Block 9 Pharm Cholinergic W Exp Prt 1

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  • 1/15 Questions

    This drug is able to regenerate cholinesterases blocked by organophosphates

    • Acetylcholine
    • Bethanechol
    • Carbachol
    • Donepezil
    • Edrophonium
    • Muscarine
    • Neostigmine
    • Parathion
    • Pilocarpine
    • Pralidoxime
    • Physostigmine
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Block 9 Pharm Cholinergic W Exp Prt 1 - Quiz
About This Quiz

This quiz titled 'Block 9 Pharm Cholinergic w exp prt 1' tests knowledge on cholinergic drugs, focusing on their mechanisms, effects, and specific applications. It assesses understanding of drug interactions with cholinesterases and receptor types, crucial for medical and pharmacological education.

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  • 2. 

    Which of the following statements correctly pairs the effect of acetylcholine with the activation of the appropriate cholinergic receptor?

    • Contraction of the ciliary muscle - M1

    • Decreased A-V conduction - Nm

    • Peripheral vasodilation - Nn

    • Bronchoconstriction - M1

    • Increased firing from ganglionic neurons - Nn

    Correct Answer
    A. Increased firing from ganglionic neurons - Nn
    Explanation
    Answer: E
    Activation of Nn receptors on the cell membrane of ganglionic neurons causes a stimulation of the
    neuron and therefore an increased firing from that neuron.
    A, C, D) The receptors that mediate this effect are mainly M3
    B) The receptors that mediate this effect are mainly M2

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  • 3. 
    The following table shows the effects of some autonomic drugs on the eye when they are administered locally in the conjunctival sac. Examine the table and identify which one of the drugs A, B, C, D, E, is most likely to be physostigmine. (+ = increased ; - = decreased ; 0 = negligible effect) - ProProfs

    The following table shows the effects of some autonomic drugs on the eye when they are administered locally in the conjunctival sac. Examine the table and identify which one of the drugs A, B, C, D, E, is most likely to be physostigmine. (+ = increased ; - = decreased ; 0 = negligible effect)

    • A

    • B

    • C

    • D

    • E

    Correct Answer
    A. B
    Explanation
    Answer: B
    Physostigmine is a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor which increases the amount ov acetylcholine
    in the synaptic cleft. Acetylcholine-induced activation of M3 receptors causes contraction of the
    sphincter muscle of iris ( so decreasing pupillary diameter) and contraction of the ciliary muscle
    (so increasing lens curvature and). Ocular pressure is decreased because the contraction of the
    ciliary muscle opens the pores of the trabecular meshwork, so facilitating the outflow of the
    aqueous humor into the Schlemm’s canal
    A) These effects would be caused by an alpha-2 agonist, like apraclonidine.
    C) These effects would be caused by a beta-blocker like timolol.
    D) These effects would be caused by epinephrine.
    E) These effects would be caused by an antimuscarinic drug, like scopolamine.

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  • 4. 

    Inhibition of cholinesterases by this drug is very short (2-10 minutes)

    • Acetylcholine

    • Bethanechol

    • Carbachol

    • Donepezil

    • Edrophonium

    • Muscarine

    • Neostigmine

    • Parathion

    • Pilocarpine

    • Pralidoxime

    • Physostigmine

    Correct Answer
    A. Edrophonium
    Explanation
    Edrophonium is a drug that inhibits cholinesterases. Cholinesterases are enzymes that break down acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter involved in muscle contraction and other physiological processes. The short duration of inhibition of cholinesterases by edrophonium (2-10 minutes) suggests that its effects are temporary and quickly reversible. This can be useful in certain medical situations, such as diagnosing myasthenia gravis, a neuromuscular disorder. By blocking the breakdown of acetylcholine, edrophonium can temporarily improve muscle strength in individuals with myasthenia gravis.

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  • 5. 

    Which of the following is the most likely effect of muscarinic agonists upon the gastrointestinal system?

    • Decreased pepsinogen secretion

    • Increased tone of pylorus sphincter

    • Relaxation of the external anal sphincter

    • Contraction of the lower esophageal sphincter

    • Decreased intestinal peristalsis

    Correct Answer
    A. Contraction of the lower esophageal sphincter
    Explanation
    Answer: D
    Activation of M3 receptors by muscarinic agonists contracts the lower esophageal sphincter. This
    sphincter normally remains tonically constricted, so preventing the reflux of stomach content into
    the esophagus, but can be relaxed by several causes including antimuscarinic drugs
    A) Activation of M3 receptors in the peptic cells of the stomach actually increases pepsinogen
    secretion.
    B) The tone of all sphincters (except the lower esophageal sphincter) of gastrointestinal tract is
    decreased, not increased, by parasympathetic activation.
    C) The external anal sphincter is composed of a striated voluntary muscle and therefore not
    sensitive to parasympathetic activation.
    E) Activation of M3 receptors by muscarinic agonists actually increases intestinal peristalsis.

