Bio 181 Chapter 12 And 13. Meiosis And Mitosis
Meiosis and mitosis are both proceeded by one round of DNA replication. Meiosis includes two nuclear divisions and Mitosis produces 2 daughter cells which are genetically identical to the parent cell. Take up the Bio 181 Chapter 12 and 13 on Meiosis and Mitosis and see how well you understood it. All the best!
Questions and Answers
- 1.
In humans, the 22 pairs of chromosomes that dont include the sex chromosomes are called?
- A.
Somatic cells
- B.
Tetrads
- C.
Autosomes
- D.
Diploid
- E.
Haploid
Correct Answer
C. AutosomesExplanation
The 22 pairs of chromosomes that do not include the sex chromosomes are called autosomes. Autosomes are responsible for determining the characteristics and traits of an individual, excluding their sex. They are present in both males and females and are not involved in the determination of gender.Rate this question:
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- 2.
What are the replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere and eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II? these can be first seen in prophase or mitosis.
- A.
Sister chromatin
- B.
Sister chromatids
- C.
Chiasma
- D.
Crossing over
- E.
Sex chromosomes
Correct Answer
B. Sister chromatidsExplanation
Sister chromatids are the replicated forms of a chromosome that are joined together by the centromere and eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II. They can be first seen in prophase of mitosis.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Conditon in which cells contain two sets of chromosomes (2N)
- A.
Diploid
- B.
Haploid
- C.
Somatic
- D.
Autosome
Correct Answer
A. DiploidExplanation
The condition in which cells contain two sets of chromosomes (2N) is known as diploid. In diploid cells, each chromosome is present in pairs, one inherited from each parent. This is in contrast to haploid cells, which contain only one set of chromosomes (N). Somatic refers to non-reproductive cells, while autosome refers to any chromosome other than the sex chromosomes. Therefore, the correct answer is diploid.Rate this question:
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- 4.
From fertilized egg (multicellular organisms)
- A.
Reprodution
- B.
Growth
- C.
Tissue repair
- D.
Crossing over
Correct Answer
B. GrowthExplanation
Growth is the correct answer because it is a process that occurs in multicellular organisms starting from a fertilized egg. As the organism develops, it undergoes cell division and differentiation, resulting in an increase in size and complexity. This process is essential for the organism to reach its full potential and perform its functions. Reproduction and tissue repair are also important processes, but they are not specifically mentioned in the given options. Crossing over, on the other hand, refers to a genetic process that occurs during meiosis and is unrelated to the growth of multicellular organisms.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Cleavage furrow
- A.
Plants
- B.
Animals
- C.
Humans
Correct Answer
B. AnimalsExplanation
Cleavage furrow is the correct answer because it is a feature of cell division that occurs in animals. During cytokinesis, the cytoplasm of the cell is divided into two daughter cells through the formation of a furrow or indentation known as the cleavage furrow. This process is essential for the development and growth of multicellular organisms, including animals. In contrast, plants undergo cell division through the formation of a cell plate, while humans, being animals, also exhibit cleavage furrow during cell division.Rate this question:
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- 6.
What are the five stages of mitosis?
Correct Answer
Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telephaseExplanation
The five stages of mitosis are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During prophase, the chromosomes condense and become visible. In prometaphase, the nuclear envelope breaks down and the spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes. Metaphase is characterized by the alignment of chromosomes at the center of the cell. Anaphase occurs when the sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell. Finally, during telophase, the nuclear envelope reforms and the chromosomes decondense.Rate this question:
- 7.
The two steps in cell division are
- A.
Meiosis and mitosis
- B.
Nuclear division and cytokinesis
- C.
Growth and reproduction
- D.
