Bio 1010 Study Guide

The correct answer is a double helix. DNA assumes a double helix form, which means it consists of two strands that are twisted around each other in a spiral shape. This structure was discovered by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953 and has since become a fundamental concept in biology. The double helix structure allows DNA to store and transmit genetic information in a stable and efficient manner.

Uracil is not one of the bases in a DNA molecule. DNA is composed of four bases: adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine. Uracil is only found in RNA molecules, where it replaces thymine. Therefore, it is not a base in DNA.

mRNA (messenger RNA) and tRNA (transfer RNA) are correct types of RNA. mRNA carries the instructions from DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis, while tRNA brings the amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis. qRNA is not a recognized type of RNA, so it is not correct. The answer "a and c" refers to mRNA and tRNA, which are the correct types of RNA.

Cytosine will form a base pair only with guanine. In DNA, cytosine always pairs with guanine through three hydrogen bonds, while in RNA, cytosine pairs with guanine through two hydrogen bonds. Thymine pairs with adenine in DNA, while uracil pairs with adenine in RNA. Therefore, guanine is the correct answer as it is the only option that can form a base pair with cytosine.

The weak bonds between complementary nitrogen bases involve hydrogen. In DNA and RNA, the nitrogen bases adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T) or uracil (U), and guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C) through hydrogen bonding. These hydrogen bonds are relatively weak, allowing the DNA double helix to be easily unwound during replication and transcription. The hydrogen bonds provide stability to the DNA structure while still allowing for the separation of the two strands when necessary.

The correct answer is "all of the above". Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a single stranded molecule that contains uracil instead of thymine. It also has many sugar to phosphate bonds, and the ribose sugar in mRNA is missing an oxygen. Therefore, all of these statements correctly describe messenger RNA.

DNA can be described functionally as a source for RNA production because it serves as a template for the synthesis of RNA molecules. RNA is produced through a process called transcription, where an enzyme called RNA polymerase reads the DNA sequence and synthesizes a complementary RNA molecule. This RNA molecule can then be further processed and modified to produce different types of RNA, including messenger RNA (mRNA) which carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis. Therefore, DNA acts as a source for the production of RNA molecules.

mRNA, or messenger RNA, provides the directions for protein synthesis. It carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized. This process involves the translation of the genetic code carried by mRNA into a specific sequence of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. Therefore, mRNA plays a crucial role in protein synthesis by providing the instructions for the correct assembly of amino acids into proteins.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is synthesized in the nucleus of a cell. This is where the DNA is located and transcription takes place, during which the mRNA molecule is formed using a DNA template. The mRNA molecule then carries the genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it can be translated into a protein by the ribosomes. The other options (mitochondria, ribosome, endoplasmic reticulum, and golgi body) are not involved in the synthesis of mRNA.

Translation is the process of making proteins from RNA. During this process, the information encoded in the mRNA molecule is used to synthesize a specific protein. It occurs in the ribosomes, where transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules bring the corresponding amino acids to the ribosome. The ribosome reads the mRNA sequence and assembles the amino acids in the correct order to form a protein. This process is essential for the functioning and structure of cells and is a key step in gene expression.

The process of making RNA from DNA is called transcription. Translation refers to the process of converting the mRNA into a protein. Conjunction and peptide synthesis are not related to the process of making RNA from DNA. Therefore, the correct answer is transcription.

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