Block 3 Hemodynamic Acad Success Sem1
Hemo dynamics, then cardio histology and embryology
Questions and Answers
- 1.
Body temperature = 98 degrees F heart rate = 80 beats/min mean arterial blood pressure = 85 mm Hg pulmonary artery oxygen content = 20ml 02/100ml blood aortic oxygen content = 30ml 02/ 100mi blood end diastolic volume = 110ml end systolic volume = 60ml What is the cardiac output (L/min) of this person?
- A.
10
- B.
5
- C.
16
- D.
4
- E.
12
Correct Answer
D. 4Explanation
The cardiac output of a person is calculated by multiplying the stroke volume (the difference between end diastolic volume and end systolic volume) by the heart rate. In this case, the stroke volume is 110ml - 60ml = 50ml. The heart rate is given as 80 beats/min. Therefore, the cardiac output can be calculated as 50ml * 80 beats/min = 4000ml/min, which is equal to 4 L/min.Rate this question:
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- 2.
Body temperature = 98 degrees F heart rate = 80 beats/min mean arterial blood pressure = 85 mm Hg pulmonary artery oxygen content = 20ml 02/100ml blood aortic oxygen content = 30ml 02/ 100mi blood end diastolic volume = 110ml end systolic volume = 60ml What is the stroke volume of this person?
- A.
110ml
- B.
60ml
- C.
50ml
- D.
30ml
- E.
45ml
Correct Answer
C. 50mlExplanation
The stroke volume is the difference between the end diastolic volume and the end systolic volume, which is calculated by subtracting the end systolic volume (60ml) from the end diastolic volume (110ml). Therefore, the stroke volume is 50ml.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Body temperature = 98 degrees F heart rate = 80 beats/min mean arterial blood pressure = 85 mm Hg pulmonary artery oxygen content = 20ml 02/100ml blood aortic oxygen content = 30ml 02/ 100mi blood end diastolic volume = 110ml end systolic volume = 60ml The ejection fraction of this person is approximately
- A.
45%
- B.
30%
- C.
10%
- D.
55%
- E.
75%
Correct Answer
A. 45%Explanation
(110-60)/110 = 45Rate this question:
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- 4.
The following data are obtained from a patient you are monitoring . From these data, one can determine that the Systolic pressure = 100 mmHg Diastolic pressure = 70 mmHg End diastolic volume = 100 ml End systolic volume = 40 ml Heart rate = 80 bpm Venous blood pressure = 2 mmHg Oxygen consumption = 500 L/min
- A.
Mean arterial pressure is 100
- B.
Pulse pressure is 40
- C.
Cardiac output is 4.8 L/min
- D.
Stroke volume is 50.
- E.
Ejection fraction is 65%.
Correct Answer
C. Cardiac output is 4.8 L/minExplanation
The given data includes the values for systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, heart rate, and stroke volume. Cardiac output can be calculated by multiplying stroke volume by heart rate. In this case, the stroke volume is given as 50 ml and the heart rate is given as 80 bpm. Multiplying these values gives a cardiac output of 4000 ml/min or 4.0 L/min. However, the given answer states that the cardiac output is 4.8 L/min. Since this value is not directly provided in the given data, it is unclear how it was calculated. An explanation for this discrepancy is not available.Rate this question:
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- 5.
HISTOLOGY – CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Which of the following statements about continuous capillaries is INCORRECT?
- A.
Fenestrations are found in the endothelial cells of continuous capillaries.
- B.
In a continuous capillary, all of the endothelial cells rest on a basal lamina
- C.
In a continuous capillary, substances are transported across the wall of the endothelial cells by pinocytosis
- D.
In a continuous capillary, the endothelial cells are connected to each other by tight junctions.
- E.
Pericytes can be found around continuous capiIlaries.
Correct Answer
A. Fenestrations are found in the endothelial cells of continuous capillaries.Explanation
Continuous capillaries do not have fenestrations (small pores) in the endothelial cells. Fenestrations are found in fenestrated capillaries, not in continuous capillaries. Continuous capillaries have a complete endothelial lining, with all endothelial cells resting on a basal lamina. Substances are transported across the wall of continuous capillaries by pinocytosis, and the endothelial cells are connected to each other by tight junctions. Pericytes can be found around continuous capillaries, providing support and contractile function.Rate this question:
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- 6.
Smooth muscle cells of the tunica media of an artery CANNOT do which of the following?
- A.
Increase blood pressure
- B.
