAMs are involved in various processes such as cell migration, synapse formation, and neural circuit formation. Therefore, it is true that CAMs promote adhesion of parts of the nervous system to guide cells.

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20.

When cells reach their destinations they begin to _______ genes to make the proteins they need.
- Activate
- Express
- Depress
- Deactivate
Correct Answer

A. Express

Explanation

When cells reach their destinations, they begin to "express" genes to make the proteins they need. This means that the genes are activated and the information they contain is used to produce the necessary proteins. The process of gene expression involves the transcription of the DNA sequence into RNA, which is then translated into proteins. Therefore, "express" is the correct answer as it accurately describes the activation and utilization of genes by cells.

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21.

True or falseCell differentiation allows a cell to acquire its specific appearance and function
- True
- False
Correct Answer

A. True

Explanation

Cell differentiation is the process by which a cell becomes specialized to perform a specific function. During differentiation, cells undergo changes in gene expression and morphology that allow them to acquire specific features and functions. This process is crucial for the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms, as it ensures that different cells can perform their specific roles in the body. Therefore, the statement that cell differentiation allows a cell to acquire its specific appearance and function is true.

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22.

Independent of other cells and driven by genes, intrinsic organization as seen in vitro
- Neural environment
- Cell-autonomous
Correct Answer

A. Cell-autonomous

Explanation

The term "cell-autonomous" refers to a cell's ability to function independently of other cells and be driven by its own genes. In the context of neural environment, this means that the cell's behavior and organization are determined by its intrinsic properties rather than being influenced by the surrounding neural environment. Therefore, the correct answer suggests that the cell's behavior is independent of other cells and is solely determined by its own genetic makeup and intrinsic organization.

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23.

Cells are affected by the influence of other cells
- Cell-autonomous
- Neural environment
Correct Answer

A. Neural environment

Explanation

The correct answer is "neural environment." This is because the term "cell-autonomous" refers to a cell's ability to function independently and not be influenced by other cells. On the other hand, the phrase "neural environment" suggests that cells are affected by the surrounding neural tissue and the interactions with neighboring cells. Therefore, the influence of other cells on a particular cell's behavior is more accurately described by the concept of the neural environment.

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24.

An injured nerve cell responds in different ways: - destruction of the cell after an injury close to the cell body... (former target cells of that neuron may show transneuronal degeneration)
- Anterograde degeneration
- Retrograde degeneration
- Notochord
- Induction
Correct Answer

A. Retrograde degeneration

Explanation

Retrograde degeneration refers to the degeneration that occurs in the part of a nerve cell that is located distal to the site of injury. In the case of an injured nerve cell, retrograde degeneration would involve the degeneration of the cell processes and structures that are located away from the cell body. This can result in the loss of function in the former target cells of that neuron, which is known as transneuronal degeneration. Therefore, retrograde degeneration is a possible response of an injured nerve cell.

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25.

- or Wallerian degeneration- loss of the distal portion of an axon after an injury to the axon(The axon may regrow, especially in the peripheral nervous system- guided by CAMs)
- Retrograde degeneration
- Anterograde degeneration
- Induction
- Notochord
Correct Answer

A. Anterograde degeneration

Explanation

Anterograde degeneration refers to the degeneration of the distal portion of an axon after an injury to the axon. This means that the part of the axon that is further away from the cell body will degenerate. In contrast, retrograde degeneration refers to the degeneration of the proximal portion of the axon, closer to the cell body. In the given explanation, it is mentioned that Wallerian degeneration is the loss of the distal portion of an axon after an injury, which aligns with the concept of anterograde degeneration. Therefore, the correct answer is anterograde degeneration.

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26.

Cells in the ________ release a protein that directs some cells in the spinal cord to become motoneurons.
- Notochord
- Induction
Correct Answer

A. Notochord

Explanation

The notochord is a structure found in the early development of vertebrate embryos. It releases a protein that plays a crucial role in directing certain cells in the spinal cord to differentiate into motoneurons. Motoneurons are specialized cells responsible for transmitting signals from the central nervous system to muscles, enabling movement. Therefore, the correct answer is notochord.

