Chapters 41-44
Insoluble in water
The primary nitrogenous waste product of most aquatic invertebrates
More toxic to human cells than ammonia
The primary nitrogenous waste product of most birds
The primary nitrogenous waste product of humans
Mammals
Birds
Reptiles
Fishes
Amphibians
Kidneys from glycerol and fatty acids
Kidneys from glucose
Bladder from uric acid and H2O
Liver from NH3 and CO2
Liver from glycogen
Glycogen in muscle cells
Protein in muscle cells
Calcium phosphate in bone
Fat in adipose tissue
Glucose in the blood
Gain of water through food
No drinking of water
Loss of water in the urine
Gain of salt through gills
Loss of water though gills
They are necessary coenzymes
Only those animals use the nutrients
Only some foods contain them
They are subunits of important polymers
They cannot be manufactured by the organism
Hyperosmotic, saltwater
Hyperosmotic, freshwater
Isoosmotic, saltwater
Isotonic, freshwater
Hypoosmotic, saltwater
Lymphocytes: interferons
Phagocytes: chemokines
Mast cells: histamines
Phagocytes: lysozomes
Dendritic cells: interferons
The sea star was stressed and needed more time to acclimate to new conditions
The contractible vacuoles used to regulate water content ruptured in the freshwater
The osmoregulatory system of the sea star could not handle the change in ionic content presented by the freshwater
The sea star is hyperosmotic to the freshwater, and it could not osmoregulate
The cells of the sea star dehydrated and lost the ability to metabolize
Nitrogen
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Nitric acid
Oxygen
Starch
Glucose
Sucrose
Maltose
Protein
Hemolymph
A closed circulatory system
Branched trachea
A gastrovascular cavity
An open circulatory system
Lipopolysaccharides
Phospholipids
Double-stranded DNA
Double stranded RNA
Glycoproteins
Release of substances to decrease the blood supply to the inflamed area
Increased activity of phagocytes in the inflamed area
Inhibiting the release of white blood cells from bone marrow
Reduced permeability of blood vessels to conserve plasma
Clotting proteins migrating away from the site of infection
Lymphatic system
Four-chambered heart
Open circulatory system
Hemocoel
Two-chambered heart
Only to be able to digest fat in the stomach
Only to be able to initiate digestion in the small intestine
Not to be able to initiate protein digestion in the stomach
Not to be able to produce pepsinogen
Not to be able to initiate mechanical digestion in the stomach
His humoral immunity would be missing
His B cells would be reduced in number and antibodies would not form
Genetic rearrangement of antigen receptors would not occur
His cells would lack class I MHC molecules on their surface
His T cells would not mature and differentiate appropraitely
The rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume
Pulmonary muscles contract and pull on the outer surface of the lungs
Gas flows from a region of lower pressure to a region of higher pressure
Pressure in the alveoli increases
A positive respiratory pressure is created when the diaphragm reaxes