Bio1332 Biochemistry - Lecture Ten - Thermodynamics

1. Most spontaneous reactions release internal energy as...

Heat

Light

Sound

Spontaneous reactions are those that occur naturally without any external influence. These reactions involve a decrease in the overall energy of the system, which is released in the form of heat. Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between objects or systems at different temperatures. Therefore, most spontaneous reactions release internal energy in the form of heat.

Explanation

Spontaneous reactions are those that occur naturally without any external influence. These reactions involve a decrease in the overall energy of the system, which is released in the form of heat. Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between objects or systems at different temperatures. Therefore, most spontaneous reactions release internal energy in the form of heat.

2. Match the following

The System

The Surroundings

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3. G = H - TS

G

H

S

T

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4. Glycolysis is a process that can run anaerobically.True or False?

True

False

Glycolysis is a metabolic process that occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and can proceed in the absence of oxygen, making it an anaerobic process. During glycolysis, glucose is broken down into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. Therefore, the statement "Glycolysis is a process that can run anaerobically" is true.

Explanation

Glycolysis is a metabolic process that occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and can proceed in the absence of oxygen, making it an anaerobic process. During glycolysis, glucose is broken down into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. Therefore, the statement "Glycolysis is a process that can run anaerobically" is true.

5. What is the name given to the type of system that allows no transfer of matter, energy or work across the boundary?

An isolated system refers to a type of system where there is no transfer of matter, energy, or work across its boundary. It is a closed system that is completely self-contained and does not interact with its surroundings in any way. This means that no matter, energy, or work can enter or leave the system, making it self-sustaining and independent. The term "isolated system" is used to describe this type of system, and it can be referred to as "isolated," "an isolated system," or "the isolated system."

Explanation

An isolated system refers to a type of system where there is no transfer of matter, energy, or work across its boundary. It is a closed system that is completely self-contained and does not interact with its surroundings in any way. This means that no matter, energy, or work can enter or leave the system, making it self-sustaining and independent. The term "isolated system" is used to describe this type of system, and it can be referred to as "isolated," "an isolated system," or "the isolated system."

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6. S = kB ln W

S

kB

W

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7. Please complete the following sentence:Entropy is the measure of _________ in the system.

Entropy is the measure of disorder in the system because it quantifies the randomness or chaos within a system. In thermodynamics, entropy is a measure of the number of possible microscopic arrangements of particles in a system, and as disorder increases, the number of possible arrangements also increases. Therefore, entropy provides a measure of the system's randomness or lack of organization.

Explanation

Entropy is the measure of disorder in the system because it quantifies the randomness or chaos within a system. In thermodynamics, entropy is a measure of the number of possible microscopic arrangements of particles in a system, and as disorder increases, the number of possible arrangements also increases. Therefore, entropy provides a measure of the system's randomness or lack of organization.

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8. Please fill answer below:Glycolysis is the process by which glucose is converted into __________, the most useful molecule a cell can use to generate energy by reaction with oxygen.

Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate. Pyruvate is a crucial molecule for generating energy in cells through the process of aerobic respiration, where it reacts with oxygen to produce ATP. This conversion of glucose to pyruvate is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration, making pyruvate an essential molecule for energy production in cells.

Explanation

Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate. Pyruvate is a crucial molecule for generating energy in cells through the process of aerobic respiration, where it reacts with oxygen to produce ATP. This conversion of glucose to pyruvate is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration, making pyruvate an essential molecule for energy production in cells.

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9. First Law of Thermodynamics:/\U=Q+W

U

Q

W

/\

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10. Name the 3 things that can cross the boundary between the system and the surroundings.Separate your 3 answers with a space and a comma.

The three things that can cross the boundary between the system and the surroundings are matter, energy, and work.

Explanation

The three things that can cross the boundary between the system and the surroundings are matter, energy, and work.

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11. Which of the following is true for closed systems?

Only work and energy can cross the boundary

Only energy and matter can cross the boundary

Only energy can cross the boundary

Nothing can cross the boundary

In a closed system, both work and energy can cross the boundary. This means that the system can exchange energy with its surroundings in the form of work or heat. However, matter cannot cross the boundary, meaning that the total amount of matter within the system remains constant.

Explanation

In a closed system, both work and energy can cross the boundary. This means that the system can exchange energy with its surroundings in the form of work or heat. However, matter cannot cross the boundary, meaning that the total amount of matter within the system remains constant.