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27.

___________ is the influence of one set of cells on the fate of nearby cells.
- Induction
- Notochord
Correct Answer

A. Induction

Explanation

Induction refers to the influence of one set of cells on the fate of nearby cells. It is a process where certain cells release signaling molecules that affect the development and differentiation of neighboring cells. This communication between cells plays a crucial role in embryonic development, tissue formation, and organogenesis. Through induction, cells can instruct nearby cells to adopt specific fates and differentiate into specialized cell types, ultimately contributing to the overall organization and function of tissues and organs.

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28.

Cells differentiate into the appropriate cell type for their location _________ is the response to cell injury in development- other cells will develop and take its place
- Regulation
- Process outgrowth
- Stem cells
- Synaptogensis
Correct Answer

A. Regulation

Explanation

Regulation is the correct answer because it refers to the process by which cells differentiate into the appropriate cell type for their location. In response to cell injury during development, other cells will develop and take the place of the injured cell through the regulation of cell differentiation. This ensures that the damaged tissue is repaired and functions properly.

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29.

Cells differentiate into the appropriate cell type for their location. _________ are undifferentiated cells that can assume a new cell fate
- Regulation
- Process outgrowth
- Stem cells
- Synaptogensis
Correct Answer

A. Stem cells

Explanation

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the ability to differentiate into different cell types based on their location and the signals they receive from their environment. They can undergo self-renewal and give rise to specialized cells in order to regenerate and repair tissues in the body. This process of differentiation allows stem cells to assume a new cell fate and become the appropriate cell type for their specific location.

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30.

Brain cells change early in life through: What is the growth of axons and dendrites
- Synaptogensis
- Process outgrowth
Correct Answer

A. Process outgrowth

Explanation

The growth of axons and dendrites refers to the process of outgrowth, where these structures extend and form connections with other neurons. This process is essential for the development and plasticity of the brain, allowing for the formation of new neural networks and the establishment of communication between different regions. Synaptogenesis, on the other hand, refers specifically to the formation of synapses, which is a crucial step in the process of outgrowth. However, the question asks for the general term that encompasses both axonal and dendritic growth, which is process outgrowth.

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31.

Brain cells change early in life through What is the formation of synapses
- Process outgrowth
- Synaptogensis
Correct Answer

A. Synaptogensis

Explanation

Synaptogenesis is the correct answer because it refers to the formation of synapses, which are the connections between brain cells. During early life, brain cells undergo significant changes, including the formation of new synapses. This process is crucial for the development and organization of the brain's neural circuitry, allowing for the transmission of information between neurons. Process outgrowth, on the other hand, is a more general term that does not specifically refer to the formation of synapses.

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32.

True or False Extensions emerge from growth cones at the tips of axons and dendrites
- False
- True
Correct Answer

A. True

Explanation

Extensions, such as axons and dendrites, do indeed emerge from growth cones located at the tips of axons and dendrites. Growth cones are specialized structures that guide the extension of these processes during neural development. They are responsible for sensing and responding to guidance cues in the environment, allowing the axons and dendrites to navigate to their appropriate targets. Therefore, the given answer, "True," is correct.

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33.

Are the fine outgrowths of growth cones
- Filopodia
- Lamellipodia
Correct Answer

A. Filopodia

Explanation

Filopodia are the fine outgrowths of growth cones. Filopodia are thin, finger-like extensions that protrude from the tips of growth cones. They are responsible for exploring the environment and guiding the growth of axons during neural development. Filopodia contain actin filaments, which provide structural support and enable them to extend and retract. They play a crucial role in axon guidance and establishing connections between neurons.

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34.

