APUSH Final Exam Review Fall 2010

The correct answer is Religious Revival. The First and Second Great Awakenings were both periods of intense religious revival in American history. During these times, there was a renewed interest in religion and spirituality, leading to widespread religious fervor and the establishment of new religious movements. Camp meetings were a popular form of religious gathering during both awakenings, where people would come together for extended periods of worship and preaching. The Burned Over District refers to an area in New York that experienced numerous religious revivals during the Second Great Awakening. The founding of Princeton and Columbia Universities, while significant events in American history, are not directly associated with the Great Awakenings.

Joseph Smith and Brigham Young were leaders of the Mormons. The Mormons, also known as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, were a religious group founded by Joseph Smith in the early 19th century. Smith claimed to have received revelations from God and translated the Book of Mormon. Brigham Young succeeded Smith as the leader of the Mormons and played a crucial role in leading them to settle in Utah. The Mormons faced persecution and discrimination, but they established thriving communities and continue to be a significant religious group in the United States today.

John Deere is properly matched with the item he invented, which is the Steel Plow. The Steel Plow revolutionized agriculture by allowing farmers to easily break up tough soil and plant crops more efficiently. John Deere's invention greatly increased productivity and played a significant role in the development of modern farming techniques.

Martin Delany's statement, "We are slaves in the midst of freedom," refers to the various restrictions and limitations that free African Americans faced during that time. These restrictions included not being able to work for the U.S. Postal Service, claim public land, hold a U.S. passport, working at low-wage jobs, being considered social inferiors to whites, only a small number of them owning land, and only a few states extending the vote to free blacks. Delany's statement highlights the paradoxical situation where African Americans were technically free, but still faced significant barriers and limitations that resembled slavery.

Mormonism is the correct answer because it is a religious movement that originated in the United States. It was founded by Joseph Smith in the early 19th century and is based on the teachings of the Book of Mormon. The movement gained a significant following in the United States and eventually spread to other parts of the world. Mormonism is considered one of the major religious movements that originated in the United States.

The short lived Canal Age was supplanted by railroads because railroads offered a faster, more efficient, and more reliable means of transportation. Unlike canals, which were limited to specific routes, railroads could be built almost anywhere, allowing for greater connectivity and accessibility. Railroads also had the advantage of being able to transport goods and people year-round, regardless of weather conditions. Additionally, railroads were able to carry larger quantities of cargo and passengers, making them more cost-effective. Overall, the emergence of railroads marked a significant advancement in transportation technology, leading to the decline of canals as the dominant mode of transportation.

Better transportation networks were most responsible for encouraging the growth of domestic markets in the first half of the nineteenth century. Improved transportation allowed for easier movement of goods and people, facilitating trade and commerce. It enabled goods to be transported more efficiently and at a lower cost, making them more accessible to a larger population. This led to an expansion of markets and increased economic activity, contributing to the growth of domestic markets during this time period.

The antebellum reform movement was largely influenced by a religious revival movement. This movement, known as the Second Great Awakening, swept across the United States in the early 19th century and led to a renewed interest in religious faith and social reform. The revivalists emphasized the importance of personal salvation and believed in the power of individual redemption to create a more just and moral society. This religious fervor inspired many to join various reform movements, such as the abolitionist movement, women's rights movement, and temperance movement, all of which sought to address social injustices and improve society.

Jefferson and Jackson had the most strained relationship with the Supreme Court of the United States. Both presidents were known for their belief in states' rights and their opposition to the power of the federal government. They clashed with the Supreme Court over issues such as the scope of federal power and the authority of the court to overturn state laws. Jefferson even went as far as attempting to impeach a Supreme Court justice, while Jackson openly defied the court's rulings. Their actions and beliefs resulted in a strained relationship between the executive branch and the judicial branch during their presidencies.

The Industrial and Market Revolutions created a class-divided society that challenged the founders' vision of an agrarian republic. This implies that the revolutions led to the emergence of distinct social classes, which went against the original idea of a society based on agriculture. The revolutions likely brought about significant changes in the economic and social structure, leading to a more unequal distribution of wealth and power. This would have challenged the ideals of equality and democracy that the founders had envisioned for the nation.

Charles Grandison Finney is most directly connected with revivalism. He was a prominent figure in the Second Great Awakening, a religious revival movement that swept through the United States in the early 19th century. Finney was a preacher and evangelist who played a key role in promoting and organizing revival meetings, which aimed to bring people back to the Christian faith and inspire spiritual awakening. His preaching style and methods, such as the use of emotionally charged sermons and altar calls, were influential in shaping the revivalist movement and its impact on American society.

German-language shop signs are an example of America being a welcoming place for immigrants because they demonstrate the acceptance and accommodation of different cultures within American society. By allowing and even embracing the use of the German language in commercial settings, it indicates a level of inclusivity and acceptance of German immigrants and their culture. This shows that America is open to immigrants and values their contributions to society.

