Anatomy & Physiology Quiz- (Respiratory, Renal, & Reproduction)

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  • 1/190 Questions

    The expanded beginning of the ureter connects to the

    • Renal sinus.
    • Renal pelvis.
    • Renal calyx.
    • Renal hilum.
    • Renal corpuscle.
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Anatomy & Physiology Quiz- (Respiratory, Renal, & Reproduction) - Quiz
About This Quiz

This quiz focuses on key aspects of the respiratory and renal systems, exploring principles like Boyle's law, pulmonary ventilation, and gas pressures. It assesses understanding of physiological processes critical for maintaining human health, suitable for students and professionals in medical fields.

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  • 2. 

    Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is

    • Dissolved in plasma.

    • Bound to hemoglobin.

    • In ionic form as solute in the plasma.

    • Bound to the same protein as carbon dioxide.

    • Carried by white blood cells.

    Correct Answer
    A. Bound to hemoglobin.
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "bound to hemoglobin." Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that has a high affinity for oxygen. When oxygen enters the lungs, it binds to hemoglobin and forms oxyhemoglobin, which is then transported through the bloodstream to the body's tissues. This is the primary mechanism by which oxygen is transported in the blood.

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  • 3. 

    Asthma is

    • A collapsed lung.

    • An acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways.

    • An obstructive tumor.

    • Characterized by fluid buildup in the alveoli.

    • Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

    Correct Answer
    A. An acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways.
    Explanation
    Asthma is an acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways. This means that when a person with asthma is exposed to certain triggers such as allergens or irritants, their airways become inflamed and narrow, making it difficult for air to pass through. This can lead to symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing. It is not a collapsed lung, obstructive tumor, or caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Additionally, it is not characterized by fluid buildup in the alveoli.

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  • 4. 

    The glomeruli are best described as being tufts of

    • Arteries.

    • Veins.

    • Venules.

    • Capillaries.

    • Arterioles.

    Correct Answer
    A. Capillaries.
    Explanation
    The glomeruli are small clusters of capillaries found in the kidneys. These capillaries are responsible for filtering waste products and excess fluid from the blood to form urine. They have a unique structure that allows for efficient filtration, with a high surface area and thin walls. The other options, such as arteries, veins, venules, and arterioles, are not accurate descriptions of the glomeruli.

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  • 5. 

    Nurse cells

    • Are found in the seminiferous tubules.

    • Form the blood-testis barrier.

    • Coordinate spermatogenesis.

    • All of the above

    • None of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    Nurse cells are found in the seminiferous tubules, where they form the blood-testis barrier and coordinate spermatogenesis. These cells play a crucial role in supporting the development and maturation of sperm cells. They provide nutrients and growth factors to the developing sperm cells, regulate the environment within the seminiferous tubules, and protect the developing sperm cells from harmful substances in the blood. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the above."

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  • 6. 

    Major calyces are

    • Large tributaries of the renal pelvis.

    • Expanded ends of nephrons.

    • Basic functional layers of the kidney.

    • Conical structures that are located in the renal medulla.

    • The expanded ends of renal pyramids.

    Correct Answer
    A. Large tributaries of the renal pelvis.
    Explanation
    Major calyces are large tributaries of the renal pelvis. The renal pelvis is the central collecting region in the kidney where urine is collected before it is transported to the bladder. The major calyces are large branches that receive urine from the minor calyces, which in turn receive urine from the renal pyramids. Therefore, major calyces can be described as large tributaries of the renal pelvis because they play a crucial role in the drainage of urine from the kidney.

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  • 7. 

    In emphysema, which of these occur?

    • Alveoli collapse

    • Compliance increases

    • Elevated PCO2 in the blood

    • All of the above

    • None of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    In emphysema, the walls of the alveoli in the lungs become damaged and lose their elasticity. This leads to the collapse of the alveoli, reducing the surface area available for gas exchange. Additionally, the damage to the alveoli causes a decrease in lung compliance, which is the ability of the lungs to expand and contract. This results in difficulty in breathing. Lastly, the impaired gas exchange in emphysema leads to an accumulation of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood, causing an elevated PCO2 level. Therefore, all of the given options occur in emphysema.

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  • 8. 

    The U-shaped segment of the nephron is the

    • Nephron loop (loop of Henle).

    • Proximal convoluted tubule.

