Blood Urea Nitrogen, Blood Uric Acid, Creatinine

Gout is a type of arthritis caused by the buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints. These crystals form when there is an excess of uric acid in the blood, which can occur due to various factors such as diet, genetics, and certain medical conditions. The presence of birefringent crystals in synovial fluid is a characteristic finding in gout. Birefringence refers to the ability of a substance to split a light beam into two separate beams, which is seen when polarized light is passed through the synovial fluid sample. This finding confirms the diagnosis of gout.

Fasting is not required for creatinine analysis. Creatinine is a waste product produced by muscles and excreted by the kidneys. It is used as a marker for kidney function. Fasting does not affect the levels of creatinine in the blood or urine. Therefore, it is not necessary to fast before undergoing a creatinine analysis.

Creatinine is a waste product that is produced in the body during the breakdown of creatine, a compound found in muscle tissue. It is formed from three amino acids - methionine, arginine, and lysine. Xanthine, on the other hand, is not involved in the production of creatinine. Therefore, xanthine is the correct answer as it is not one of the amino acids that contribute to creatinine synthesis.

Azotemia refers to the increase in nitrogenous substances like urea and creatinine in the blood. This condition occurs when the kidneys are unable to effectively filter waste products from the blood. Elevated levels of urea and creatinine indicate impaired kidney function, which can be caused by various factors such as kidney disease, dehydration, or certain medications. Azotemia can lead to symptoms like fatigue, nausea, and decreased urine output. It is important to diagnose and treat azotemia promptly to prevent further kidney damage and complications.

The normal values of blood uric acid for males using the uricase method are 3.5-7.2 mg/dL. This range indicates the typical levels of uric acid in the blood for males. It is important to note that these values may vary slightly depending on the laboratory and the specific method used for measurement. Uric acid levels outside of this range may indicate certain medical conditions such as gout or kidney disease.

Urease is an enzyme that is commonly prepared from Jack beans. Jack beans, also known as Canavalia ensiformis, contain a high concentration of urease. This enzyme is responsible for catalyzing the hydrolysis of urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. Jack beans are a rich source of urease and have been extensively used in scientific research and industrial applications. Soy beans, string beans, and jelly beans do not contain significant amounts of urease and are not commonly used for its preparation.

Jaffe reagent is a chemical solution used in clinical laboratories to detect the presence of creatinine in urine samples. Creatinine reacts with Jaffe reagent to form a colored complex, which can be measured spectrophotometrically. The correct answer is 10% Sodium hydroxide and Saturated Picric acid because this combination of chemicals is specifically designed to react with creatinine and produce a stable and measurable color change. The other options either do not contain the necessary chemicals or are not in the correct concentrations to effectively detect creatinine.

Creatinine clearance is used to assess glomerular filtration. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a measure of how well the kidneys are functioning in filtering waste products from the blood. Creatinine clearance is a test that measures the amount of creatinine, a waste product of muscle metabolism, that is cleared from the blood by the kidneys. It is considered to be the best estimate of GFR and is commonly used to assess kidney function. BUN (blood urea nitrogen) is a measure of the amount of urea nitrogen in the blood and can be influenced by factors other than kidney function. PSP (prostate-specific antigen) is a protein produced by the prostate gland and is not used to assess kidney function. Urine protein is a test to detect protein in the urine, which can indicate kidney damage, but it is not a direct measure of GFR.

Uric acid is the final breakdown product of nucleic acid catabolism and is formed from xanthine by the action of enzymes in the liver and intestine. It exists as disodium urate and is considered a strong acid. This means that it can easily donate a proton (H+) in a solution, making it acidic. The presence of disodium urate in the blood can lead to conditions like gout, where uric acid crystals accumulate in the joints, causing inflammation and pain.

