AP Psychology Final Test

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1. "I am primarily interested in thinking processes; I am a _______________ psychologist." 

Explanation

The given statement suggests that the person is primarily interested in studying thinking processes. This aligns with the field of cognitive psychology, which focuses on understanding mental processes such as perception, memory, attention, and problem-solving. Therefore, the correct answer is cognitive.

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About This Quiz
AP Psychology Final Test - Quiz

This test is structured like the AP Exam and many of the questions are real questions from previous AP exams.

2. People who think their ethnic, national, or religious group is superior to others are called

Explanation

Ethnocentric refers to individuals who believe that their own ethnic, national, or religious group is superior to others. This belief leads them to judge other groups based on their own cultural standards and values. Ethnocentric individuals often display bias, prejudice, and discrimination towards those who are different from them. They may also have a limited understanding and appreciation of other cultures, leading to a lack of empathy and tolerance.

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3. The autonomic nervous system contains two branches called the 

Explanation

The autonomic nervous system consists of two branches called the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. These two systems work together to regulate involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, digestion, and breathing. The sympathetic system is responsible for the "fight or flight" response, activating the body during times of stress or danger. The parasympathetic system, on the other hand, promotes relaxation and conserves energy by slowing down bodily functions. Together, these two systems maintain a delicate balance in the body's internal environment.

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4. When trying to solve a problem, Bret uses a logical, step-by-step formula called

Explanation

Bret uses a logical, step-by-step formula called an algorithm when trying to solve a problem. An algorithm is a set of instructions or rules that are followed in order to solve a problem or complete a task. It involves breaking down the problem into smaller, more manageable steps and following a specific sequence to reach a solution. Algorithms are often used in computer programming and problem-solving processes to ensure a systematic approach to finding solutions.

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5. An individual who experiences major distortions of reality is most likely suffering from which of hte following types of disorders? 

Explanation

An individual who experiences major distortions of reality is most likely suffering from Schizophrenic disorder. Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder characterized by distorted thinking, hallucinations, delusions, and impaired social functioning. These individuals may experience a break from reality, hearing voices, having false beliefs, and having difficulty distinguishing between what is real and what is not. Anxiety, mood, adjustment, and bipolar disorders do not typically cause major distortions of reality like schizophrenia does.

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6. The problems of observers seeing only what they expect to see is called

Explanation

Observer bias refers to the tendency of observers to see and interpret events based on their preconceived notions, expectations, or personal beliefs. This can lead to a distorted perception of reality and can affect the accuracy and objectivity of observations. Observers may unintentionally overlook or misinterpret information that does not align with their expectations, leading to biased conclusions.

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7. The "All-or-None" law states that: 

Explanation

The "All-or-None" law states that a neuron either fires off completely, resulting in an action potential, or it does not fire at all. This means that the strength or intensity of the stimulus does not affect the firing of the neuron. Once the threshold is reached, the neuron fires with maximum strength, but if the threshold is not reached, no firing occurs. This principle applies to the generation of action potentials in individual neurons throughout the nervous system.

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8. A person with agoraphobia is best described as an individual who 

Explanation

A person with agoraphobia is best described as an individual who suffers from an irrational fear and avoidance of public places. Agoraphobia is a type of anxiety disorder in which a person has an intense fear of situations or places where they feel trapped, embarrassed, or helpless. This fear often leads to avoidance of these situations or places, such as crowded areas, public transportation, or open spaces. The person may experience panic attacks or extreme anxiety when faced with these situations, and their fear can significantly impact their daily life and functioning.

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9. Theories explain results, predict future outcomes, and 

Explanation

The correct answer is "Guide research for future studies". Theories are used to guide and inform future research studies. They provide a framework for understanding and explaining results, as well as predicting future outcomes. Theories are not limited to any specific method of observation or data collection, such as relying only on naturalistic observations, surveys, or case studies. Instead, theories are broader in scope and help shape the direction of research in order to further our understanding of a particular phenomenon.