    • Distal convoluted tubule.

    • Collecting loop.

    • Minor calyx.

    Correct Answer
    A. Nephron loop (loop of Henle).
    Explanation
    The correct answer is the nephron loop (loop of Henle). The nephron loop is a U-shaped segment of the nephron that plays a crucial role in the reabsorption of water and ions from the filtrate. It consists of a descending limb and an ascending limb, each with different permeabilities to water and solutes. The loop of Henle creates a concentration gradient in the medulla of the kidney, which is important for the reabsorption of water and the production of concentrated urine.

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  • 9. 

    The mechanism for producing concentrated urine involves

    • The secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

    • Aquaporins being inserted into the membranes of the collecting duct cells.

    • A high concentration of NaCl in the interstitial fluid that surrounds the collecting ducts.

    • A properly functioning nephron loop (loop of Henle).

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "all of the above". This means that all of the listed mechanisms are involved in the production of concentrated urine. The secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) plays a role in increasing water reabsorption in the collecting ducts. Aquaporins, which are water channels, are inserted into the membranes of the collecting duct cells, allowing for increased water reabsorption. The high concentration of NaCl in the interstitial fluid surrounding the collecting ducts creates an osmotic gradient that helps in concentrating the urine. Lastly, a properly functioning nephron loop (loop of Henle) is essential for establishing the osmotic gradient and facilitating the reabsorption of water and solutes.

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  • 10. 

    The reproductive system includes

    • Gonads and external genitalia.

    • Ducts that receive and transport the gametes.

    • Accessory glands and organs that secrete fluids.

    • All of the above

    • None of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "all of the above". The reproductive system includes gonads and external genitalia, which are responsible for producing and delivering gametes. It also includes ducts that receive and transport the gametes, ensuring their movement to the appropriate location for fertilization. Additionally, the reproductive system consists of accessory glands and organs that secrete fluids, such as semen, to support the survival and mobility of the gametes. Therefore, all of these components are part of the reproductive system.

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  • 11. 

    Which is the function of the ovaries?

    • Secretion of hormones

    • Production of oocytes

    • Formation of immature gametes

    • Secretion of inhibin

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    The ovaries have multiple functions. They secrete hormones such as estrogen and progesterone, which are important for regulating the menstrual cycle and maintaining pregnancy. The ovaries also produce oocytes, or eggs, which are necessary for reproduction. Additionally, the ovaries are involved in the formation of immature gametes, which are the precursor cells for eggs. Lastly, the ovaries secrete inhibin, a hormone that helps regulate the production of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the pituitary gland. Therefore, all of the given options are correct functions of the ovaries.

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  • 12. 

    After ovulation, the ovary secretes

    • Luteinizing hormone.

    • Estrogen.

    • Progesterone.

    • Both estrogen and progesterone.

    • Luteinizing hormone, estrogen, and progesterone.

    Correct Answer
    A. Both estrogen and progesterone.
    Explanation
    After ovulation, the ovary secretes both estrogen and progesterone. This is because after the release of the egg from the ovary, the remaining follicle transforms into the corpus luteum. The corpus luteum then produces and releases estrogen and progesterone. These hormones are essential for preparing the uterus for potential pregnancy by thickening the uterine lining and maintaining it. If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum continues to produce estrogen and progesterone to support the pregnancy. If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum breaks down, hormone levels decrease, and the menstrual cycle begins again.

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  • 13. 

    A 10 percent increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will

    • Decrease the rate of breathing.

    • Increase the rate of breathing.

    • Decrease pulmonary ventilation

    • Decrease the alveolar ventilation rate.

    • Decrease the vital capacity.

    Correct Answer
    A. Increase the rate of breathing.
    Explanation
    An increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood triggers a response from the respiratory system to increase the rate of breathing. This is because carbon dioxide is a waste product that needs to be eliminated from the body. When the carbon dioxide levels rise, the body increases the rate of breathing to remove it and bring in more oxygen. Therefore, an increase in carbon dioxide in the blood will lead to an increase in the rate of breathing.

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  • 14. 

    What is the function of gonads?

    • Produce gametes

    • Transport gametes

    • Produce hormones

    • Produce gametes and produce hormones

    • None of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. Produce gametes and produce hormones
    Explanation
    The gonads are responsible for producing both gametes (reproductive cells) and hormones. Gametes are necessary for sexual reproduction, and hormones play a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes in the body. Therefore, the function of gonads includes both gamete production and hormone production.