Secrete collagen
- C.
Secrete elastic fibers
- D.
Secrete anticoagulants
- E.
Repair the tunica intima after injury
Correct Answer
D. Secrete anticoagulantsExplanation
Smooth muscle cells of the tunica media of an artery cannot secrete anticoagulants. Smooth muscle cells are responsible for regulating the diameter of blood vessels, which can affect blood pressure. They also secrete collagen and elastic fibers to provide structural support to the artery. Additionally, smooth muscle cells can repair the tunica intima after injury. However, the secretion of anticoagulants is not a function of smooth muscle cells in the tunica media.Rate this question:
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- 7.
Which of the following statements about healthy, intact capillaries is CORRECT?
- A.
Satellite cells share their basal lamina
- B.
They controI blood pressure
- C.
They are lined by a simple columnar epithelium
- D.
They have a smooth muscle coat
- E.
They Inhibit clot formation
Correct Answer
E. They Inhibit clot formationExplanation
the key word her is INTACTRate this question:
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- 8.
Which of the following statements about metarterioles is CORRECT?
- A.
They possess valves to regulate the direction of blood flow
- B.
They possess precapillary sphincters
- C.
They possess a complete layer of smooth muscle cells in their tunica media
- D.
They function to control blood flow into arterioles
- E.
They have an external elastic lamina
Correct Answer
B. They possess precapillary sphinctersExplanation
Metarterioles are small blood vessels that connect arterioles to capillaries. They possess precapillary sphincters, which are small bands of smooth muscle located at the junction between metarterioles and capillaries. These sphincters can constrict or relax to regulate blood flow into the capillaries. This allows for precise control of blood distribution and ensures that tissues receive an adequate blood supply based on their metabolic needs. The other statements are incorrect because metarterioles do not possess valves, do not have a complete layer of smooth muscle cells in their tunica media, and do not have an external elastic lamina.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Which of the following statements about the lymphatic vascular system is INCORRECT?
- A.
All lymph flows towards the heart
- B.
Lymphatic capillaries consist of a single layer of endothelial cells
- C.
Lymphatic vessels contain valves
- D.
Iymphatic capillaries drain into blood capiliaries
- E.
Elastic fibers hold lymphatic capillaries open
- F.
structure and function of Iymphatic vesicles
Correct Answer
D. Iymphatic capillaries drain into blood capiliariesExplanation
The lymphatic capillaries do not drain into blood capillaries. Instead, they drain into larger lymphatic vessels, which eventually empty into the bloodstream through the thoracic duct or the right lymphatic duct.Rate this question:
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- 10.
Which of the following statements about capillaries is INCORRECT?
- A.
Pericytes can be found closely associated with capillaries
- B.
Permeability of capillaries can be altered by histamine
- C.
Capillaries are the primary site in the body where oxygen is transferred from the blood to the tissues
- D.
A somatic capillary contains fenestrae in it
- E.
Capillaries carry out lipolysis of lipoproteins
Correct Answer
D. A somatic capillary contains fenestrae in itExplanation
Capillaries are the primary site in the body where oxygen is transferred from the blood to the tissues. Pericytes can be found closely associated with capillaries. Permeability of capillaries can be altered by histamine. Capillaries carry out lipolysis of lipoproteins. However, the statement that a somatic capillary contains fenestrae in it is incorrect. Fenestrae are small pores or openings that are found in certain types of capillaries, such as the ones in the kidneys and endocrine glands, but not in somatic capillaries.Rate this question:
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- 11.
CARDIOVASCULAR DEVELOPMENT Within hours of birth, an otherwise healthy newborn baby develops clinical cyanosis. Which of the following congenital heart defects could be responsible for this condition?
- A.
Patent ductus arteriosus
- B.
Transposition of the great vessels
- C.
Tetralogy of Fallot
- D.
A and B
- E.
B and C
Correct Answer
E. B and CExplanation
Patent ductus arteriosis is common and probably asymptomaticRate this question:
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- 12.
Which of the following heart defects can result from a failure of neural crest cell formation?
- A.
Probe patent oval foramen
- B.
Ventricular septal defect
- C.
Tricuspid atresia
- D.
Persistent truncus arteriosus
- E.
