Bio Test #2 Review
Chapters 41-44
- 1.
Which of the following is true of urea? it is
- A.
Insoluble in water
- B.
The primary nitrogenous waste product of most aquatic invertebrates
- C.
More toxic to human cells than ammonia
- D.
The primary nitrogenous waste product of most birds
- E.
The primary nitrogenous waste product of humans
Correct Answer
E. The primary nitrogenous waste product of humansExplanation
Urea is the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans. This means that it is the main waste product that is formed in the human body as a result of protein metabolism. Urea is produced in the liver and then excreted by the kidneys through urine. It is formed from the breakdown of amino acids and is less toxic to human cells compared to ammonia. Urea is highly soluble in water, which allows for its efficient excretion by the kidneys.Rate this question:
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- 2.
Which of the following are the only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart?
- A.
Mammals
- B.
Birds
- C.
Reptiles
- D.
Fishes
- E.
Amphibians
Correct Answer
D. FishesExplanation
Fishes are the only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart. This is known as single circulation, where deoxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to the gills where it picks up oxygen, and then is delivered directly to the body tissues. In contrast, mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians have double circulation, where blood is first pumped to the lungs or respiratory organs to pick up oxygen, and then returns to the heart before being pumped to the body tissues.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Where and from what compound is urea produced?
- A.
Kidneys from glycerol and fatty acids
- B.
Kidneys from glucose
- C.
Bladder from uric acid and H2O
- D.
Liver from NH3 and CO2
- E.
Liver from glycogen
Correct Answer
D. Liver from NH3 and CO2Explanation
Urea is produced in the liver from NH3 (ammonia) and CO2 (carbon dioxide). The liver converts ammonia, which is a waste product of protein metabolism, into urea through a series of enzymatic reactions known as the urea cycle. The urea is then transported to the kidneys where it is excreted in urine. This process helps to remove excess nitrogen from the body and maintain a proper balance of nitrogenous waste.Rate this question:
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- 4.
The body is capable of catabolizing many substances as sources of energy. which of the followin would be used as an energy source only after the depletion of other sources?
- A.
Glycogen in muscle cells
- B.
Protein in muscle cells
- C.
Calcium phosphate in bone
- D.
Fat in adipose tissue
- E.
Glucose in the blood
Correct Answer
B. Protein in muscle cellsExplanation
Protein in muscle cells would be used as an energy source only after the depletion of other sources because the body prefers to use carbohydrates (such as glucose in the blood and glycogen in muscle cells) and fats (in adipose tissue) as the primary sources of energy. These sources are more easily accessible and provide energy more efficiently. Only when these sources are depleted, the body would resort to breaking down proteins in muscle cells for energy. Calcium phosphate in bone is not used as an energy source.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Which feature of osmoregulation is found in both marine and freshwater bony fish?
- A.
Gain of water through food
- B.
No drinking of water
- C.
Loss of water in the urine
- D.
Gain of salt through gills
- E.
Loss of water though gills
Correct Answer
A. Gain of water through foodExplanation
Both marine and freshwater bony fish have the feature of gaining water through food. In both environments, fish need to maintain their body water balance. They obtain water from the food they consume, which helps them compensate for the water loss through their gills. This is an important osmoregulatory mechanism for fish living in both marine and freshwater habitats.Rate this question:
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- 6.
Same nutrients are considered "essential" in the diets of certain humans because
- A.
They are necessary coenzymes
- B.
Only those animals use the nutrients
- C.
Only some foods contain them
- D.
They are subunits of important polymers
- E.
They cannot be manufactured by the organism
Correct Answer
E. They cannot be manufactured by the organismExplanation
Certain nutrients are considered "essential" in the diets of certain humans because they cannot be manufactured by the organism. This means that the body is unable to produce these nutrients on its own and therefore, they must be obtained from external sources such as food. These essential nutrients play crucial roles in various bodily functions and are necessary for maintaining overall health and well-being.Rate this question:
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- 7.
The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be_________with its__________environment
- A.
Hyperosmotic, saltwater
- B.
Hyperosmotic, freshwater
- C.
Isoosmotic, saltwater
- D.
Isotonic, freshwater
- E.