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  • 15. 

    The spermatic cord is

    • A bundle of tissue that contains the ductus deferens, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics that serve the testis.

    • A narrow opening that links the scrotal chamber with the peritoneal cavity.

    • The external marking of the boundary between the two chambers of the scrotum.

    • A layer of smooth muscle in the skin of the scrotal sac.

    • A dense layer of connective tissue that surrounds the testis.

    Correct Answer
    A. A bundle of tissue that contains the ductus deferens, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics that serve the testis.
    Explanation
    The spermatic cord is a bundle of tissue that contains the ductus deferens, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics that serve the testis. This bundle of tissue is responsible for connecting the testis to the rest of the reproductive system and providing it with the necessary blood supply, nerve innervation, and lymphatic drainage. It plays a crucial role in the transportation of sperm and other fluids to and from the testis.

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  • 16. 
    Use Figure 25-1 to answer the following questions: Identify the structure labeled "3." - ProProfs

    Use Figure 25-1 to answer the following questions: Identify the structure labeled "3."

    • Corpora cavernosa

    • Prostatic urethra

    • Corpus spongiosum

    • Penile urethra

    • Ejaculatory duct

    Correct Answer
    A. Penile urethra
    Explanation
    The structure labeled "3" in Figure 25-1 is the penile urethra.

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  • 17. 

    Which of the following statements about the uterine cycle is true?

    • The first occurrence is termed menarche

    • It is ultimately controlled by GnRH

    • It is skipped in pregnancy

    • It often involves painful myometrial contraction

    • All are true

    Correct Answer
    A. All are true
    Explanation
    The uterine cycle refers to the series of changes that occur in the uterus during the menstrual cycle. Menarche is the term used to describe the first occurrence of menstruation, which is a part of the uterine cycle. The uterine cycle is ultimately controlled by GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone), which is released by the hypothalamus and stimulates the release of other hormones involved in the cycle. The uterine cycle is indeed skipped during pregnancy, as the uterus is already prepared for implantation and does not shed its lining. Additionally, the uterine cycle often involves painful myometrial contractions, known as menstrual cramps. Therefore, all of the statements about the uterine cycle are true.

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  • 18. 

    Which of the following muscles might be recruited to increase inspired volume?

    • Sternocleidomastoid

    • Pectoralis minor

    • Scalenes

    • Serratus anterior

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    All of the muscles listed (sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor, scalenes, and serratus anterior) can be recruited to increase inspired volume. These muscles are involved in the process of inhalation and help to expand the chest cavity, allowing for a greater intake of air into the lungs. The sternocleidomastoid muscles help to lift the ribcage, the pectoralis minor muscles elevate the ribs, the scalenes assist in elevating the first and second ribs, and the serratus anterior muscles help to stabilize the scapulae, allowing for better expansion of the thoracic cavity.

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  • 19. 

    Expiratory movements are produced by contraction of the ________ muscle(s).

    • Scalene

    • Diaphragm

    • Internal intercostal

    • External intercostal

    • Serratus anterior

    Correct Answer
    A. Internal intercostal
    Explanation
    Expiratory movements are produced by contraction of the internal intercostal muscles. These muscles are located between the ribs and play a role in the process of forced expiration. When they contract, they pull the ribs downward and inward, decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and causing air to be expelled from the lungs. The other muscles listed, such as the scalene, diaphragm, external intercostal, and serratus anterior, are involved in other aspects of breathing but not specifically in expiratory movements.

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  • 20. 
    Use Figure 25-1 to answer the following questions: Identify the structure labeled "11." - ProProfs

    Use Figure 25-1 to answer the following questions: Identify the structure labeled "11."

    • Bulbourethral gland

    • Prostate gland

    • Seminal gland (seminal vesicle)

    • Epididymis

    • Ductus deferens

    Correct Answer
    A. Prostate gland
    Explanation
    The structure labeled "11." in Figure 25-1 is the prostate gland.

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  • 21. 
    Use Figure 25-1 to answer the following questions: What is produced by the structure labeled "7"? - ProProfs

    Use Figure 25-1 to answer the following questions: What is produced by the structure labeled "7"?