Are sheetlike extensions
- Filopodia
- Lamellipodia
Correct Answer

A. Lamellipodia

Explanation

Lamellipodia are sheetlike extensions that are responsible for cell movement. They are thin, flat protrusions from the leading edge of a migrating cell and play a crucial role in cell migration and tissue formation. Lamellipodia are composed of a network of actin filaments that push against the cell membrane, causing the extension of the cell's leading edge. Filopodia, on the other hand, are thin, finger-like extensions that are involved in cell adhesion and sensing the environment. Therefore, the correct answer is lamellipodia.

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35.

True or false Filopodia and lamellipoidia adhere to the environment and pull the growth cone in a particular direction.
- True
- False
Correct Answer

A. True

Explanation

Filopodia and lamellipodia are structures found in the growth cone of developing neurons. They are responsible for exploring the environment and guiding the growth of the neuron. These structures adhere to the surrounding environment and exert pulling forces, which help direct the growth cone in a specific direction. Therefore, the statement that filopodia and lamellipodia adhere to the environment and pull the growth cone in a particular direction is true.

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36.

*Axons are guided by chemicals released by the target cells* _______ are chemical signals that attract certain growth cones
- Chemorepellents
- Chemoattractants
Correct Answer

A. Chemoattractants

Explanation

Chemorepellents are chemical signals that repel or discourage the growth cones of axons, while chemoattractants are chemical signals that attract or encourage the growth cones of axons. Since the question states that axons are guided by chemicals released by the target cells, it implies that the target cells release chemical signals that attract the growth cones of axons. Therefore, the correct answer is chemoattractants.

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37.

_____________ repel growth cones
- Chemorepellents
- Chemoattractants
Correct Answer

A. Chemorepellents

Explanation

Chemorepellents are substances that repel growth cones. Growth cones are specialized structures found at the tips of growing axons or dendrites in developing neurons. They navigate through the surrounding environment to establish connections with their target cells. Chemorepellents act as guidance cues, guiding growth cones away from certain areas or repelling them from specific molecules. This helps to ensure proper wiring and connectivity in the developing nervous system. In contrast, chemoattractants attract growth cones towards certain molecules or areas, promoting axonal or dendritic growth in specific directions.

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38.

True or FalseSynapses form rapidly on dendrites and dendritic spines
- True
- False
Correct Answer

A. True

Explanation

Synapses are the connections between neurons that allow for communication in the brain. Dendrites are the branches of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons. Dendritic spines are small protrusions on the dendrites where synapses can form. Synapses are known to form rapidly on dendrites and dendritic spines, allowing for quick and efficient communication between neurons. Therefore, the statement that synapses form rapidly on dendrites and dendritic spines is true.

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39.

Spines proliferate after birth, and connections are affected by experience
- True
- False
Correct Answer

A. True

Explanation

Spines proliferate after birth means that new spines are formed in the brain after a person is born. This indicates that the brain has the ability to create new connections or synapses. The statement also mentions that connections are affected by experience, which means that the connections between neurons can be strengthened or weakened based on the individual's experiences and interactions with the environment. Therefore, the correct answer is true, as it accurately reflects the process of spine proliferation and the impact of experience on connections in the brain.

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40.

True or Falsethe nerve cell body increases in volume to support the dendritic tree
- True
- False
Correct Answer

A. True

Explanation

The nerve cell body, also known as the soma or the perikaryon, is the main part of a neuron that contains the nucleus and other organelles. It plays a crucial role in the functioning of the neuron. As the dendritic tree is responsible for receiving signals from other neurons, it requires support from the nerve cell body. Therefore, the nerve cell body increases in volume to provide the necessary support for the dendritic tree.

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41.

What is a normal part of development
- Cell death
- Apoptosis
- Both A and B
- None of the above
Correct Answer

A. Both A and B

Explanation

Both cell death and apoptosis are normal parts of development. Cell death is a natural process that occurs during development to eliminate excess or unnecessary cells. Apoptosis, on the other hand, is a specific type of cell death that is programmed and controlled by the body to remove damaged or infected cells. Therefore, both A (cell death) and B (apoptosis) are correct answers as they are normal processes that occur during development.