Hypoosmotic, saltwater
Correct Answer
C. Isoosmotic, saltwaterExplanation
An osmoconformer is an organism that allows its internal osmolarity (concentration of solutes) to match the osmolarity of its environment. In this case, the environment is saltwater, which is typically hyperosmotic (higher osmolarity) compared to the internal fluids of most organisms. Therefore, the body fluids of an osmoconformer would need to be isoosmotic (equal osmolarity) with the saltwater environment in order to maintain osmotic balance.Rate this question:
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- 8.
Which cells and which signaling molecules are responsible for initiating an inflammatory response?
- A.
Lymphocytes: interferons
- B.
Phagocytes: chemokines
- C.
Mast cells: histamines
- D.
Phagocytes: lysozomes
- E.
Dendritic cells: interferons
Correct Answer
C. Mast cells: histaminesExplanation
Mast cells release histamines to initiate an inflammatory response. Histamines are signaling molecules that cause blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable, allowing immune cells and fluid to enter the affected area. This increased blood flow and permeability help to remove pathogens or foreign substances and promote the healing process. Mast cells are found in tissues throughout the body, particularly in areas that are in contact with the external environment, such as the skin and mucous membranes.Rate this question:
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- 9.
A marine sea star was mistakenly placed in freshwater and it died. what is the most likely explanation for its death?
- A.
The sea star was stressed and needed more time to acclimate to new conditions
- B.
The contractible vacuoles used to regulate water content ruptured in the freshwater
- C.
The osmoregulatory system of the sea star could not handle the change in ionic content presented by the freshwater
- D.
The sea star is hyperosmotic to the freshwater, and it could not osmoregulate
- E.
The cells of the sea star dehydrated and lost the ability to metabolize
Correct Answer
D. The sea star is hyperosmotic to the freshwater, and it could not osmoregulateExplanation
The most likely explanation for the sea star's death is that it is hyperosmotic to the freshwater, meaning that the concentration of solutes in its body is higher than in the surrounding water. As a result, the sea star was unable to osmoregulate, or maintain the balance of water and solutes in its body. This imbalance likely caused physiological stress and ultimately led to the sea star's death.Rate this question:
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- 10.
The blood level of which gas is most important to controling human respiration rate?
- A.
Nitrogen
- B.
Carbon dioxide
- C.
Carbon monoxide
- D.
Nitric acid
- E.
Oxygen
Correct Answer
B. Carbon dioxideExplanation
The blood level of carbon dioxide is most important in controlling human respiration rate. When carbon dioxide levels in the blood increase, it triggers the brain to increase the rate and depth of breathing in order to remove the excess carbon dioxide and bring in more oxygen. Conversely, when carbon dioxide levels decrease, the brain decreases the respiration rate to conserve carbon dioxide and maintain a balance. Therefore, carbon dioxide plays a crucial role in regulating respiration in humans.Rate this question:
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- 11.
What is the substrate of salivary amylase?
- A.
Starch
- B.
Glucose
- C.
Sucrose
- D.
Maltose
- E.
Protein
Correct Answer
A. StarchExplanation
Salivary amylase is an enzyme that breaks down starch into smaller sugar molecules. Therefore, the correct answer is starch, as it is the substrate on which salivary amylase acts.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Organisms in which a circulating body fluid is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have which of the following?
- A.
Hemolymph
- B.
A closed circulatory system
- C.
Branched trachea
- D.
A gastrovascular cavity
- E.
An open circulatory system
Correct Answer
B. A closed circulatory systemExplanation
Organisms in which a circulating body fluid is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have a closed circulatory system. In a closed circulatory system, blood is enclosed within vessels and is pumped by a heart, allowing for more efficient transport of nutrients, gases, and waste products throughout the body. This system provides better control and regulation of blood flow and allows for a higher metabolic rate compared to organisms with an open circulatory system, where the body fluid directly bathes the cells.Rate this question:
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- 13.
Mammals have Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that act in a manner similar to those of insects. while not specific to a particular pathogen, a TLR can recognize a kind of macromolecule that is absent from vertebrates but present in/on certain groups of pathogens. which of the following is most likely to be recognized by a particular TLR that defends against some viruses?
- A.
Lipopolysaccharides
- B.
Phospholipids
- C.
Double-stranded DNA
- D.
Double stranded RNA
- E.