    • Seminal fluids

    • Spermatozoa

    • Testosterone

    • FSH

    • Both spermatozoa and testosterone

    Correct Answer
    A. Both spermatozoa and testosterone
    Explanation
    The structure labeled "7" in Figure 25-1 produces both spermatozoa and testosterone.

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  • 22. 

    When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that

    • They are equal.

    • Intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric.

    • Atmospheric pressure is less than intrapulmonary.

    • Atmospheric pressure is more than intrapulmonary.

    • Intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric.

    Correct Answer
    A. They are equal.
    Explanation
    When there is no air movement, the intrapulmonary pressure (pressure inside the lungs) is equal to the atmospheric pressure (pressure outside the body). This means that there is no pressure difference between the inside and outside of the lungs, allowing for a state of equilibrium. This is important for normal breathing, as it allows for the exchange of gases between the lungs and the atmosphere.

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  • 23. 
    Identify the structure labeled "5." - ProProfs

    Identify the structure labeled "5."

    • Renal sinus

    • Fibrous capsule

    • Renal pyramid

    • Renal papilla

    • Renal column

    Correct Answer
    A. Renal pyramid
    Explanation
    The structure labeled "5." is the renal pyramid. The renal pyramid is a cone-shaped structure in the kidney that contains the nephrons, which are responsible for filtering the blood and producing urine. It is located within the renal medulla and is surrounded by renal columns. The renal pyramid plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of fluids and electrolytes in the body.

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  • 24. 

    Substances secreted by the distal convoluted tubule include

    • Hydrogen.

    • Penicillin.

    • Creatinine.

    • Potassium ions.

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    The distal convoluted tubule is responsible for the secretion of various substances, including hydrogen, penicillin, creatinine, and potassium ions. These substances are actively transported from the blood into the tubule, helping to regulate the body's pH balance, eliminate waste products, and maintain electrolyte balance. Therefore, all of the above options are correct.

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  • 25. 
    Use Figure 25-1 to answer the following questions: Identify the structure labeled "10." - ProProfs

    Use Figure 25-1 to answer the following questions: Identify the structure labeled "10."

    • Testis

    • Prostate gland

    • Seminal gland (seminal vesicle)

    • Epididymis

    • Ductus deferens

    Correct Answer
    A. Seminal gland (seminal vesicle)
    Explanation
    The structure labeled "10" in Figure 25-1 is the seminal gland (seminal vesicle). This can be determined by comparing the labeled structures in the figure with the given options and identifying the corresponding structure.

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  • 26. 

    Emission and ejaculation

    • Occurs under sympathetic stimulation.

    • Begins with peristaltic contractions of the ampulla.

    • Is responsible for propelling semen into the female reproductive tract.

    • Involves contractions of the bulbospongiosus muscle.

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "all of the above." Emission and ejaculation occur under sympathetic stimulation, which triggers the peristaltic contractions of the ampulla. These contractions help propel semen into the female reproductive tract. Additionally, contractions of the bulbospongiosus muscle are involved in the process. Therefore, all of these statements are true and contribute to the overall process of emission and ejaculation.

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  • 27. 

    When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract,

    • The volume of the thorax increases.

    • The volume of the thorax decreases.

    • The volume of the lungs decreases.

    • The lungs shrink.

    • Expiration occurs.

    Correct Answer
    A. The volume of the thorax increases.
    Explanation
    When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, the volume of the thorax increases. The diaphragm moves downward and the external intercostal muscles pull the rib cage upward and outward. This expansion of the thoracic cavity creates more space for the lungs to expand and fill with air, leading to an increase in thoracic volume. This is an important step in the process of inhalation, as it allows for the intake of oxygen into the lungs.

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  • 28. 

    Triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called

    • Pyramids.

    • Renal columns.

    • Renal pelvises.

    • Nephrons.

    • Calyces.

    Correct Answer
    A. Pyramids.
    Explanation
    The triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called pyramids. These pyramids are made up of tiny tubules called nephrons, which are responsible for filtering the blood and producing urine. The pyramids contain the collecting ducts that transport urine from the nephrons to the renal pelvis. The renal columns are extensions of the renal cortex that separate the pyramids, while the renal pelvises are the funnel-like structures that collect urine from the pyramids and transport it to the ureters. Calyces are cup-like structures that collect urine from the renal pelvis.

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  • 29. 

    Which of the following descriptions best matches the term nephron loop (loop of Henle)?