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42.

Cells have _______________ that are expressed only during apoptosis
- Cell death
- Death genes
- Caspases
Correct Answer

A. Death genes

Explanation

During apoptosis, cells undergo programmed cell death, which is regulated by a group of genes known as death genes. These genes are responsible for initiating and controlling the process of apoptosis. They play a crucial role in activating caspases, which are enzymes that carry out the destruction of the cell. Therefore, death genes are specifically expressed during apoptosis to ensure the orderly and controlled dismantling of the cell.

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43.

________ are a family of proteases that cut up proteins and DNA.
- Death genes
- Caspases
- Death genes
- Diablo
Correct Answer

A. Caspases

Explanation

Caspases are a family of proteases that play a crucial role in apoptosis, which is a programmed cell death process. They are responsible for cutting up proteins and DNA, leading to the dismantling and removal of cellular components. Caspases are activated in response to various signals, such as DNA damage or cellular stress, and their activation triggers a cascade of events that ultimately result in cell death. Therefore, caspases are the correct answer as they are directly involved in the process of cutting up proteins and DNA during apoptosis.

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44.

Apoptosis starts with a ______________ influx that causes mitochondria to release a protein, Diablo
- Potassium
- Chloride
- Calcium
- Sodium
Correct Answer

A. Calcium

Explanation

Apoptosis, also known as programmed cell death, is a tightly regulated process in which cells undergo self-destruction. It begins with a calcium influx, which triggers a series of events leading to cell death. This calcium influx causes mitochondria, the powerhouses of the cell, to release a protein called Diablo. Diablo then helps to activate a cascade of molecular events that ultimately result in the dismantling and removal of the dying cell. Therefore, calcium is the correct answer as it initiates the apoptotic pathway by causing the release of Diablo from the mitochondria.

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45.

True or False Diablo binds to inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) which normally inhibit the caspases.
- False
- True
Correct Answer

A. True

Explanation

Diablo is a protein that binds to inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) and prevents them from inhibiting caspases. This allows caspases to function normally and initiate apoptosis, the process of programmed cell death. Therefore, the statement "True" accurately describes the interaction between Diablo and IAPs in inhibiting caspases.

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46.

True or FalseWithout IAP inhibition, the caspases are able to dismantle the cell.
- True
- False
Correct Answer

A. True

Explanation

Without IAP inhibition, the caspases are able to dismantle the cell. This means that in the absence of IAP inhibition, caspases are not regulated and can carry out their function of breaking down cellular components, leading to cell death. IAPs (inhibitor of apoptosis proteins) are natural inhibitors of caspases, and their inhibition allows caspases to carry out their pro-apoptotic function. Therefore, the statement "True" indicates that without IAP inhibition, caspases can dismantle the cell.

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47.

True or False Bcl-2 proteins block apoptosis by preventing the release of Diablo.
- True
- False
Correct Answer

A. True

Explanation

Bcl-2 proteins are known to block apoptosis, a process of programmed cell death. They do so by preventing the release of Diablo, a protein that promotes apoptosis. Therefore, the statement that Bcl-2 proteins block apoptosis by preventing the release of Diablo is true.

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48.

Several factors influence cell death in the nervous system.If the size of the synaptic target is reduced, fewer neurons survive. Neurons compete for chemicals the target cells make, calledneurotrophic factors without enough they die
- False
- True
Correct Answer

A. True

Explanation

The given statement is true. Several factors, including the size of the synaptic target and the availability of neurotrophic factors, can influence cell death in the nervous system. If the size of the synaptic target is reduced, fewer neurons will survive. Additionally, neurons compete for neurotrophic factors, and without enough of these chemicals produced by target cells, neurons can die. Therefore, the statement is true.

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49.