Tissue repair and crossing over
Correct Answer
B. Nuclear division and cytokinesisExplanation
The correct answer is "nuclear division and cytokinesis." Cell division consists of two main steps: nuclear division, which involves the division of the nucleus, and cytokinesis, which involves the division of the cytoplasm. During nuclear division, the genetic material is evenly distributed into two daughter nuclei. Cytokinesis follows nuclear division and involves the physical separation of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells. Together, these two steps ensure the accurate distribution of genetic material and the formation of two genetically identical daughter cells.Rate this question:
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- 8.
Dissimilar chromosomes that determine an individuals sex
- A.
Autosome
- B.
Somatic
- C.
Gametes
- D.
Sex chromosome
Correct Answer
D. Sex chromosomeExplanation
Sex chromosomes are the dissimilar chromosomes that determine an individual's sex. Unlike autosomes, which are responsible for determining most of an individual's traits, sex chromosomes determine whether an individual is male or female. In humans, females have two X chromosomes (XX), while males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY). The presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines the development of male reproductive organs. Therefore, the correct answer is sex chromosome.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Meiosis creates genetic.....?
- A.
Genes
- B.
Variation
- C.
Chance
- D.
Autosomes
Correct Answer
B. VariationExplanation
Meiosis is a type of cell division that occurs in sexually reproducing organisms. It involves the formation of gametes (sperm and eggs) with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cells. This process leads to genetic variation because during meiosis, homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material through a process called crossing over. Additionally, during the formation of gametes, the chromosomes segregate randomly, resulting in different combinations of alleles in the offspring. Therefore, meiosis creates genetic variation among individuals.Rate this question:
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- 10.
What is a reduction division?
- A.
Mitosis
- B.
Chiasma
- C.
Meiosis
- D.
Genes
Correct Answer
C. MeiosisExplanation
Meiosis is the correct answer because reduction division refers to the process of cell division that occurs during meiosis. During meiosis, the number of chromosomes is reduced by half, resulting in the formation of gametes (sperm and egg cells) with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. This reduction division is important for sexual reproduction and ensures the correct number of chromosomes in offspring. Mitosis is a different type of cell division that results in the formation of two identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Chiasma refers to the point of contact between paired chromosomes during meiosis, and genes are segments of DNA that code for specific traits.Rate this question:
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- 11.
What holds together sister chromatids in prometaphase?
- A.
Chromatin
- B.
Vessicles
- C.
Centromere
- D.
Glue
Correct Answer
C. CentromereExplanation
The centromere holds together sister chromatids in prometaphase. The centromere is a specialized region of the chromosome where the two sister chromatids are attached to each other. It acts as a binding site for proteins that help in the cohesion and proper alignment of the sister chromatids during cell division. This ensures that the genetic material is accurately distributed to the daughter cells. Chromatin refers to the DNA and proteins that make up the chromosome structure, while vesicles and glue are not directly involved in holding sister chromatids together in prometaphase.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Any cell other then a sperm or egg cell
- A.
Zygotes
- B.
Gene
- C.
Sex cell
- D.
Somatic cell
Correct Answer
D. Somatic cellExplanation
The correct answer is somatic cell. Somatic cells are any cells in the body that are not involved in sexual reproduction, such as skin cells, muscle cells, and nerve cells. Sperm and egg cells are sex cells, also known as gametes, which are involved in sexual reproduction. Zygotes are the result of the fusion of a sperm and egg cell during fertilization. Genes are segments of DNA that determine the characteristics and traits of an organism.Rate this question:
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- 13.
The total heridatary endowment of a cell of a species
- A.
Zygote
- B.
Gametes
- C.
Gene
- D.
Genome
Correct Answer
D. GenomeExplanation
The term "genome" refers to the complete set of genetic material or DNA present in a cell or organism. It includes all the genes, as well as non-coding regions of DNA. The genome is inherited from the parents and contains all the information necessary for the development and functioning of the organism. Therefore, the genome represents the total hereditary endowment of a cell or species.Rate this question:
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- 14.
If there is not room it wont grow. If you remove cells gap will be filled in.
- A.
Density-dependant inhibition
- B.
