Biology Chapter 13

1. Vestigial Organs are:

Teterepods have appendages other than then snacks

Reflects a series of molecular changes over time

2. Evolution is what biology believes to be true.

True

False

3. What is the total collection of genes called:

Gene pool

Microevolution

Genteic variation

4. Biogeography is:

As they adapted to Galapagos, they gave rise to new species

The geographic distributions of species. Darwin felt the pattern of geographic distribution evolved from ancestral species.

Evidence for evaluation

5. Platatonics is:

Evidence for evaluation

Cause contents to move on a bed of lava causing them to shift, move, or separate.

Anatomical structures that are similar.

6. Vestigial organs are?

Genetic variations

Evidence for evaluation

Organ's present in certain species that our no longer needed. (i.e. our appendix)

7. Bottlenecks are caused by:

Important in your population

8. Artificial selection is:

Members of a population often vary in their traits, and most traits are inherited from the parent to offspring.

Humans have modified other species for centuries by selecting and breeding individual that possess desire traits.

All species are capable of producing more offspring than the environment can support.

9. Directional Selection:

Favors both extreme phenotypes (BB & bb)

Favors the intermediate phenotype(hetrozygote) and typically occurs in relatively stable environments.(Bb)

10. Gene Flow:

Individuals bring in new alleles or leave taking out alleles

Few individuals colonize an isolated island. (famish people, gene pool is small

Change in the gene pool due to chance, occurs in a small population

11. Homologous structures are:

12. Fossils come from:

Fossils from older rock strata are less like today's organisms than fossils from newer rock strata

Dating Fossils- measures decay if radioisotopes

When bone and other hard tissue mineralize in sediment leaving remains and imprints as sediment hardens

13. Forms of Selection:

Stabilizing selection

Directional Selection

Disruptive Selection

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14. Genetic drift:

A significant reduction in the population number. (Natural disaster wipes them out)

Change in the gene pool due to chance, occurs in a small population

Few individuals colonize an isolated island. (amish people, gene pool is small

15. Bottleneck Effect:

A significant reduction in the population number. (Natural disaster wipes them out)

Change in the gene pool due to chance, occurs in a small population

Few individuals colonize an isolated island. (amish people, gene pool is small

16. The evidence for evolution is observed in the imperfections of the organisms it produces:

True

False

17. What does the "Hardy-Weinberg equation test?

Small population-unstable chance of spreading bad alleles

Not changing, you are not evolving

Whether a population is evolving. If the allele frequency are changing then the population is evolving

18. Disruptive Selection:

What prevents natural selection from eliminating the variation as it selects against unfavorable genotypes

Favors both extreme phenotypes (BB & bb)

19. Microevolution occurs when:

Allows for differences among traits. That's why we all look different from one another

Natural selection favors certain heritable traits over others

One allele becomes more predominant that another over time. This changes an alleles frequencies

20. Founder effect:

Individuals bring in new alleles or leave taking out alleles

Few individuals colonize an isolated island. (Amish people, gene pool is small

Change in the gene pool due to chance, occurs in a small population

21. What estimates the frequency of harmful alleles in a population such as PKU?

Darwin's Thory

The Hardy-Weinberg Equation

Change in the gene pool due to chance occur with small populations

22. Stabilizing Selection:

Favors the intermediate phenotype(hetrozygote) and typically occurs in relatively stable environments.(Bb)

Favors both extreme phenotypes (BB & bb)

23. Natural Selection:

Change in the gene pool due to chance, occurs in a small population

A significant reduction in the population number. (Natural disaster wipes them out)

Adapt to the environment, and you have the right genetics to survive better.

24. The evolution of populations is:

It is tracked by measuring changes to the numbers of certain alleles of genes in the population over many generations

The total collection of these genes is called the gene pool

25. Balancing Selection preserves genetic variation by:

Evolution is not goal directed

The evidence for evolution is observed in the imperfections of the organisms it produces

26. What is dating fossils called:

Strata

Isotopes

Radioisotopes

27. Mechanisms of Evolution:

Natural Selection:

Genetic Drift

Bottleneck effect

Founder effect

Gene flow

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28. The Hardy-Weomber equation does not work when the following assumptions are meet.

Very large populations( with this, you have a higher rare of allele frequencies)

No gene flow between populations( no immigrants, or emigrants)

No mutations

Random mating

No natural selection (cannot adapt to enviornment)

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29. When observing Natural selection what are some examples:

Camouflage

Chromosome with allele gives insects resistance to pesticides, where applications will bee less effective

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30. Genetic Variation drives Microevolution by:

Favoring certain hertable traits over others

Allowing differences among traits. That's why we all look different from one another

It results from mutation and sexual reproduction.

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31. Molecular biology is:

Genetic variations

Organ's present in certain species that our no longer needed. (i.e. our appendix)

Evidence for evaluation

32. What are Darwins (2) Inferences:

Members of a population often vary in their traits, and most traits are inherited from the parent to offspring.

All species are capable of producing more offspring than the environment can support.

The unequal production of offspring will cause favorable traits to accumulate in a population over generations

Individual whose inherited traits give them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing in a given environment, tend to leave

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33. What are Darwin two observation for natural selection?

All species are capable of producing more offspring than the environment can support.

Members of a population often vary in their traits, and most traits are inherited from the parent to offspring.

The unequal production of offspring will cause favorable traits to accumulate in a population over generations

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34. Natural selection leads to adaptive evolution by:

What makes a good match between an organism and its environment is continually changing

Important in your population

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35. Darwins Sea Voyage noticed what patterns:

The unique adaptations of the organism to their environment

Fossils from South America were more like present day SA species

Organisms from Galapagos islands were unique, but more like the plants and animals from the nearest mainland.

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36. Molecular record is

The sequence differences are used to design evolutionary trees(aka Phylogeneic trees)

The more closely a species is related, the more homology between their DNA and Protein sequences.

Reflects a series of molecular changes over time.The record is observed in DNA and protein sequences

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37. Fitness is:

Important in your population

So important in a population to have genetic variability-so you can meet the changes in your environment

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