Glycoproteins
Correct Answer
D. Double stranded RNAExplanation
TLRs recognize specific molecules that are common to certain groups of pathogens. Among the given options, double-stranded RNA is most likely to be recognized by a particular TLR that defends against some viruses. This is because double-stranded RNA is a characteristic feature of many viruses, and TLRs can detect this molecule as a sign of viral infection. The other options, such as lipopolysaccharides, phospholipids, double-stranded DNA, and glycoproteins, are not specific to viruses and are less likely to be recognized by TLRs in the context of viral defense.Rate this question:
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- 14.
Inflammatory responses may include which of the following?
- A.
Release of substances to decrease the blood supply to the inflamed area
- B.
Increased activity of phagocytes in the inflamed area
- C.
Inhibiting the release of white blood cells from bone marrow
- D.
Reduced permeability of blood vessels to conserve plasma
- E.
Clotting proteins migrating away from the site of infection
Correct Answer
B. Increased activity of phagocytes in the inflamed areaExplanation
During an inflammatory response, the body's immune system activates phagocytes, which are white blood cells that engulf and destroy pathogens. This increased activity of phagocytes helps to eliminate the infectious agents and promote healing in the inflamed area. It is an essential part of the immune response to protect the body from further harm and restore normal tissue function.Rate this question:
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- 15.
To adjust blood pressure independently in capillaries of the gas exchange surface and in the capillaries of the general body circulation, an organism would need a(n)
- A.
Lymphatic system
- B.
Four-chambered heart
- C.
Open circulatory system
- D.
Hemocoel
- E.
Two-chambered heart
Correct Answer
B. Four-chambered heartExplanation
A four-chambered heart would allow an organism to adjust blood pressure independently in capillaries of the gas exchange surface and in the capillaries of the general body circulation. This is because a four-chambered heart has separate chambers for oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, allowing for more efficient circulation and control of blood flow to different areas of the body. This enables the organism to regulate blood pressure independently in different areas, ensuring that gas exchange in the lungs is optimized while also providing adequate blood supply to the rest of the body.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Without functioning parietal cells, which of the following would you expect for an individual?
- A.
Only to be able to digest fat in the stomach
- B.
Only to be able to initiate digestion in the small intestine
- C.
Not to be able to initiate protein digestion in the stomach
- D.
Not to be able to produce pepsinogen
- E.
Not to be able to initiate mechanical digestion in the stomach
Correct Answer
C. Not to be able to initiate protein digestion in the stomachExplanation
Parietal cells in the stomach are responsible for producing hydrochloric acid, which is necessary for the activation of pepsinogen into pepsin, the enzyme that breaks down proteins. Without functioning parietal cells, the individual would not be able to initiate protein digestion in the stomach.Rate this question:
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- 17.
If a newborn were accidentally given a drug that destroyed the thymus, what would most likely happen?
- A.
His humoral immunity would be missing
- B.
His B cells would be reduced in number and antibodies would not form
- C.
Genetic rearrangement of antigen receptors would not occur
- D.
His cells would lack class I MHC molecules on their surface
- E.
His T cells would not mature and differentiate appropraitely
Correct Answer
E. His T cells would not mature and differentiate appropraitelyExplanation
If a newborn were accidentally given a drug that destroyed the thymus, his T cells would not mature and differentiate appropriately. The thymus is responsible for the maturation and differentiation of T cells, which are a crucial component of the immune system. Without a functional thymus, the newborn's T cells would not be able to develop properly, leading to a compromised immune response. This would result in a weakened ability to fight off infections and diseases.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Air rushes into the lungs of humans during inhalation because
- A.
The rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume
- B.
Pulmonary muscles contract and pull on the outer surface of the lungs
- C.
Gas flows from a region of lower pressure to a region of higher pressure
- D.
Pressure in the alveoli increases
- E.
A positive respiratory pressure is created when the diaphragm reaxes
Correct Answer
A. The rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volumeExplanation
During inhalation, the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, which leads to an increase in the lung volume. This increase in volume creates a lower pressure inside the lungs compared to the outside environment. As a result, gas flows from a region of higher pressure (outside the lungs) to a region of lower pressure (inside the lungs), causing air to rush into the lungs.Rate this question:
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Mar 22, 2023Quiz Edited by
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Mar 02, 2011Quiz Created by
Ncannatella
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