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10. The process through which a response is taught by rewardin gsuccessive approximations to the final desired response is 

Explanation

Shaping is the process through which a response is taught by rewarding successive approximations to the final desired response. This means that instead of waiting for the exact desired behavior to occur, the learner is reinforced for any behavior that is closer to the desired response. Over time, the behavior is shaped and refined until it matches the desired behavior. This technique is commonly used in behavior modification and training settings to teach complex behaviors. Extinction refers to the gradual disappearance of a previously learned behavior when it is no longer reinforced. Fading refers to gradually reducing the intensity or frequency of a prompt or cue. Secondary reinforcement refers to a stimulus that gains reinforcing properties through its association with a primary reinforcer.

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11. A child bitten by a white dog is not afraid of black dogs. This is an example of 

Explanation

This scenario demonstrates discrimination, as the child is able to differentiate between the white dog that bit them and other black dogs. Discrimination refers to the ability to respond differently to similar stimuli based on their distinct characteristics. In this case, the child's fear is specific to white dogs, indicating that they have learned to discriminate between different types of dogs based on their past experience.

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12. An individual with damage to Wernicke's area is most likely to have difficulty with 

Explanation

An individual with damage to Wernicke's area is most likely to have difficulty with comprehending a spoken request for information. Wernicke's area is responsible for language comprehension, so damage to this area can result in difficulties understanding and interpreting spoken language. This can include difficulty in processing and comprehending requests for information.

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13. Which of the following best illustrates a humanistic approach to personality? 

Explanation

The correct answer emphasizes personal growth and achievement of individual potential. This is a key principle of the humanistic approach to personality, which focuses on the unique qualities and potential of each individual. It emphasizes self-actualization, personal fulfillment, and the importance of subjective experiences and self-perception in shaping personality. This approach emphasizes the positive aspects of human nature and the belief that individuals have the capacity to grow, change, and reach their full potential.

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14. In phase one of a study, a researcher classically conditions a dog to salivate to the ringing of a bell. In the second phase, the researcher pairs a flashing light with the ringing of the bell. After several pairings of the light and the bell, the dog will

Explanation

In classical conditioning, an initially neutral stimulus (flashing light) is paired with a conditioned stimulus (ringing bell) that already elicits a response (salivation). Through repeated pairings, the flashing light becomes associated with the bell, and the dog learns to associate the light with the impending presentation of food, which leads to salivation. Therefore, after several pairings of the light and the bell, the dog will start to salivate when the light is flashed.

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15. According to Erik Erikson, the major developmental task during adolescence is to achieve a sense of 

Explanation

During adolescence, individuals go through a period of self-discovery and exploration, trying to establish their own identity and sense of self. This involves developing a clear understanding of one's values, beliefs, and goals, as well as forming a coherent sense of identity that is consistent with one's own experiences and aspirations. Erik Erikson believed that successfully navigating this stage leads to a strong and stable sense of identity, while failure to do so can result in confusion and a lack of direction in life. Therefore, according to Erikson, the major developmental task during adolescence is to achieve a sense of identity.

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16. Rogers calls the image of the person you would like to be the 

Explanation

The term "Ideal self" refers to the image or concept of the person that an individual aspires to become. It represents the ideal version of oneself, encompassing qualities, traits, and achievements that one desires to possess. This concept aligns with Rogers' belief that individuals have an innate drive towards self-actualization and personal growth. The ideal self serves as a motivational force, guiding individuals towards self-improvement and self-fulfillment.

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17. Social learning experiments on the modeling of aggresssive behavior have demonstrated that 

Explanation

Children can develop aggressive behavior simply by watching others perform aggressive acts. This is supported by social learning experiments on the modeling of aggressive behavior. These experiments have shown that children can learn and imitate aggressive behavior by observing others engaging in such acts, even without any reinforcement or direct involvement. This suggests that exposure to aggressive behavior can have a significant impact on children's behavior and may contribute to the development of aggression in them.

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18. This man campaigned to make psychology its own separate science and made the first laboratory for psychology research. 

Explanation

Wilhelm Wundt is the correct answer because he campaigned to make psychology its own separate science and established the first laboratory for psychology research. He is considered the founder of experimental psychology and his work laid the foundation for the development of modern psychology as a distinct scientific discipline.

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19. Jason is attending a parade that features the local high school band. Jason's friend Brent plays the trombone in the band. It is difficult for Jason to hear Brent play at the parade. Which of the following would best allow Jason to hear Brent's trombone? 