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  • 6. 

    This drug can inhibit cholinesterases in the periphery but not in the CNS

    • Acetylcholine

    • Bethanechol

    • Carbachol

    • Donepezil

    • Edrophonium

    • Muscarine

    • Neostigmine

    • Parathion

    • Pilocarpine

    • Pralidoxime

    • Physostigmine

    Correct Answer
    A. Neostigmine
    Explanation
    Neostigmine is the correct answer because it is a drug that inhibits cholinesterases in the periphery but not in the central nervous system (CNS). Cholinesterases are enzymes that break down acetylcholine, and by inhibiting them, neostigmine increases the levels of acetylcholine in the periphery. This can be beneficial in certain medical conditions where increased cholinergic activity is desired, such as in the treatment of myasthenia gravis or for reversing the effects of neuromuscular blocking agents. However, neostigmine does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier, so it has limited effects on cholinesterases in the CNS.

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  • 7. 

    Which of the following statements correctly pairs the acetylcholine effect with the postreceptor mechanism that mediates the effect?

    • Decreased rhythmicity of SA node - opening of ligand-gated Na+ channels

    • Increased intestinal peristalsis - release of NO

    • Decreased force of myocardial contraction -increased cAMP

    • Bronchoconstriction - increased IP3 and DAG

    • Miosis - decrease in IP3 and DAG

    Correct Answer
    A. Bronchoconstriction - increased IP3 and DAG
    Explanation
    Answer: D
    Bronchoconstriction is due to activation of M3 receptors. M3 receptors are mainly excitatory and
    their activation increases the synthesis of IP3 and DAG. IP3 diffuses into cytoplasm ad releases
    stored Ca++ which triggers smooth muscle contraction.
    A) Decreased rhythmicity of SA node is due to the activation of M2 receptors. The postreceptor
    mechanism triggered by this activation is the opening of ligand-gated K+ , not Na+, channels.
    B) Increased intestinal peristalsis is due to activation of M3 receptors. M3 receptor activation in
    endothelial cells, not in intestinal smooth muscle cells, releases NO.
    C) All cholinergic actions in the heart muscle are mediated by the activation of M2 receptors. The
    postreceptor mechanism triggered by this activation is the opening of ligand-gated K+
    E) Miosis is due to contraction of the sphincter muscle of iris. The receptors involved are M3 and
    the postreceptor mechanism is an increase, not a decrease ,of IP3 and DAG.

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  • 8. 

    Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of muscarinic agonists?

    • Urinary retention

    • Xerostomia

    • Cough

    • Constipation

    • Difficulty in near vision

    Correct Answer
    A. Cough
    Explanation
    Answer: C
    Muscarinic agonists cause bronchoconstriction and mucus secretion by activating M3 receptors in
    the bronchial tree. Both effects are powerful stimuli for cough which often occurs after
    administration of a muscarinic agonist.
    A, B, D, E) Actually muscarinic agonists tend to cause effects opposite to those listed.

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  • 9. 

    Physostigmine can most effectively counteract which of the following drug-induced effects?

    • Atropine-induced hallucinations

    • Epinephrine-induced increase in blood pressure

    • Prazosin-induced decrease in blood pressure

    • Neostigmine-induced fasciculations

    • Nicotine-induced tachycardia

    Correct Answer
    A. Atropine-induced hallucinations
    Explanation
    Answer: A
    Physostigmine increases the availability of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft of cholinergic
    terminals. Atropine and acetylcholine compete each other for the occupancy of muscarinic
    receptors and physostigmine can also counteract the central symptoms of atropine overdose,
    since it can enter the brain.
    B) Physostigmine can decrease the blood pressure (even if this effect is not pronounced) by
    inducing vasodilation and decrease of cardiac output, whereas epinephrine increases the blood
    pressure by opposite effect. The two drugs can antagonize each other but they act on different
    receptors and therefore the antagonism is functional (also called physiological) , not
    pharmacological. A pharmacological antagonism is more effective than a physiological antagonism
    in most cases.
    C, D, E) All these effect are actually enhanced, not antagonized, by physostigmine.

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  • 10. 

    Which of the following cholinergic drugs given IV can cause signs of cholinergic activation in the CNS?

    • Acetylcholine

    • Carbachol

    • Bethanechol

    • Neostigmine

    • Physostigmine

    Correct Answer
    A. Physostigmine
    Explanation
    Answer: E
    Physostigmine is an anticholinesterase agent that can cross easily the blood brain barrier, and so
    can cause signs of cholinergic activation in the CNS.
    A, B, C, D) All these cholinergic drugs are mainly water soluble and their crossing of blood brain
    barrier is negligible.

