Biology 30 Unit 2 Cells

The correct answer is Plant Cell because plant cells contain chloroplasts, which are responsible for photosynthesis. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, a pigment that captures sunlight and converts it into energy. Animal cells do not have chloroplasts as they do not undergo photosynthesis.

The cell is the smallest unit that carries out the function of all living things. It is the basic structural and functional unit of life. Cells can perform various functions such as metabolism, reproduction, and response to stimuli. They are responsible for maintaining homeostasis and carrying out all the necessary processes for an organism to survive and function properly. Cells can be found in all living organisms, from simple single-celled organisms to complex multicellular organisms.

Active transport is the movement of a substance against the concentration gradient with the use of ATP. This process requires energy in the form of ATP to pump molecules or ions across a cell membrane, from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. Unlike passive transport, which relies on the natural movement of molecules from high to low concentration, active transport allows cells to maintain concentration gradients and control the movement of specific substances.

The presence of a large vacuole and an absence of lysosomes indicates that the cell is a plant cell. Plant cells typically have a large central vacuole that occupies most of the cell's volume, whereas animal cells have smaller vacuoles or none at all. Lysosomes, on the other hand, are membrane-bound organelles that contain digestive enzymes and are commonly found in animal cells to break down waste and cellular debris. Therefore, the combination of a large vacuole and no lysosomes points to the cell being a plant cell.

Prokaryotic cells are the only type of cells that lack membrane-bound organelles. These cells are simple in structure and do not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria or endoplasmic reticulum. In contrast, eukaryotic cells, such as those found in plants and animals, have a more complex structure with membrane-bound organelles. Therefore, the correct answer is Prokaryotic.

An isotonic solution refers to a solution where the concentration of solutes is equal both inside and outside the cell. This means that there is an equal amount of water inside and outside the cell, resulting in no net movement of water across the cell membrane. In an isotonic solution, the cell maintains its normal shape and size as there is no osmotic pressure acting on it.

When a water molecule diffuses across a semi-permeable membrane, it is an example of osmosis. Osmosis is the process by which solvent molecules, in this case, water, move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration through a semi-permeable membrane. In this scenario, the water molecule is moving from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration, equalizing the concentrations on both sides of the membrane. This movement of water molecules is driven by the concentration gradient and does not require any energy input.

Eukaryotic cells are characterized by the presence of a nucleus, which houses the cell's DNA. This distinguishes them from prokaryotic cells, which do not have a nucleus. ATP is a molecule that provides energy for cellular processes, and DNA replication is the process by which DNA is copied. Viruses, on the other hand, are not considered cells as they cannot replicate or carry out metabolic activities on their own.

The correct answer is Phospholipid Bilayer. The explanation is that the cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer, which consists of molecules with a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. This arrangement allows the phospholipids to form a barrier between the inside and outside of the cell, with the hydrophilic heads facing the watery environments and the hydrophobic tails facing inward, away from the water. This structure provides stability and regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

The cell membrane, also referred to as a fluid mosaic, regulates what goes in and out of the cell. It acts as a selectively permeable barrier, allowing certain substances to enter or exit the cell while preventing others from doing so. This is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and ensuring that the cell functions properly. The cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins and other molecules, giving it a mosaic-like appearance.

Facilitated diffusion is the process in which molecules or ions are transported across the cell membrane with the help of carrier proteins. These carrier proteins bind to specific molecules and undergo a conformational change to transport them across the membrane. This process does not require energy and allows for the movement of molecules down their concentration gradient. Therefore, facilitated diffusion is the correct answer as it accurately describes the process of diffusion with the assistance of carrier proteins.

The Golgi Apparatus modifies substances and packages them in vesicles. It is responsible for collecting molecules made in the ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum) and further processing them before they are transported to their final destinations within the cell or outside of it. The Golgi Apparatus plays a crucial role in protein and lipid synthesis, as well as in the sorting, packaging, and distribution of molecules within the cell.

A process that requires oxygen is said to be aerobic because aerobic processes rely on the presence of oxygen to produce energy. In these processes, oxygen is used as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, allowing for the efficient production of ATP through cellular respiration. This is in contrast to anaerobic processes, which do not require oxygen and can still produce ATP through alternative pathways such as fermentation.

Diffusion is the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. In this scenario, the fart molecules disperse into the air and spread out, creating a higher concentration in the corner of the room where it occurred. As time passes, the molecules continue to spread out and eventually reach your side of the room, resulting in you smelling it later. This is a clear example of diffusion, where the molecules move to equalize the concentration throughout the room.

An animal cell is the correct answer because it undergoes cellular respiration, has centrioles, and a nucleus. Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose into energy, and animal cells perform this process. Centrioles are organelles involved in cell division, and animal cells have them while plant cells do not. The nucleus is the control center of the cell, containing the genetic material, and both animal and plant cells have a nucleus. Therefore, the characteristics listed in the question align with those of an animal cell.

The correct answer is Plant Cell because plant cells are square in shape and have a cell wall. Animal cells do not have a cell wall and can have various shapes.