Dextrocardia
Correct Answer
D. Persistent truncus arteriosusExplanation
Persistent truncus arteriosus is a congenital heart defect that occurs when the neural crest cells fail to properly form during development. Neural crest cells play a crucial role in the formation of the heart and blood vessels. In this defect, a single large blood vessel, known as the truncus arteriosus, fails to divide into the pulmonary artery and aorta, leading to mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood. This can result in poor oxygenation of the body and can be life-threatening if not treated.Rate this question:
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- 13.
Which region of the embryonic heart tube gives rise to the sinus venarum?
- A.
Bulbus cordis
- B.
Right sinus horn
- C.
Primitive atrium
- D.
Left sinus horn
- E.
Truncus arteriosus
Correct Answer
B. Right sinus hornExplanation
The right sinus horn is the region of the embryonic heart tube that gives rise to the sinus venarum. The sinus venarum is a smooth-walled portion of the right atrium that receives blood from the systemic circulation. It is formed from the incorporation of the right sinus horn into the developing heart. The bulbus cordis gives rise to the right ventricle and part of the left ventricle, the primitive atrium gives rise to the left atrium, and the truncus arteriosus gives rise to the aorta and pulmonary trunk.Rate this question:
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- 14.
Which region of the embryonic heart tube gives rise to the sinus venarum?
- A.
Bulbus cordis
- B.
Right sinus horn
- C.
Primitive atrium
- D.
Left sinus horn
- E.
Truncus arteriosus
Correct Answer
B. Right sinus hornExplanation
The sinus venarum is a region of the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation. It is formed by the right sinus horn during embryonic development. The right sinus horn is one of the regions of the embryonic heart tube, along with the left sinus horn, bulbus cordis, primitive atrium, and truncus arteriosus. Therefore, the correct answer is right sinus horn.Rate this question:
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- 15.
How many shunts exist in the fetal cardiovascular system?
- A.
0
- B.
1
- C.
2
- D.
3
- E.
4
Correct Answer
D. 3Explanation
The fetal cardiovascular system has three shunts: the ductus venosus, the foramen ovale, and the ductus arteriosus. These shunts allow blood to bypass certain areas of the fetal circulation that are not fully developed or necessary for fetal survival. The ductus venosus shunts oxygenated blood from the umbilical vein directly to the inferior vena cava, bypassing the liver. The foramen ovale allows blood to flow from the right atrium to the left atrium, bypassing the non-functioning fetal lungs. The ductus arteriosus shunts blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta, bypassing the non-functioning fetal lungs.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Which region of the heart tube contributes to the aortic arch arteries?
- A.
Bulbus cordis
- B.
Primitive atrium
- C.
Truncus arteriosus
- D.
Primitive ventricle
- E.
Sinus venosus
Correct Answer
C. Truncus arteriosusExplanation
The region of the heart tube that contributes to the aortic arch arteries is the truncus arteriosus. The truncus arteriosus is a part of the developing heart tube that gives rise to the aortic arches, which eventually form the major arteries that supply blood to the head and neck. The bulbus cordis, primitive atrium, primitive ventricle, and sinus venosus are other regions of the heart tube that contribute to different structures in the developing heart, but not specifically to the aortic arch arteries.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Which of the following is NOT involved with the development of the venae cavae?
- A.
Right vitelline vein
- B.
Right common cardinal vein
- C.
Right subcardinal vein
- D.
Right posterior cardinal vein
- E.
Right anterior cardinal vein
Correct Answer
C. Right subcardinal veinExplanation
The venae cavae are large veins that return deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart. The development of the venae cavae involves the fusion and remodeling of several embryonic veins. The right vitelline vein, right common cardinal vein, right posterior cardinal vein, and right anterior cardinal vein are all involved in the development of the venae cavae. However, the right subcardinal vein is not involved in this process.Rate this question:
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- 18.
At which of the following locations does fetal blood contain the highest level of oxygen?
- A.
Left umbilical artery
- B.
Proximal region of descending aorta
- C.
Ductus venosus
- D.
Right atrium
- E.
Inferior vena cava
Correct Answer
C. Ductus venosusExplanation
The ductus venosus is a blood vessel that connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava, allowing oxygen-rich blood from the placenta to bypass the liver and flow directly to the heart. This means that the blood in the ductus venosus has the highest level of oxygen compared to the other locations mentioned.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Some malformations of the heart and great vessels occur much more frequently than others; which of the following malformations is the most common?
- A.
Ventricular septal defects
- B.
Patent ductus arteriosus
- C.
Tetralogy of Fallot
- D.
Transposition of the great arteries
- E.