The transportation revolution in the United States resulted in the development of efficient transportation systems, such as canals and railroads, which connected the North and the Midwest regions. This allowed for the transportation of goods and resources between these areas, leading to the establishment of economic ties. As a result, trade and commerce flourished, contributing to the economic growth and development of both regions.

The Ordinance of Nullification was based on the belief that states had the right to determine which congressional laws they would enforce. This means that states believed they had the power to reject or nullify any federal law that they deemed unconstitutional or unfavorable to their interests. This idea of states' rights was a key component of the Nullification Crisis in the United States in the early 1830s, where South Carolina attempted to nullify federal tariffs. This belief in states' rights and the power of nullification was ultimately rejected by the federal government and led to a strengthening of federal authority.

Patronage refers to the practice of elected officials granting government jobs to party members as a reward for their loyalty. This system allows elected officials to appoint individuals who are supportive of their party, ensuring their continued support and loyalty. It has been a common practice in many political systems, although it has also been criticized for promoting favoritism and undermining merit-based appointments.

President Andrew Jackson's actions during the Nullification Crisis in the 1830s were most similar to President Lincoln's belief. Jackson firmly believed in the supremacy of the federal government and opposed any attempts by states to nullify or invalidate federal laws. He even threatened to use military force to enforce federal authority during the crisis. Like Lincoln, Jackson's stance demonstrated a strong commitment to preserving the unity of the United States and upholding the power of the federal government over the states.

John Quincy Adams' rigid personality and high moral standards can be seen as both a strength and a weakness. On one hand, his strong principles and unwavering integrity allowed him to make principled decisions and stand up for what he believed in. This made him a trustworthy and reliable leader. On the other hand, his inflexibility and unwillingness to compromise may have hindered his ability to build alliances and navigate the complex world of politics. His rigid personality and high moral standards may have made it difficult for him to adapt to changing circumstances and negotiate effectively, potentially limiting his effectiveness as a leader.

The New England businessmen reversed their concern raised at the Hartford Convention regarding the westward movement because they realized that the west would provide them with new markets for their products. This means that they saw the potential for expanding their customer base and selling their goods in the growing western territories. By tapping into these new markets, the businessmen could increase their sales and profits, making the westward movement beneficial for their business interests.

Clay's American system was a set of economic policies aimed at promoting American industry and economic growth. It included a protective tariff, which placed taxes on imported goods to protect American manufacturers. It also included subsidized internal improvements, which involved government funding for infrastructure projects like roads, canals, and railways. Lastly, it included the establishment of a national bank, which would provide a stable currency and regulate the economy. Therefore, the answer choice that includes only these elements is "Protective tariff, subsidized internal improvements, and the national bank."

Both Jacksonian democracy and Jeffersonian republicanism shared a common emphasis on the interests and rights of the average American citizen. They both believed in the importance of protecting and promoting the welfare of the common people, rather than favoring the elite or wealthy. Both movements aimed to empower the working class and ensure that government policies and actions benefited the majority of the population. This focus on supporting average Americans was a key similarity between Jacksonian democracy and Jeffersonian republicanism.

The antebellum women's movement was helped by religious revivalism, the temperance movement, benevolent activities, and Whig politics. These factors contributed to the growth and success of the women's movement during this time period. They provided a platform for women to advocate for their rights and work towards social and political change.

Central New York was labeled the "Burned Over District" because it was home to many religious revivals and reform movements. This term was coined due to the intense religious fervor and the frequency of religious revivals that occurred in the region during the 19th century. The term "burned over" refers to the idea that the religious fervor had "burned over" the area, leaving little room for new converts. The region experienced a significant number of religious movements, including the Second Great Awakening, which led to social and moral reforms such as abolitionism and women's rights.

Samuel Slater is known as the "father of the factory system" because he opened the first American factory in 1790. He was an English immigrant who played a crucial role in the industrialization of the United States. Slater brought the knowledge and technology of textile manufacturing from Britain to America, establishing the first successful cotton-spinning factory in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. His factory marked the beginning of the American Industrial Revolution and set the foundation for the development of the factory system in the country.

Between 1800 and 1860, five percent of southern whites owned fifty percent of the south's slave population. This suggests that a small minority of wealthy individuals held a significant portion of the slave population, indicating a high concentration of wealth and power in the hands of a few slaveholders.

Nat Turner's efforts contradict the fact that most slaves recognized that uprisings would be futile. Nat Turner was an enslaved African American who led a rebellion in Virginia in 1831. His rebellion resulted in the deaths of around 60 white people and led to a crackdown on enslaved individuals in the South. Turner's actions showed that there were slaves who believed in the possibility of successful uprisings and were willing to take action against their oppressors.

Jackson refused to implement the decision in Worcester v. Georgia. This case involved the issue of Native American sovereignty and the state of Georgia's attempt to assert authority over Native American lands. The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice John Marshall, ruled that Georgia's laws did not apply to Native American tribes. However, Jackson disagreed with the decision and famously stated, "John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it." This reflected Jackson's opposition to the power of the federal government and his support for states' rights.