When a solution is hypertonic, it means that it has a higher concentration of solutes compared to the cells. In this case, when cells are exposed to a hypertonic solution, water will move out of the cells through osmosis, causing the cells to lose water and shrink or shrivel.

The correct answer is "Cytoplasm". Cytoplasm is a gel-like substance that fills the cell and suspends all the organelles within it. It is present in all types of cells, including plant and animal cells. Cytoplasm plays a vital role in providing a medium for various cellular processes, such as metabolism and transportation of molecules. It also helps in maintaining the shape and structure of the cell.

Lysosomes are small organelles within cells that contain digestive enzymes. They are responsible for breaking down waste materials, cellular debris, and foreign substances in a process called autophagy. This process helps to maintain the overall health and function of the cell by recycling and eliminating unnecessary or harmful materials. Therefore, lysosomes can be considered as the "garbage men" of the cell, aiding in digestion and waste removal.

Pinocytosis is the process by which a cell engulfs a liquid droplet. It is a form of endocytosis where the cell membrane invaginates and surrounds the droplet, forming a vesicle. This allows the cell to take in fluids and dissolved substances from its environment. Unlike phagocytosis, which involves the engulfment of solid particles, pinocytosis specifically refers to the engulfment of liquid droplets. This process is important for nutrient uptake and maintaining cellular homeostasis.

The green lizard is the correct answer because it is an animal and animals do not have the ability to photosynthesize. Photosynthesis is a process carried out by plants, algae, and some bacteria, where they convert sunlight into energy in the form of glucose. Animals, on the other hand, obtain their energy by consuming other organisms or plants. Therefore, the green lizard, being an animal, does not have the ability to photosynthesize.

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy, specifically in the thylakoid membranes of their cells. During photosynthesis, chlorophyll molecules in the thylakoid membranes capture light energy, which is then used to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. This process is crucial for plant growth and survival, as it provides them with the energy they need to carry out other cellular processes. Therefore, the correct answer is photosynthesis.

Cellular respiration is the correct answer because it is the energy-producing process that requires both glucose and oxygen. During cellular respiration, glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen to produce ATP, the energy currency of cells. This process occurs in the mitochondria of cells and is essential for the production of energy needed for various cellular activities. Photosynthesis, on the other hand, is the process by which plants convert sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose and oxygen. Chemosynthesis is a process in which organisms obtain energy from inorganic compounds. Digestion is the process of breaking down food into smaller molecules for absorption. Cell death is the termination of a cell's biological functions.

Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis in a cell. They are responsible for translating the genetic information stored in the DNA into functional proteins. Ribosomes can be found in both the cytoplasm and attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in eukaryotic cells. They consist of a large and small subunit that work together to read the mRNA and assemble amino acids into a polypeptide chain. Therefore, the correct answer is Ribosome.

When there is more water outside the cell and it moves into the cell, it indicates that the concentration of solutes is higher inside the cell compared to outside. This causes water to move from an area of higher concentration (outside the cell) to an area of lower concentration (inside the cell) in order to equalize the solute concentrations. This scenario is characteristic of a hypotonic solution.

Bacteria and blue-green algae are prokaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. They are simpler in structure compared to eukaryotic cells, which have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Bacteria and blue-green algae belong to the kingdom Monera and are characterized by their small size, single-celled nature, and lack of complex internal structures.

Anaerobic cellular respiration is the process of breaking down glucose without the presence of oxygen. This type of respiration occurs in organisms that live in environments with low oxygen levels or during intense physical activity when oxygen demand exceeds supply. During anaerobic respiration, glucose is partially broken down, producing a small amount of energy in the form of ATP and lactic acid or ethanol as byproducts.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is often referred to as the "cash" in our body because it is the main way of storing chemical energy. ATP is a molecule that carries energy within cells and is used to power various cellular processes. When ATP is broken down, it releases energy that can be used by the body for activities such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and chemical synthesis. This makes ATP essential for the functioning of all living organisms.

The mitochondria is responsible for all of the mentioned processes. The Krebs Cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, takes place in the mitochondria and is involved in the breakdown of glucose to produce energy-rich molecules. The Electron Transport Chain, which is also located in the mitochondria, plays a crucial role in generating ATP, the main energy currency of the cell. Additionally, cellular respiration, which includes both the Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain, occurs in the mitochondria to produce ATP. Therefore, the mitochondria is responsible for all of these processes.

Endocytosis is the process by which the cell membrane engulfs large particles and brings them into the cytoplasm of the cell. This can occur through various forms of endocytosis such as phagocytosis (engulfing solid particles) or pinocytosis (engulfing liquid particles). In this process, the cell membrane forms a vesicle around the particle and then internalizes it into the cell. Endocytosis is an active process that requires energy and is used by cells to take in nutrients, remove waste, and regulate the composition of the extracellular environment.

Phagocytes are a type of immune cells that engulf and digest solid particles, such as bacteria, dead cells, and debris. They play a crucial role in the body's defense against infections and foreign substances. Unlike pinocytes, exocytes, and chemocytes, which are not specifically involved in engulfing solid particles, phagocytes are specialized to recognize and eliminate harmful particles, contributing to the overall immune response. Therefore, the correct answer is phagocytes.