Glue
- C.
Haploid
- D.
Diploid
Correct Answer
A. Density-dependant inhibitionExplanation
Density-dependent inhibition refers to the phenomenon where cells stop dividing and growing when they come into contact with each other. This is a regulatory mechanism that helps maintain tissue homeostasis and prevents overcrowding of cells. In the given context, if there is not enough room for cells to grow, density-dependent inhibition would prevent further cell division. However, if cells are removed, the gap created would be filled in by the remaining cells, indicating that density-dependent inhibition is not occurring.Rate this question:
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- 15.
Condition in which cells contain 1 set of chromosomes (N)
- A.
Diploid
- B.
Haploid
- C.
Genetic variation
- D.
Genomes
Correct Answer
B. HaploidExplanation
Haploid refers to the condition in which cells contain one set of chromosomes (N). In haploid cells, the chromosomes are not paired, and they carry half the genetic information compared to diploid cells. This is because haploid cells are formed through a process called meiosis, which reduces the chromosome number by half. Haploid cells are found in organisms during the gamete formation, such as sperm and egg cells, and they are involved in sexual reproduction.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Human somatic cells contain how many chromosomes?
- A.
46
- B.
22
- C.
6
- D.
39
Correct Answer
A. 46Explanation
Human somatic cells contain 46 chromosomes. Chromosomes are thread-like structures that contain DNA and carry genetic information. In humans, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes, with one set inherited from the mother and one from the father. Each pair consists of two homologous chromosomes, making a total of 46 chromosomes in somatic cells. This number is necessary for the proper functioning and development of the human body.Rate this question:
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- 17.
_________________ most closely resembles events of mitosis except that the cells are ___________.
- A.
Interphase, diploid
- B.
Meiosis II, diploid
- C.
Interphase, haploid
- D.
Meiosis II, haploid
Correct Answer
D. Meiosis II, haploid -
- 18.
One of the earliest events that distinguishes meiosis occurs in prophase I and involves:
- A.
Condensation of chromosomes
- B.
Loss of the nuclear membrane
- C.
Movement of chromosomes towards the metaphase plate
- D.
Pairing of homologous chromosomes
Correct Answer
D. Pairing of homologous chromosomesExplanation
In prophase I of meiosis, one of the earliest events that occurs is the pairing of homologous chromosomes. This process, known as synapsis, involves the alignment and pairing of two homologous chromosomes, one from each parent. This pairing is important for the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, a process called crossing over, which increases genetic diversity. The other options listed, such as condensation of chromosomes, loss of the nuclear membrane, and movement of chromosomes towards the metaphase plate, occur later in prophase I or in subsequent stages of meiosis.Rate this question:
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- 19.
The stage of meiosis where cells become haploid.
- A.
Prophase I
- B.
Prophase II
- C.
Anaphase I
- D.
Anaphase II
Correct Answer
C. Anaphase IExplanation
During Anaphase I of meiosis, the homologous chromosomes are separated and pulled towards opposite poles of the cell. This results in the formation of two haploid cells, each containing only one set of chromosomes. Therefore, Anaphase I is the stage of meiosis where cells become haploid.Rate this question:
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- 20.
Which of the following is unique to mitosis and not a part of meiosis?
- A.
Homologous chromosomes pair forming bivalents
- B.
Homologous chromosomes cross over
- C.
Chromatids are separated during anaphase
- D.
Homologous chromosomes behave independently
Correct Answer
D. Homologous chromosomes behave independentlyExplanation
In mitosis, homologous chromosomes behave independently, meaning that they do not pair up and form bivalents like they do in meiosis. In meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up and form bivalents, which allows for genetic recombination through the process of crossing over. Additionally, in mitosis, chromatids are separated during anaphase, which is also a part of meiosis. Therefore, the only option that is unique to mitosis and not a part of meiosis is that homologous chromosomes behave independently.Rate this question:
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- 21.