All of the above
Correct Answer
B. Patent ductus arteriosusExplanation
Patent ductus arteriosus is the most common malformation of the heart and great vessels. This condition occurs when the ductus arteriosus, a blood vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta in a developing fetus, fails to close after birth. This results in abnormal blood flow between the two major blood vessels, leading to symptoms such as heart murmurs, difficulty breathing, and poor weight gain. Treatment options for patent ductus arteriosus include medication and surgical closure of the ductus arteriosus.Rate this question:
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- 20.
The absence of a ventral double-fold of coelomic membrane connecting the heart to the ventral body wall (a ventral mesocardium) is a result of
- A.
Degeneration of this mesentery
- B.
Formation of the pericardiopleural canals
- C.
Formation of the pleuroperitoneal canals
- D.
Absence of a ventral mesentery on the ventral body wall below the ligamentum teres
- E.
A bilateral connection of the early intraembryonic coelom rostral to the developing heart
Correct Answer
E. A bilateral connection of the early intraembryonic coelom rostral to the developing heartExplanation
The absence of a ventral double-fold of coelomic membrane connecting the heart to the ventral body wall (a ventral mesocardium) is a result of a bilateral connection of the early intraembryonic coelom rostral to the developing heart.Rate this question:
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- 21.
A newborn infant presents with cyanotic heart disease and fails to thrive. On examination of the heart, it was revealed that the aorta arose from the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk arose from the left ventricle. What is the name given to this type of card iac maIformation?
- A.
Perststent truncus arteriosus
- B.
Transposition of the great vessels
- C.
Tetralogy of Fallot
- D.
Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
- E.
Atrial-septal defect (ASD)
Correct Answer
B. Transposition of the great vesselsExplanation
The correct answer is transposition of the great vessels. Transposition of the great vessels is a congenital heart defect where the aorta arises from the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk arises from the left ventricle. This results in the oxygenated blood from the lungs being recirculated back to the lungs, while the deoxygenated blood from the body is recirculated back to the body. This condition leads to cyanotic heart disease and failure to thrive in newborn infants.Rate this question:
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- 22.
A 7-year old boy tires easily while running. On auscultation, a harsh continuous murmur is heard at the left of the sternum between the first two ribs. Arterial blood oxygen content is slightly higher in the right hand than in the left hand. X-rays of the chest show no abnormalities. Which of the following IS the most likely diagnosis?
- A.
Anomalous return of pulmonary blood to the right atrium
- B.
Patent ductus arteriosus
- C.
Patent foramen ovale
- D.
Stenosis of the aortic vaIve
- E.
Trlcuspid atresia
Correct Answer
B. Patent ductus arteriosusExplanation
The most likely diagnosis in this case is patent ductus arteriosus. This condition is characterized by a persistent opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta, known as the ductus arteriosus, which normally closes shortly after birth. The continuous murmur heard on auscultation is consistent with the blood flow through the patent ductus arteriosus. The higher arterial blood oxygen content in the right hand compared to the left hand suggests that oxygenated blood from the aorta is mixing with deoxygenated blood from the pulmonary artery. X-rays of the chest showing no abnormalities further supports this diagnosis.Rate this question:
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- 23.
A 6-year old boy is brought to the physician by his parents for a follow up examination because of a heart murmur that has been present since birth. His only symptom is fatigue. His pulse is llO/min, and blood pressure is 80/40 mm Hg. Physical examination shows no cyanosis or clubbing of the fingers. Cardiac examination shows a normal S1and a split S2. A grade 3/6 pansystolic murmur is heard maximally at the lower left to mid left sternal border. He undergoes cardiac catheterization and IS found to have a higher than expected oxygen level in the right ventricle. Which of the following is the most likely cause of these findings?
- A.
Coarctation of the aorta
- B.
Congenital bicuspid aortic valve
- C.
Pulmonary artery stenosis
- D.
Tricuspid stenosis
- E.
Ventricular septal defect
Correct Answer
E. Ventricular septal defectExplanation
The most likely cause of the findings described in the question is a ventricular septal defect (VSD). VSD is a congenital heart defect characterized by an abnormal opening in the septum (wall) between the two ventricles of the heart. This can lead to a left-to-right shunt, causing oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to flow back into the right ventricle. The higher than expected oxygen level in the right ventricle seen during cardiac catheterization supports this diagnosis. The symptoms of fatigue, along with the presence of a pansystolic murmur at the lower left to mid left sternal border, are consistent with VSD as well.Rate this question:
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