The Roman Catholic immigration in the 1840s hindered unionism. This could be because the influx of Catholic immigrants, who were often from countries with strong labor movements, may have posed a threat to existing unions. The immigrants may have been willing to work for lower wages or under worse conditions, which could have undermined the bargaining power of established unions. Additionally, cultural and religious differences may have made it difficult for Catholic immigrants to integrate into existing labor movements, further hindering unionism.

The South's cotton production was highly profitable and accounted for a significant portion of American exports. However, despite this economic success, the per capita income in the South was still lower than that of the North. This suggests that while the cotton industry brought wealth and prosperity to the region, it did not necessarily translate into higher individual incomes for the majority of Southerners.

During the antebellum period, slavery was not considered a facet of urban popular culture. While commercialized sex, fashion consciousness, popular entertainment, and nativism were all prevalent aspects of urban life during this time, slavery was a deeply ingrained institution that existed primarily in rural areas and plantations. It was not a form of popular culture but rather a system of labor and social control that was widely debated and eventually abolished.

The Oneida Community was a religious commune in the 19th century that believed in complex marriage, the rejection of monogamy, and the equality of men and women. However, celibacy was not a belief or practice associated with the Oneida Community. The members of the community believed in forming intimate relationships with multiple partners rather than abstaining from sexual activity altogether.

Some Cherokee Indians promoted the Indian Removal Act, which was a law passed by Congress despite much public outcry. This act resulted in the forced removal of Native American tribes, including the Cherokee, from their ancestral lands in the southeastern United States to designated Indian Territory in present-day Oklahoma. Although there were dissenting voices among the Cherokee, some tribal leaders believed that cooperating with the government's relocation efforts would be the best way to protect their people's interests.

The Bill of Rights does not contain any legal argument for slavery. It is a set of amendments to the United States Constitution that protect individual rights and liberties. Slavery is not mentioned or supported in any of these amendments. Therefore, the correct answer is not the Bill of Rights.

By the 1850s, thousands of slaves profited from an underground economy. This suggests that despite their enslaved status, some slaves were able to find ways to engage in economic activities that allowed them to generate income and potentially improve their living conditions. This highlights the resilience and resourcefulness of enslaved individuals in navigating and subverting the oppressive system they were trapped in.

The U.S. Constitution led to the need to smuggle slaves into the country rather than import them legally. The Constitution allowed the importation of slaves until 1808, after which it was banned. This ban prompted slave traders to resort to smuggling slaves into the country illegally, as the demand for slaves in the United States remained high. The Constitution's prohibition on the importation of slaves contributed to the growth of the illegal slave trade in the early 19th century.

The cotton boom in the 1810s refers to the rapid expansion of cotton production in the southern United States. This boom created a high demand for labor, leading to an increase in the slave population. As a result, many African Americans were forcibly relocated from the Upper South to the Deep South, where cotton plantations were concentrated. This movement of African Americans is known as the redistribution of the African American population.

The answer, "Republican equality originated as a southern objective," supports Edmund Morgan's thesis that slavery for blacks brought freedom for whites. This is because it suggests that the concept of equality and the idea of republicanism, which were fundamental to the American Revolution, were initially championed by southern states. According to Morgan, southern slaveholders believed that by enslaving African Americans, they were preserving their own freedom and ensuring their social and political dominance. The idea that southern states played a significant role in advocating for republican equality aligns with this thesis.

The planter aristocracy valued inequality. This suggests that they preferred a society where there was a clear distinction between the wealthy elite and the rest of the population. They likely believed in maintaining a hierarchical social structure where power and resources were concentrated in the hands of a few, rather than promoting equal opportunities and distribution of wealth. This preference for inequality could have influenced their support for policies that maintained their privileged position and limited the rights and opportunities of others.

The Erie Canal had a drawback in that it adversely altered the ecology and the economy of the region. The construction and operation of the canal caused significant changes to the natural environment, including the alteration of waterways and the destruction of wetlands. This led to negative impacts on the local ecosystem, including the loss of habitats and disruption of natural water flows. Additionally, the canal's success in facilitating trade and transportation also had negative economic consequences for central and western New York. As travelers and goods bypassed these areas for more direct routes west, it hindered their economic prosperity.

Southerners used various arguments to support their pro-slavery position, including the Bible, the U.S. Constitution, economic necessity, and paternalism. However, moral superiority was not typically used by Southerners to justify slavery. Instead, they often argued that slavery was a necessary evil or that it was a positive good for both enslaved people and slaveholders. The concept of moral superiority was more commonly associated with abolitionists who believed that slavery was morally wrong and should be abolished.

Expanding suffrage to deter westward migration could be a strategy employed by eastern states to encourage people to stay in their current locations and prevent them from moving westward. By giving individuals a greater say in the political process, the states may have hoped to create a sense of belonging and attachment to the region, discouraging the desire to migrate. This could have been seen as a way to retain laborers, maintain population levels, and prevent the potential loss of economic and political power to the western states.