The process of meiosis produces four cells with nonidentical chromosomes. This diversification occurs during:
- A.
Telophase I
- B.
Prophase I
- C.
Metaphase II
- D.
Metaphase I
Correct Answer
B. Prophase IExplanation
During prophase I of meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material through a process called crossing over. This crossing over results in the shuffling of genetic information between the chromosomes, leading to the creation of nonidentical chromosomes. Therefore, the diversification of chromosomes occurs during prophase I of meiosis.Rate this question:
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- 22.
A human cell has 46 total or 23 pairs of chromosomes. Following mitosis, the daughter cells would each have a total of ______ chromosomes. After meiosis I, the two daughter cells would have _____chromosomes, and after meiosis II ______ chromosomes.
- A.
46,46,46
- B.
46,23,23
- C.
23,23,23
- D.
46,12,12
Correct Answer
B. 46,23,23Explanation
During mitosis, the parent cell divides into two identical daughter cells, each containing the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Therefore, after mitosis, the daughter cells would each have a total of 46 chromosomes, which is the same as the parent cell.
During meiosis I, the parent cell undergoes a reduction division, resulting in the formation of two daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Therefore, after meiosis I, the two daughter cells would have 23 chromosomes each.
During meiosis II, the two daughter cells from meiosis I divide again without any DNA replication, resulting in the formation of four haploid cells. Each of these cells would have the same number of chromosomes as the daughter cells from meiosis I, which is 23 chromosomes each.Rate this question:
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- 23.
Organizatioal unit of hereditary material (genes) in the nucleus of eukaryotic organisms
- A.
Chromatin
- B.
Chromosomes
- C.
Chromatid
- D.
Autosomes
Correct Answer
B. ChromosomesExplanation
Chromosomes are the organizational units of hereditary material (genes) in the nucleus of eukaryotic organisms. They carry the genetic information that is passed from parent to offspring and are composed of DNA tightly coiled around proteins called histones. Chromosomes are visible under a microscope during cell division and are responsible for ensuring the accurate distribution of genetic material to daughter cells. They are made up of two chromatids held together by a centromere, and humans typically have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) in each cell, with one pair being the sex chromosomes (XX or XY) and the rest being autosomes.Rate this question:
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- 24.
Sister chromatids are pulled apart to each end of the cell
- A.
Cell division
- B.
Nuclear divison
- C.
Meiosis
- D.
Locus
Correct Answer
B. Nuclear divisonExplanation
During nuclear division, specifically during the process of mitosis, sister chromatids are separated and pulled apart to opposite ends of the cell. This ensures that each new cell receives a complete set of genetic information. Meiosis, on the other hand, involves two rounds of nuclear division and results in the formation of gametes with half the number of chromosomes. Locus refers to the specific position of a gene on a chromosome. Therefore, the correct answer is nuclear division, as it accurately describes the separation of sister chromatids during cell division.Rate this question:
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- 25.
Unicellular organsms, divison of one cell into 2 reproduces an entire organism
- A.
Growth
- B.
Tissue repair
- C.
Crossing over
- D.
Reproduction
Correct Answer
D. ReproductionExplanation
The process of division of one cell into two, which reproduces an entire organism, is known as reproduction. This is how unicellular organisms, such as bacteria, reproduce and multiply. Reproduction is essential for the survival and continuation of a species, as it allows for the creation of new individuals. It is distinct from growth, tissue repair, and crossing over, as these processes do not involve the creation of a whole new organism.Rate this question:
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- 26.
Somatic cells are distinguishable by
Correct Answer
size, position of centromere, banding pattern (staining pattern)Explanation
Somatic cells can be distinguished based on their size, the position of the centromere, and the banding pattern or staining pattern. Size refers to the overall dimensions of the cell, which can vary among different types of somatic cells. The position of the centromere, which is the region where the two sister chromatids are held together, can also differ between somatic cells. Lastly, the banding pattern or staining pattern refers to the unique pattern of dark and light bands that can be observed when the chromosomes are stained and viewed under a microscope. These characteristics help differentiate somatic cells from other types of cells in the body.Rate this question:
- 27.
