Bio 2113 Test 2 -- Tissues Practice

The correct answer is osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. These are the types of cells that are found in bone tissue. Osteocytes are mature bone cells that are responsible for maintaining the bone tissue. Osteoblasts are responsible for the formation of new bone tissue, while osteoclasts are responsible for the breakdown and resorption of bone tissue.

Fibroblasts are a type of cell found in connective tissue that is responsible for producing and maintaining the extracellular matrix, including fibers such as collagen and elastin. These fibers provide structural support and elasticity to the tissue. Osteoblasts are cells that are involved in bone formation, while keratinocytes are the predominant cells in the epidermis of the skin and are responsible for producing the protein keratin. Therefore, fibroblasts are the correct answer as they specifically produce fibers in connective tissue.

The correct answer is connective, muscle, epithelium, nervous. These are the four major types of tissue found in the human body. Connective tissue provides support and connects different structures in the body. Muscle tissue is responsible for movement. Epithelial tissue covers the surfaces of organs and lines body cavities. Nervous tissue allows for communication and coordination within the body.

Stratified cuboidal tissue is the correct answer because it consists of multiple layers of epithelial cells that are cubed at the free surface. This type of tissue is commonly found in glands and ducts where it provides protection and secretion. The multiple layers of cells offer strength and durability, while the cuboidal shape allows for efficient secretion and absorption.

The types of fibers found in connective tissue are collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers. Collagen fibers provide strength and flexibility to the tissue, while elastic fibers allow the tissue to stretch and recoil. Reticular fibers provide a supportive framework for organs and tissues. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the above" as all three types of fibers are present in connective tissue.

Hyaline cartilage is a type of connective tissue that is found in various parts of the body, including the trachea, embryonic skeleton, ends of long bones, nose, and ribs. This type of cartilage provides support and flexibility to these structures. Therefore, the statement that hyaline cartilage is located in the trachea, embryonic skeleton, ends of long bones, nose, and ribs is true.

Keratinized epithelial cells are dead cells that are filled with the protein keratin at the surface of the epithelium. This type of epithelial tissue is found in areas of the body that require protection, such as the skin, hair, and nails. The keratin in these cells provides strength and durability, making them resistant to abrasion and other forms of damage. The presence of keratinized epithelial cells helps to maintain the integrity and function of the epithelium in these areas.

The mucus membrane is located in the reproductive, respiratory, digestive, and urinary tracts. These tracts are lined with a protective layer of mucus membrane that helps to lubricate and protect the organs and tissues within these systems. The mucus membrane plays a crucial role in maintaining the health and functioning of these tracts by providing a barrier against pathogens and irritants, as well as facilitating the absorption and secretion of substances.

Pseudostratified epithelium appears to be layered due to the varying heights of its cells, but in reality, each cell directly contacts the basement membrane. This arrangement gives the illusion of multiple layers, but in fact, all cells are attached to the basement membrane. Therefore, the statement is true.

The correct answer is tendons, ligaments. Tendons and ligaments are both types of dense regular connective tissue. Tendons connect muscles to bones, while ligaments connect bones to other bones. These tissues are characterized by their strong and organized arrangement of collagen fibers, which allows them to withstand tension and provide stability to the body. In contrast, bone tissue is a type of specialized connective tissue that forms the structural framework of the body and supports and protects organs. The epidermis, on the other hand, is the outermost layer of the skin and is composed mainly of epithelial tissue.

Transitional epithelium is a type of tissue that lines the urinary system, including the ureters, bladder, and urethra. This type of epithelium is unique because it can stretch and expand to accommodate urine volume changes in the urinary system. It is not found in the reproductive or respiratory systems. Therefore, the correct answer is the urinary system.

The correct answer is lining of the mouth and esophagus, skin. Stratified squamous tissues are found in areas that experience a lot of wear and tear, such as the lining of the mouth and esophagus, as well as the skin. These tissues have multiple layers of cells, which provide protection against mechanical stress and abrasion. The mouth and esophagus are constantly exposed to food and drink, while the skin is exposed to external factors like sunlight and friction. Therefore, the presence of stratified squamous tissues in these locations helps to maintain their structural integrity and protect against damage.

Macrophages are a type of cell in connective tissue that are responsible for engulfing and digesting foreign material, such as bacteria, viruses, and cellular debris. They play a crucial role in the immune response by recognizing and removing these harmful substances. Macrophages are highly specialized phagocytic cells that can also present antigens to other immune cells, initiating an immune response.

Epithelial tissue is tightly packed, avascular, has a basement membrane, can regenerate, and has a nerve supply. These characteristics are specific to epithelial tissue and help distinguish it from other types of tissues like connective tissue and muscle tissue. Epithelial tissue forms the lining of organs and body cavities, and its tight packing and basement membrane provide a protective barrier. The ability to regenerate allows for quick repair of any damage. The presence of a nerve supply allows for communication and coordination within the tissue.