    • Relies on countercurrent multiplication

    • Creates high interstitial NaCl concentration in the renal medulla

    • Enables production of hypertonic urine

    • All of the above

    • None of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    The term nephron loop, also known as the loop of Henle, is a crucial part of the kidney's filtration process. It relies on countercurrent multiplication, which helps in the reabsorption of water and solutes. This loop also plays a role in creating a high interstitial NaCl concentration in the renal medulla. By establishing a concentration gradient, the nephron loop enables the production of hypertonic urine, which is essential for maintaining water balance in the body. Therefore, all of the given descriptions accurately match the term nephron loop.

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  • 30. 
    Use Figure 25-1 to answer the following questions: Identify the structure labeled "4." - ProProfs

    Use Figure 25-1 to answer the following questions: Identify the structure labeled "4."

    • Testis

    • Prostate gland

    • Seminal gland (seminal vesicle)

    • Epididymis

    • Ductus deferens

    Correct Answer
    A. Ductus deferens
    Explanation
    The structure labeled "4." in Figure 25-1 is the ductus deferens.

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  • 31. 

    Which of the following is greater?

    • The partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air

    • The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli

    Correct Answer
    A. The partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air
    Explanation
    The partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air is greater than the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli. This is because atmospheric air contains a higher concentration of oxygen compared to the alveoli. Oxygen is inhaled into the lungs from the atmosphere, and as it travels through the respiratory system, it gets exchanged with carbon dioxide in the alveoli. This exchange causes a decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli.

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  • 32. 

    Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is

    • Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is

    • Greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.

    • Equal to the pressure in the atmosphere.

    • Greater than intraalveolar pressure.

    • Less than intrapulmonic pressure.

    Correct Answer
    A. Greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.
    Explanation
    When the pressure inside the lungs is greater than the pressure in the atmosphere, air moves out of the lungs. This is because air flows from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure. When the pressure inside the lungs is higher than the pressure in the atmosphere, the air in the lungs will be pushed out, allowing for exhalation.

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  • 33. 

    Which of the following can be calculated if the tidal volume and respiratory rate are known?

    • Respiratory minute volume

    • Inspiratory reserve volume

    • Expiratory reserve volume

    • Anatomical dead space

    • Forced vital capacity

    Correct Answer
    A. Respiratory minute volume
    Explanation
    The respiratory minute volume can be calculated if the tidal volume and respiratory rate are known. The respiratory minute volume is the amount of air that is breathed in and out in one minute. It is calculated by multiplying the tidal volume (the amount of air inhaled or exhaled in one breath) by the respiratory rate (the number of breaths taken per minute). This calculation gives an estimate of the total amount of air exchanged in the lungs in one minute.

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  • 34. 

    Carbonic anhydrase

    • Is in RBCs.

    • Is an enzyme.

    • Can increase the amount of bicarbonate ion in plasma.

    • Can convert carbon dioxide into carbonic acid.

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme found in red blood cells. It plays a crucial role in regulating the levels of bicarbonate ions in the plasma. By converting carbon dioxide into carbonic acid, it helps in maintaining the acid-base balance in the body. Therefore, all of the given statements are correct.

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  • 35. 

    One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to

    • Increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex.

    • Decrease secretion of aldosterone.

    • Increase release of angiotensin II by the suprarenal glands.

    • Increase filtration into glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.

    • Decrease urinary albumin concentration.

    Correct Answer
    A. Increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex.
    Explanation
    The correct answer is to increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex. The juxtaglomerular complex is a specialized region in the kidney that releases renin, an enzyme involved in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Renin acts on angiotensinogen to convert it into angiotensin I, which is then converted to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor that increases systemic blood pressure. Therefore, by increasing renin secretion, the kidney can raise systemic blood pressure.

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  • 36. 

    The organ that delivers semen into the female reproductive tract is the

    • Urethra.

    • Ejaculatory duct.

    • Penis.

    • Corpus cavernosum.

    • Corpus spongiosum.

    Correct Answer
    A. Penis.
    Explanation
    The penis is the male reproductive organ responsible for delivering semen into the female reproductive tract. It consists of three cylinders of erectile tissue, two of which are called the corpus cavernosum and one called the corpus spongiosum. During sexual arousal, these tissues fill with blood, causing the penis to become erect. The urethra, which runs through the penis, allows for the passage of both urine and semen. The ejaculatory duct, on the other hand, is responsible for transporting semen from the seminal vesicles to the urethra. However, it is the penis itself that delivers the semen into the female reproductive tract during sexual intercourse.