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  • 11. 

    Which of the following effects of neostigmine is due only to the indirect activation of nicotinic receptors?

    • Miosis

    • Cyclospasm

    • Increased epinephrine release from adrenal glands

    • Increased secretion of sweat glands

    • Bronchoconstriction

    • Bradycardia

    Correct Answer
    A. Increased epinephrine release from adrenal glands
    Explanation
    Answer: C
    Neostigmine inhibits cholinesterase enzymes so increasing the availability of acetylcholine in the
    synaptic cleft. This causes both muscarinic and nicotinic effects. Acetylcholine induced activation
    of Mn receptors in the adrenal medulla causes increased release of epinephrine.
    A, B, D, E, F) All these effects are caused by the neostigmine-induced indirect activation of both
    muscarinic and Nn receptors.

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  • 12. 
    In the figure below, curve C depicts the log dose-response curve for carbachol on contraction of nonvascular smooth muscle. Which of the curves best depicts the log dose-response curve for acetylcholine in the presence of a fixed and large dose of bethanechol? - ProProfs

    In the figure below, curve C depicts the log dose-response curve for carbachol on contraction of nonvascular smooth muscle. Which of the curves best depicts the log dose-response curve for acetylcholine in the presence of a fixed and large dose of bethanechol?

    • Curve A

    • Curve B

    • Curve C

    • Curve D

    • Curve E

    Correct Answer
    A. Curve A
    Explanation
    Answer: A
    Carbachol and bethanechol are two full agonists at M3 receptors. When a large dose of
    bethanechol is give it will have an effect even at zero carbachol concentration. Then the increasing
    doses if carbachol will increase that effect up to a maximum. In other words, when a constant dose
    of a full agonist is given with increasing doses of another full agonist, the log-dose effect curve of
    the second agonist are shifted to the left.
    B, C, D, E) (see explanation above)

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  • 13. 

    This drug can be absorbed effectively through the intact skin

    • Acetylcholine

    • Bethanechol

    • Carbachol

    • Donepezil

    • Edrophonium

    • Muscarine

    • Neostigmine

    • Parathion

    • Pilocarpine

    • Pralidoxime

    • Physostigmine

    Correct Answer
    A. Parathion
    Explanation
    Parathion is a highly toxic organophosphate insecticide that can be absorbed effectively through the intact skin. Organophosphates are known to inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which leads to an accumulation of acetylcholine in the body. This can result in overstimulation of the cholinergic system, leading to symptoms such as muscle twitching, sweating, and respiratory distress. Due to its high toxicity and ability to be absorbed through the skin, parathion is considered a dangerous chemical and requires proper handling and protective measures to prevent exposure.

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  • 14. 

    A 65-year-old male suffering from open angle glaucoma has been receiving timolol over the last three months but the control of intraocular pressure has proven inadequate. The ophthalmologist decides to add a second drug and prescribed carbachol. Which of the following pairs of receptors most likely mediates the therapeutic efficacy of the drug in this patient?

    • Nm and M2

    • Nn and M3

    • M3 and beta-2

    • Nm and beta-2

    • Nn and M2

    • Nm and M3

    Correct Answer
    A. Nn and M3
    Explanation
    Answer: B
    Carbachol has both muscarinic and nicotinic activity. By activating Nn receptors on the
    parasympathetic ciliary ganglion as well as the M3 receptors on ciliary muscle the drug causes the
    contraction of the muscle, which leads to the opening of trabecular meshwork, so increasing the
    outflow of the aqueous humor.
    A, C, D, E, F) (see explanation above)

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  • 15. 

    This drug can inhibit cholinesterases and activate directly Mm receptors

    • Acetylcholine

    • Bethanechol

    • Carbachol

    • Donepezil

    • Edrophonium

    • Muscarine

    • Neostigmine

    • Parathion

    • Pilocarpine

    • Pralidoxime

    • Physostigmine

    Correct Answer
    A. Neostigmine
    Explanation
    Neostigmine is the correct answer because it is a drug that can inhibit cholinesterases and activate directly Mm receptors. Cholinesterases are enzymes that break down acetylcholine, and by inhibiting them, neostigmine increases the levels of acetylcholine in the body. Additionally, neostigmine can directly activate Mm receptors, which are a type of acetylcholine receptor. Therefore, neostigmine can enhance the effects of acetylcholine in the body, making it the correct answer.

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  • Current Version
  • Mar 21, 2023
    Quiz Edited by
    ProProfs Editorial Team
  • Jun 03, 2012
    Quiz Created by
    Chachelly

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