The given answer, 'A' and 'B', is correct because both plant and animal cells contain the mentioned organelles. The nucleus is present in both types of cells and is responsible for storing genetic material. Cell membranes are also found in both plant and animal cells and are responsible for controlling the movement of substances in and out of the cell. Smooth and rough ER, as well as the Golgi apparatus, are also present in both types of cells and are involved in protein synthesis and transport. Therefore, the correct answer is 'A' and 'B'.

The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that provides structural support and shape to the cell. It is composed of microtubules and microfilaments, which help in cell movement, cell division, and maintaining cell shape. The other options, such as lysosome, cytosol, and cytoplasm, are not directly related to the structural framework of the cell. Exoskeleton is a term used in reference to external skeletons found in certain organisms, such as insects, and is not applicable to cells.

Stomates are tiny openings found on the surface of plant leaves that allow for gas exchange. They play a vital role in photosynthesis, as they allow carbon dioxide to enter the leaf and oxygen to exit. Stomates also help regulate the water balance of the plant by controlling the loss of water vapor through transpiration. Guard cells surround each stomate and can open or close the pore depending on the plant's needs. Therefore, the stomate is the correct answer as it allows for gas exchange and is essential for both photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

Vacuoles are large, membrane-bound organelles found in plant cells that store water, nutrients, and waste materials. They play a crucial role in maintaining the shape and structure of plant cells, as well as regulating the concentration of ions and maintaining turgor pressure. While vacuoles are present in plant cells, they are either absent or much smaller in animal cells. Additionally, vacuoles are not found in bacteria. Therefore, the statement "Not found in bacteria, large in plants, small or non-existent in animals" accurately describes the presence and size of vacuoles in different organisms.

ADP (adenosine diphosphate) is a molecule that stores energy in its chemical bonds. When a phosphate group is added to ADP through a process called phosphorylation, it forms ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is the primary molecule used by cells to store and transfer energy. Therefore, adding a phosphate group to ADP is the correct answer as it allows for the storage of energy in the form of ATP.

Facilitated diffusion is a passive transport process where substances move across a biological membrane with the help of carrier proteins. It occurs when specific molecules, typically larger or polar ones, bind to carrier proteins and are transported from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration without the need for energy input. This process is essential for the movement of certain molecules that cannot easily pass through the lipid bilayer of the membrane on their own.

The cell membrane is selectively permeable, meaning it allows certain molecules to pass through while restricting others. Hydrophobic molecules, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, can easily pass through the cell membrane due to their ability to dissolve in the lipid bilayer. However, sugar molecules are hydrophilic (water-loving) and cannot pass through the hydrophobic interior of the cell membrane. Therefore, sugar cannot pass across the cell membrane.

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is responsible for lipid metabolism and detoxification. It does not have ribosomes attached to its surface, which means it is unable to synthesize proteins. Therefore, it cannot make proteins. The cell membrane, cell wall, vacuole, and rough ER all have different functions and may be involved in protein synthesis, but the smooth ER is not.

The rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the correct answer. It is an organelle that is responsible for protein synthesis and modification. It is called "rough" because it has ribosomes attached to its surface, which are responsible for protein production. The rough ER plays a crucial role in the production, folding, and transport of proteins within the cell. It is involved in the synthesis of membrane proteins and proteins that are secreted from the cell.

This scenario of the Titanic hitting an iceberg and everyone eventually heading into the water is an example of a concentration gradient. A concentration gradient refers to a difference in the concentration of a substance between two areas. In this case, the concentration of people on board the ship is high, while the concentration of people in the water is initially low. As a result, people start moving from an area of high concentration (the ship) to an area of low concentration (the water) until the concentrations become more balanced. This movement of people is driven by the concentration gradient.

Exocytosis is the correct answer because it is the process by which waste products or other substances are expelled from a cell. During exocytosis, vesicles containing the waste products fuse with the cell membrane and release their contents outside of the cell. This process is important for maintaining cellular homeostasis and removing waste materials that could be harmful if accumulated inside the cell. Endocytosis, lysosomes, and the Golgi apparatus are not directly involved in the elimination of waste products from the cell.

Hydrocarbons can pass through the cell membrane because they are nonpolar molecules. The cell membrane is composed of a lipid bilayer, which is also nonpolar. Nonpolar molecules can easily diffuse across the cell membrane through passive transport, without the need for any specific transport proteins. In contrast, sugar, fructose, and H+ ions are polar or charged molecules, which cannot easily pass through the nonpolar cell membrane. Therefore, the correct answer is hydrocarbons.

The correct answer is Schleiden and Schwann. Schleiden and Schwann were both scientists who independently proposed the cell theory in the mid-19th century. Matthias Schleiden was a German botanist who concluded that all plants are made up of cells, while Theodor Schwann, a German physiologist, extended this idea to include animal cells as well. Their combined work laid the foundation for the cell theory, which states that all living organisms are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living organisms, and cells arise from pre-existing cells.