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  • 37. 

    The termination of the uterine cycle at age 45-55 is called ________.

    • Menarche

    • Menstruation

    • Menopause

    • Basilar phase

    • Menses

    Correct Answer
    A. Menopause
    Explanation
    Menopause refers to the natural biological process that marks the end of a woman's menstrual cycles. It typically occurs between the ages of 45 and 55 and is characterized by a decrease in estrogen production by the ovaries, leading to the cessation of menstruation. This transitional phase is accompanied by various physical and emotional symptoms, such as hot flashes, mood swings, and changes in libido. Menopause signifies the end of a woman's reproductive years and the onset of a new stage in her life.

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  • 38. 

    During the secretory phase of the uterine cycle

    • The fertilized ovum implants.

    • Progesterone levels are high.

    • Endometrial glands enlarge.

    • The corpus luteum is formed.

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    During the secretory phase of the uterine cycle, multiple changes occur in preparation for pregnancy. The fertilized ovum implants into the endometrium, which is facilitated by high levels of progesterone. Additionally, the endometrial glands enlarge to provide nourishment for the developing embryo. The corpus luteum, formed from the ruptured follicle after ovulation, continues to produce progesterone to support the pregnancy. Therefore, all of the above statements are correct explanations for the secretory phase of the uterine cycle.

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  • 39. 

    The uterine phase that develops because of a fall in progesterone levels is

    • The menses.

    • The proliferative phase.

    • The secretory phase.

    • The follicular phase.

    • The luteal phase.

    Correct Answer
    A. The menses.
    Explanation
    The uterine phase that develops because of a fall in progesterone levels is called the menses. During this phase, the lining of the uterus is shed and menstrual bleeding occurs. This is the first phase of the menstrual cycle and marks the beginning of a new cycle. The other options mentioned, such as the proliferative phase, secretory phase, follicular phase, and luteal phase, are different phases of the menstrual cycle but are not specifically associated with a fall in progesterone levels.

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  • 40. 

    Secondary sexual characteristics

    • May develop in response to testosterone.

    • May develop in response to estrogen.

    • Are usually apparent at birth.

    • May develop in response to testosterone or estrogen.

    • None of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. May develop in response to testosterone or estrogen.
    Explanation
    Secondary sexual characteristics can develop in response to either testosterone or estrogen. Testosterone is primarily responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics such as facial hair, deepening of the voice, and increased muscle mass. On the other hand, estrogen is responsible for the development of female secondary sexual characteristics such as breast development and widening of the hips. Therefore, both hormones play a role in the development of secondary sexual characteristics, and it is not limited to only one hormone.

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  • 41. 

    ________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume.

    • Residual inhaled volume

    • Expiratory reserve volume

    • Inspiratory reserve volume

    • Enhanced tidal volume

    • Inspiratory capacity

    Correct Answer
    A. Inspiratory reserve volume
    Explanation
    The inspiratory reserve volume is the amount of air that can be inhaled above the resting tidal volume. It represents the additional air that can be taken in during a deep breath after normal inhalation. This volume allows for increased oxygen intake during times of increased physical activity or when additional oxygen is needed by the body.

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  • 42. 

    Henry's law states that

    • Gas volume and temperature are directly proportional.

    • Gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional.

    • The volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas.

    • In a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.

    • Gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume.

    Correct Answer
    A. The volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas.
    Explanation
    Henry's law states that the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas. This means that as the partial pressure of a gas increases, more of that gas will dissolve in the solvent. Conversely, as the partial pressure decreases, less gas will dissolve. This relationship is important in various processes, such as gas solubility in liquids, gas exchange in biological systems, and the behavior of gases in solution.

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  • 43. 

    The majority of glomeruli are located in the ________ of the kidney.

    • Vasa recta

    • Medulla

    • Cortex

    • Pelvis

    • Calyces

    Correct Answer
    A. Cortex
    Explanation
    The correct answer is cortex. The majority of glomeruli, which are the functional units of the kidney responsible for filtering blood, are located in the cortex of the kidney. The cortex is the outer region of the kidney, while the medulla is the inner region. The vasa recta refers to the network of blood vessels that surround the nephrons in the medulla. The pelvis and calyces are parts of the urinary system that collect and transport urine from the kidneys.