Goblet cells are specialized cells found in the respiratory and digestive tracts. Their main function is to produce and secrete mucus. Mucus plays a crucial role in protecting and lubricating the surfaces of these organs. It helps to trap and remove foreign particles, pathogens, and irritants, preventing them from entering deeper tissues. Additionally, mucus aids in the smooth movement of food through the digestive tract and facilitates the passage of air in the respiratory system. Therefore, it is correct to say that goblet cells make mucus.

Elastic cartilage is found in the ear and epiglottis. Elastic cartilage is a type of cartilage that contains elastic fibers, which give it the ability to stretch and recoil. The ear is composed mainly of elastic cartilage, which helps maintain its shape and flexibility. The epiglottis, a flap of tissue located at the base of the tongue, is also made up of elastic cartilage. Its elasticity allows it to close off the entrance to the trachea during swallowing, preventing food and liquid from entering the airway.

The correct answer is intervertebral discs, menisci of knee. Fibrocartilage is a type of cartilage that is found in areas of the body that require both support and flexibility. The intervertebral discs, found between the vertebrae in the spine, are composed of fibrocartilage and help absorb shock and provide stability to the spine. The menisci of the knee are also made up of fibrocartilage and act as cushions between the femur and tibia, providing support and reducing friction during movement.

Gap junctions are specialized intercellular connections that allow direct communication between adjacent cells. These junctions form small channels called connexons, which enable the exchange of ions, small molecules, and electrical signals between cells. Gap junctions play a crucial role in coordinating the activities of cells in tissues and organs, allowing for rapid and synchronized communication.

Cartilage is a connective tissue that does not have blood vessels. It is a flexible and elastic tissue that provides support and cushioning to various parts of the body, such as the joints, nose, and ears. Unlike bone, which is a connective tissue that has a rich blood supply, cartilage relies on diffusion to obtain nutrients and eliminate waste products. This lack of blood vessels in cartilage allows it to maintain its smooth and flexible structure, making it ideal for areas that require flexibility and shock absorption.

An exocrine gland is a type of gland that secretes its products into a duct, which then carries the secretions to a specific location in the body, such as the surface of an organ or the body cavity. This is in contrast to endocrine glands, which secrete their products directly into the bloodstream. Exocrine glands include glands such as sweat glands, salivary glands, and mammary glands, which all release their secretions through ducts to the outside of the body or to specific organs.

Cardiac muscle tissue contains branching cells. Unlike skeletal and smooth muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue has intercalated discs, which allow for coordinated contractions. These branching cells and intercalated discs are unique to cardiac muscle tissue and help in the synchronized contraction of the heart, allowing it to pump blood efficiently.

Apocrine glands are a type of exocrine gland where the tip of the cell breaks off along with its secretion. These glands are found in certain areas of the body, such as the armpits and genital region. They produce a thick, milky secretion that contains proteins and lipids. Unlike merocrine glands, which release their secretions through exocytosis, and holocrine glands, which release their secretions by cell rupture, apocrine glands release their secretions by the pinching off of the apical portion of the cell. This process is known as apocrine secretion.

The correct answer is simple squamous and areolar. Serous membranes are thin, double-layered membranes that line body cavities and cover organs. They consist of two layers: a simple squamous epithelium called the mesothelium and a layer of loose connective tissue called areolar tissue. The simple squamous epithelium allows for easy diffusion and secretion, while the areolar tissue provides support and flexibility. Therefore, the combination of simple squamous and areolar tissues is ideal for the function of serous membranes.

Granulation tissue is the correct answer because it is a type of tissue that forms during the process of tissue repair. It is characterized by the proliferation of blood vessels and connective tissue. Granulation tissue is formed in response to injury or inflammation and serves as a temporary scaffold for the formation of new tissue. It is rich in blood vessels, fibroblasts, and extracellular matrix components, making it essential for wound healing and tissue regeneration.

Fibroblasts are the correct answer because they are the primary cells responsible for stromal repair in an organ. These cells are found in connective tissue and play a crucial role in producing extracellular matrix components, such as collagen and elastin, which provide structural support to the organ. Fibroblasts also secrete growth factors and cytokines that promote tissue regeneration and healing. Therefore, when an organ undergoes injury or damage, fibroblasts are recruited to the site to initiate the repair process and restore the normal function of the organ.

A desmosome is a type of junction between cells that provides strong adhesion, allowing cells to be tightly connected. This type of junction is formed by proteins that link the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells together, creating a strong bond. Desmosomes are commonly found in tissues that undergo mechanical stress, such as the skin or cardiac muscle, where they help to prevent the cells from separating under tension or stretching. Therefore, the term "desmosome" accurately describes the "welded" and tight junction between cells.

The correct answer is areolar connective tissue. Areolar connective tissue is found in the synovial membrane, which is a thin connective tissue membrane that lines the joint cavities. It is composed of loosely arranged collagen and elastic fibers, as well as various cells such as fibroblasts and macrophages. This type of tissue provides support and flexibility to the joints, allowing for smooth movement.