Neuroscience Test 1 Review

The occipital lobe is responsible for processing visual information. It receives and interprets signals from the eyes, allowing us to perceive and understand the world around us. This includes recognizing shapes, colors, and patterns, as well as perceiving motion and depth. The occipital lobe plays a crucial role in our ability to see and understand visual stimuli.

The cerebellum is involved in coordinating movements. It receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain to regulate and fine-tune motor activities. It helps in maintaining balance, posture, and coordination of voluntary movements.

The central sulcus runs perpendicular to the lateral sulcus on the lateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere, separating the frontal and parietal lobes.

GABA usually causes fast IPSPs in the brain while glycine does the same in the spinal cord.

The primary somatosensory cortex is responsible for processing sensory information related to touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. It is located in the parietal lobe of the brain. This region receives input from sensory receptors throughout the body and allows us to perceive and interpret sensations from different parts of our body.

The thalamus serves as a switchboard for information going to the cerebral hemispheres. It decides which information needs to be sent to which cerebral areas.

Oligodendrocytes myelinate axons in the CNS while Schwann cells do it in the PNS. Remember oligodendrocytes can myelinate multiple axons while Schwann cells can only myelinate one axon.

The primary motor cortex is located on the precentral gyrus adjacent to the premotor area.

During depolarization voltage-gated sodium channels open and allow sodium to rush into the cell. This leads to a spike in membrane potential.

Depolarization of the membrane of the presynaptic axonal terminal leads to opening of voltage-gated calcium channels. This influx of calcium into the neuron terminal, combined with the release of calcium from intracellular stores, triggers the movement of synaptic vesicles toward a release site in the membrane. Synaptic vesicles fuse with the membrane and release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.

The postcentral gyrus is located in the parietal lobe. This region of the brain is responsible for processing sensory information from the body, including touch, pain, and temperature. It is also involved in spatial awareness and body perception.

The limbic lobe is responsible for the formation of memories. It plays a crucial role in the encoding, storage, and retrieval of memories. This function is supported by structures within the limbic lobe, such as the hippocampus and amygdala, which are involved in memory consolidation and emotional processing.

Cerebrospinal fluid flows from the 3rd ventricle, through the midbrain via the cerebral aqueduct, and into the 4th ventricle.

The diencephalon develops from the posterior prosencephalon and will become the thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland.

The larger the diameter of the axon, the faster the conduction velocity will be. Myelination also increases conduction velocity. Therefore, a large, myelinated axon would have the fastest conduction velocity.

Following the spike in depolarization, voltage-gated potassium channels open. This allows potassium to escape from the cell carrying positive charge with it. This brings the membrane potential back toward resting levels.

After the peak of depolarization, the sodium channels become inactivated. This prevents action potential from propagating in the reverse direction. This is the absolute refractory period.

While ependymal cells line the ventricles and form the blood-CSF barrier, which is a part of the blood-brain barrier. Astrocytes play a major role in making up the remainder of the blood-brain barrier.

Neurons form in the ventricular zone adjacent to the lumen of the neural tube. They then travel along radial glial cells, which are present only during development, toward the outside surface of the brain. This requires each successive generation of neurons to travel a longer and longer distance to their final location and means that the most mature neurons are closest to the ventricles and the youngest neurons are closest to the surface of the brain.

The inferior boundary of the frontal lobe is the lateral sulcus. The lateral sulcus, also known as the Sylvian fissure, separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe. It is one of the major landmarks in the brain and plays a crucial role in separating different functional regions.

Opening a chloride channel will allow negatively charged chloride ions to flow into the cell, making the inside more negative.

Cerebrospinal fluid is reabsorbed into the blood of the dural venous sinuses via the arachnoid granulations.

The prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon are the first three bulges to form. The prosencephalon and rhombencephalon will later divide again to form the 5 secondary vesicles/bulges.

The calcarine sulcus is the structure that divides the occipital lobe into superior and inferior parts.

The middle cerebral artery supplies blood to the lateral portion of the cerebral hemisphere. This is an area where most of the primary motor cortex and primary somatosensory cortex is located. As a result, the loss of blood flow though this artery would cause major sensory and motor deficits. However, there may be some sparing of motor usage and sensation in the lower extremity because most of this area of the primary motor cortex and primary somatosensory cortex is supplied by the anterior cerebral artery.

The superior sagittal, straight, and occipital sinuses all drain blood into the confluence of sinuses. Blood then leaves the confluence of sinuses through the two transverse sinuses.

A single cation channel opens allowing sodium ions to flow into the cell and potassium ions to flow out simultaneously. Since the flow of sodium is much greater, more positive charges will enter the cell and it will become depolarized.