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  • 44. 

    Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine, except .

    • Urea.

    • Proteins.

    • Amino acids.

    • Creatine.

    • Hydrogen ions.

    Correct Answer
    A. Proteins.
    Explanation
    Urine is primarily composed of water, urea, and various dissolved substances. Urea is a waste product formed in the liver from the breakdown of proteins, and it is excreted through urine. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and can be found in urine. Creatine is a waste product of muscle metabolism and is also excreted in urine. Hydrogen ions are a component of the body's acid-base balance and can be excreted in urine. However, proteins are not normally found in urine, as they are too large to pass through the filtration process in the kidneys.

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  • 45. 
    What physiological process occurs at the structure labeled "2"? - ProProfs

    What physiological process occurs at the structure labeled "2"?

    • Reabsorption

    • Excretion

    • Secretion

    • Filtration

    • Micturition

    Correct Answer
    A. Filtration
    Explanation
    Filtration is the physiological process that occurs at the structure labeled "2". Filtration is the process by which substances in the blood are filtered through the walls of the glomerulus into the Bowman's capsule in the kidneys. This process allows for the removal of waste products, excess water, and electrolytes from the blood to form urine.

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  • 46. 

    Autoregulation of the rate of glomerular filtration has which of the following properties?

    • Depends on changes in the afferent arteriole

    • Depends on changes in the mesangial cells

    • Depends on changes in the efferent arteriole

    • All of the above

    • None of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    Autoregulation of the rate of glomerular filtration refers to the ability of the kidneys to maintain a relatively constant glomerular filtration rate (GFR) despite changes in blood pressure. This autoregulatory mechanism involves multiple factors, including changes in the afferent arteriole, mesangial cells, and efferent arteriole. The afferent arteriole can constrict or dilate to regulate the blood flow into the glomerulus, while the mesangial cells can contract or relax to control the surface area available for filtration. Additionally, the efferent arteriole can constrict or dilate to regulate the blood flow out of the glomerulus. Therefore, all of the above options are correct.

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  • 47. 

    For erection to occur

    • There must be sufficient blood hydrostatic pressure.

    • The sacral spinal cord must be intact.

    • Nitric oxide must be present.

    • All of the above

    • None of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    For erection to occur, all of the above conditions must be met. Sufficient blood hydrostatic pressure is necessary to fill the erectile tissues and cause them to expand. The sacral spinal cord must be intact in order for the brain signals to be transmitted to the penis and initiate the erection response. Nitric oxide is a key signaling molecule that relaxes the smooth muscles in the blood vessels of the penis, allowing them to dilate and increase blood flow. Therefore, all three conditions are required for erection to occur.

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  • 48. 

    The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately

    • 35 mm Hg.

    • 45 mm Hg.

    • 55 mm Hg.

    • 70 mm Hg.

    • 100 mm Hg.

    Correct Answer
    A. 45 mm Hg.
    Explanation
    The correct answer is 45 mm Hg. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately 45 mm Hg. This value represents the amount of carbon dioxide present in the tissue fluid surrounding the cells in peripheral tissues. It is important for maintaining the balance of gases in the body and facilitating the exchange of gases between the blood and the tissues.

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  • 49. 

    The pneumotaxic center

    • Is in the pons.

    • Excites the apneustic center.

    • Inhibits the apneustic center.

    • Both is in the pons and excites the apneustic center.

    • Both is in the pons and inhibits the apneustic center.

    Correct Answer
    A. Both is in the pons and inhibits the apneustic center.
    Explanation
    The pneumotaxic center is a region located in the pons of the brainstem. It plays a role in regulating the breathing pattern by inhibiting the apneustic center, which is also located in the pons. This inhibition helps to prevent prolonged inspiration and allows for a normal breathing rhythm. Therefore, the correct answer is that the pneumotaxic center is in the pons and inhibits the apneustic center.

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Quiz Review Timeline (Updated): Mar 21, 2023 +

Our quizzes are rigorously reviewed, monitored and continuously updated by our expert board to maintain accuracy, relevance, and timeliness.

  • Current Version
  • Mar 21, 2023
    Quiz Edited by
    ProProfs Editorial Team
  • Oct 18, 2015
    Quiz Created by
    Aevora07
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