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Creatinine is a waste product produced by the muscles and filtered out of the blood by the kidneys. It is most commonly used to monitor renal function because it is a good indicator of how well the kidneys are functioning. However, creatinine is not easily removed by dialysis, which is a treatment used for individuals with kidney failure. Additionally, creatinine is not an index of overall renal function, as there are other factors that need to be considered. Instead, it is reused in the body's metabolism, where it is broken down and eliminated through urine.

The Direct Jaffe method is a commonly used method to measure creatinine levels in the blood. This method relies on the reaction between creatinine and picric acid to form a colored complex. However, certain substances can interfere with this reaction and lead to inaccurate results. Increased levels of ascorbic acid, glucose, and uric acid are known to interfere with the Direct Jaffe method. Ascorbic acid can reduce picric acid, while glucose and uric acid can react with picric acid to form colored products. On the other hand, increased levels of vitamin D do not interfere with the Direct Jaffe method.

Urinary urea measurements may be used for nitrogen balance monitoring. This means that by measuring the amount of urea in the urine, one can determine if the body is in a state of nitrogen balance, meaning that the amount of nitrogen consumed is equal to the amount excreted. This information is useful in assessing the nutritional status of individuals, particularly those with certain medical conditions or undergoing specific treatments.

Isotope dilution mass spectrometry is a reference method for determining BUN (blood urea nitrogen) levels. This method involves adding a known amount of a stable isotope-labeled urea to the sample, which is then analyzed using mass spectrometry. By comparing the ratio of the labeled urea to the unlabeled urea, the BUN concentration can be accurately determined. This method is considered highly accurate and reliable for BUN measurement.

Blood urea nitrogen is the major end product of protein (muscle) and amino acid metabolism. When proteins and amino acids are broken down in the body, one of the byproducts is ammonia. The liver then converts this ammonia into urea, which is transported through the bloodstream to the kidneys for excretion. Elevated levels of blood urea nitrogen can indicate problems with kidney function or dehydration. It is not the first metabolite to elevate in kidney diseases, and it is not a better indicator of nitrogen intake and state of hydration.

The Diacetyle Monoxime method is a technique used to measure blood urea nitrogen levels. In this method, diacetyl monoxime reacts with urea to form a yellow colored solution. By measuring the intensity of the yellow color, the concentration of urea in the blood can be determined. This method is commonly used in clinical laboratories to assess kidney function and diagnose conditions such as kidney disease or dehydration.

The correct answer is "decrease in UV absorption at 293 nm." The uricase method for uric acid assay relies on measuring the decrease in UV absorption at a specific wavelength (293 nm). Uricase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of uric acid to allantoin, resulting in a decrease in the concentration of uric acid in the sample. This decrease in uric acid concentration leads to a decrease in UV absorption at 293 nm, which can be measured to determine the amount of uric acid present in the sample.

Gray top blood collection tubes are not used for creatinine analysis. The other three options (Red top, Yellow top, and Gold top) are commonly used for collecting blood samples for creatinine analysis. Gray top tubes are typically used for collecting blood samples for glucose analysis.

Potassium oxalate is not a major interference for blood uric acid levels. Potassium oxalate is commonly used as an anticoagulant in blood collection tubes, but it does not interfere with the measurement of blood uric acid. Ascorbate, bilirubin, and hemoglobin, on the other hand, can interfere with the measurement of blood uric acid levels. Ascorbate can falsely lower the uric acid levels, while bilirubin and hemoglobin can falsely elevate the uric acid levels. Therefore, the correct answer is potassium oxalate.

Blood ammonia levels are usually measured to evaluate acid-base status. Ammonia is a waste product that is produced by the breakdown of proteins in the body. In a healthy individual, the liver converts ammonia into urea, which is then excreted by the kidneys. However, if there is a disruption in the liver's ability to convert ammonia, such as in cases of liver disease or liver failure, ammonia levels in the blood can rise. This can lead to an imbalance in the body's acid-base status, as ammonia is alkaline in nature. Therefore, measuring blood ammonia levels can help assess the acid-base balance in the body.