________ is produced by targets and taken up by the axons of innervating neurons, keeping them alive.
- Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
- Nerve growth factor (NGF)
Correct Answer

A. Nerve growth factor (NGF)

Explanation

Nerve growth factor (NGF) is produced by targets and taken up by the axons of innervating neurons, keeping them alive. NGF is a neurotrophic factor that plays a crucial role in the development and survival of neurons. It promotes the growth and differentiation of nerve cells, ensuring their survival and maintenance. This process is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is also a neurotrophic factor, but it has different functions and is not specifically involved in the survival of innervating neurons.

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Mar 10, 2010

Quiz Created by
Ekanye

Brain And Behavior Exam 3

What is a fertilized egg?

Quiz Preview

Note: A Human embryo will develop three cell layers: What is the outer layer, that becomes the nervous system

The ______________ forms between the ridges of the ectoderm

What forms from the neural ridges?

The anterior part of the neural tube has three subdivisions- *check all that applies*

A developing human is called an ___________________ for the first 10 weeks, then a _____________ after

Define Neurogenesis

Define Cell migration

Define Differentiation

Define Synaptogenesis

Define Neuronal cell death

Define Synapse rearrangement

__________ is the production of nerve cells

Nonneural cells divide through ________ and form the ____________

Cells leave the ventricular zone and become

True or FalseIn vertebrates, development is shaped by cell-cell interactions, and is less predetermined.

True or False During cell migration cells do not move away from the ventricular layer?

True or False Radial glial cells act as guides for cells to migrate along.

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) promote adhesion of parts of the nervous system to guide cells

When cells reach their destinations they begin to _______ genes to make the proteins they need.

True or falseCell differentiation allows a cell to acquire its specific appearance and function

Independent of other cells and driven by genes, intrinsic organization as seen in vitro

Cells are affected by the influence of other cells

An injured nerve cell responds in different ways: - destruction of the cell after an injury close to the cell body... (former target cells of that neuron may show transneuronal degeneration)

- or Wallerian degeneration- loss of the distal portion of an axon after an injury to the axon(The axon may regrow, especially in the peripheral nervous system- guided by CAMs)

Cells in the ________ release a protein that directs some cells in the spinal cord to become motoneurons.

___________ is the influence of one set of cells on the fate of nearby cells.

Cells differentiate into the appropriate cell type for their location _________ is the response to cell injury in development- other cells will develop and take its place

Cells differentiate into the appropriate cell type for their location. _________ are undifferentiated cells that can assume a new cell fate

Brain cells change early in life through: What is the growth of axons and dendrites

Brain cells change early in life through What is the formation of synapses

True or False Extensions emerge from growth cones at the tips of axons and dendrites

Are the fine outgrowths of growth cones

Are sheetlike extensions

True or false Filopodia and lamellipoidia adhere to the environment and pull the growth cone in a particular direction.

*Axons are guided by chemicals released by the target cells* _______ are chemical signals that attract certain growth cones

_____________ repel growth cones

True or FalseSynapses form rapidly on dendrites and dendritic spines

Spines proliferate after birth, and connections are affected by experience

True or Falsethe nerve cell body increases in volume to support the dendritic tree

What is a normal part of development

Cells have _______________ that are expressed only during apoptosis

________ are a family of proteases that cut up proteins and DNA.

Apoptosis starts with a ______________ influx that causes mitochondria to release a protein, Diablo

True or False Diablo binds to inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) which normally inhibit the caspases.

True or FalseWithout IAP inhibition, the caspases are able to dismantle the cell.

True or False Bcl-2 proteins block apoptosis by preventing the release of Diablo.

Several factors influence cell death in the nervous system.If the size of the synaptic target is reduced, fewer neurons survive. Neurons compete for chemicals the target cells make, calledneurotrophic factors without enough they die

________ is produced by targets and taken up by the axons of innervating neurons, keeping them alive.

The anterior part of the neural tube has three subdivisions- check all that applies

A developing human is called an _______ for the first 10 weeks, then a _ after

Nonneural cells divide through and form the ____

Axons are guided by chemicals released by the target cells _______ are chemical signals that attract certain growth cones