Genomes are oragnized into multiple function units called
- A.
Chromosomes
- B.
Centromere
- C.
Chromatin
- D.
Sister chromatids
Correct Answer
A. ChromosomesExplanation
Genomes are organized into multiple function units called chromosomes. Chromosomes are structures within cells that contain DNA, which carries the genetic information of an organism. They are made up of chromatin, a complex of DNA and proteins, and are further divided into sister chromatids during cell division. The centromere is a region within a chromosome that connects the sister chromatids. Therefore, chromosomes are the correct answer as they are the functional units where genetic information is stored and transmitted.Rate this question:
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- 28.
Non sister chromatids swap corresponding segments (swapping dna betwenn non sister)
- A.
Independent assortment
- B.
Homologues
- C.
Tissue repair
- D.
Crossing over
Correct Answer
D. Crossing overExplanation
Crossing over refers to the exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids during meiosis. This process occurs between homologous chromosomes and leads to the recombination of genes. It increases genetic diversity by creating new combinations of alleles. Therefore, crossing over is the most suitable explanation for the given answer, as it involves the swapping of DNA segments between non-sister chromatids. The other options, such as independent assortment, homologues, and tissue repair, do not involve the specific process of swapping DNA between non-sister chromatids.Rate this question:
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- 29.
Cell plate
- A.
Animal
- B.
Human
- C.
Plants
Correct Answer
C. PlantsExplanation
The cell plate is a structure that forms during cell division in plants. It is responsible for dividing the cytoplasm and eventually forming the cell wall between the two daughter cells. This process is known as cytokinesis and is unique to plant cells. Animal cells do not have a cell plate, instead, they undergo cytokinesis by a process called cleavage, where the cell membrane pinches inwards to separate the two daughter cells. Therefore, the presence of a cell plate is a characteristic feature of plant cells.Rate this question:
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- 30.
Is the process of cytoplasmic divison and begins during telophase
- A.
Cytokinesis
- B.
Crossing over
- C.
Tissue repair
- D.
Reproduction
Correct Answer
A. CytokinesisExplanation
Cytokinesis is the correct answer because it is the process of cytoplasmic division that occurs during telophase, the final stage of cell division. During cytokinesis, the cytoplasm of the parent cell is divided into two daughter cells, each containing a complete set of genetic material. This process is essential for the completion of cell division and the formation of two separate cells.Rate this question:
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- 31.
A haploid reproductive cell (sperm and egg cells)
- A.
Zygotes
- B.
Gametes
- C.
Genes
Correct Answer
B. GametesExplanation
Gametes are haploid reproductive cells, such as sperm and egg cells, that fuse during fertilization to form a zygote. Zygotes are the result of the fusion of two gametes and contain the full set of chromosomes. Genes are segments of DNA that determine specific traits and are passed on from parents to offspring through gametes. Therefore, the correct answer is gametes as they are the specific haploid cells involved in sexual reproduction.Rate this question:
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- 32.
Cell division function in
- A.
Reproduction, growth, tissue repair
- B.
Reproduction, zygotes, crossing over
- C.
Crossing over, fertilization, gametes
Correct Answer
A. Reproduction, growth, tissue repairExplanation
Cell division is a fundamental process that plays a crucial role in reproduction, growth, and tissue repair. During reproduction, cell division is necessary for the formation of gametes (sperm and eggs) through a process called meiosis. These gametes then fuse during fertilization to form a zygote, which undergoes further cell division to develop into an embryo. In terms of growth, cell division allows for the increase in cell number, leading to the growth and development of an organism. Additionally, cell division is essential for tissue repair, as it allows damaged or injured tissues to be replaced by new cells through the process of mitosis.Rate this question:
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