Explanation

Selective attention would best allow Jason to hear Brent's trombone. Selective attention refers to the ability to focus on specific stimuli while filtering out irrelevant information. In this scenario, Jason can use selective attention to focus his auditory attention on Brent's trombone amidst the noise and distractions of the parade. By selectively attending to the sound of the trombone, Jason can effectively hear Brent's performance.

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20. Concerning pure extraversion and pure introversion, it is most accurate to say

Explanation

Extraversion and introversion are not absolute categories, but rather exist on a spectrum. Most individuals do not fit into the extreme ends of the spectrum and instead exhibit a combination of both traits to varying degrees. This means that most people fall somewhere between pure extraversion and pure introversion.

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21. 1) If there is a .8 correlation between hand size and brain size, then there is a:

Explanation

A correlation coefficient of .8 indicates a strong positive correlation between hand size and brain size. This means that as hand size increases, brain size also tends to increase, and vice versa. The correlation coefficient ranges from -1 to 1, with values closer to 1 indicating a stronger positive correlation. Therefore, the correct answer is B. strong positive correlation.

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22. Of the following, who is a humanistic psychologist? 

Explanation

Carl Rogers is considered a humanistic psychologist because he developed the person-centered approach to therapy. He believed that individuals have the ability to reach their full potential and that therapy should focus on providing a supportive and empathetic environment for personal growth and self-discovery. Rogers emphasized the importance of unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuineness in the therapeutic relationship, allowing clients to explore their feelings and experiences without judgment. His approach revolutionized the field of psychology and contributed significantly to the humanistic perspective.

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23. Black and white vision with greatest sensitivity under low levels of illumination describes the function of

Explanation

The rods are responsible for black and white vision with the greatest sensitivity under low levels of illumination. They are photoreceptor cells located in the retina of the eye that are highly sensitive to light. Unlike cones, which are responsible for color vision and function best under bright light conditions, rods are specialized for low-light situations. They allow us to see in dimly lit environments and are crucial for our night vision.

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24. Which of the following is primary characteristic of dream sleep?

Explanation

During dream sleep, also known as REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep, the primary characteristic is the occurrence of rapid eye movements. This is a distinct feature of REM sleep and is associated with vivid dreaming. During this stage, the brain is highly active, while the muscles are relaxed, resulting in the rapid movement of the eyes. Other characteristics such as irregular heart rate and blood pressure, sexual arousal, and increased muscle tension are not specific to dream sleep and can occur during other stages of sleep as well.

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25. It is well established that certain autonomic responses such as heart rate, perspiration, and respiration change under stress. In view of the fact that people generally have stronger autonomic responses when lying than when telling the truth, it follows that the polygraph would be a foolproof approach to lie detection. Which statement best explains why the polygraph is not more widely used in courtrooms and in testing of job applicants? 

Explanation

The polygraph is not more widely used in courtrooms and in testing of job applicants because physiological arousal, such as heart rate, perspiration, and respiration, can occur in response to various emotions, not just guilt. Therefore, the polygraph cannot always accurately distinguish between guilt and other reactions, making it an unreliable method for lie detection.

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26. Ethnocentrism is: 

Explanation

Ethnocentrism refers to the belief or attitude that one's own ethnic or cultural group is superior to others and should be used as the standard for judging and evaluating others. It involves viewing one's group as superior and often leads to biased judgments and discrimination against other groups. Ethnocentrism can hinder intercultural understanding and cooperation, as it promotes a narrow perspective that disregards the value and diversity of other cultures.

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27. The requirements for control group are: 

Explanation

The correct answer is "All of the Above" because all three requirements mentioned - random sampling, random assignment, and results being due to the independent variable - are essential for a control group. Random sampling ensures that the participants in the control group are representative of the population, random assignment helps in distributing potential confounding variables equally among groups, and results being due to the independent variable ensures that any observed effects can be attributed to the treatment or intervention being studied.

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28. Which of the following is not a part of the Pheripheral Nervous System? 

Explanation

The central nervous system is not a part of the peripheral nervous system. The peripheral nervous system consists of the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system, which includes the sympathetic nervous system. The central nervous system, on the other hand, includes the brain and spinal cord and is responsible for processing and coordinating information received from the peripheral nervous system.

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29. In psychological research, which of the following is most appropriate for identifying cause and effect? 

Explanation

Experimentation is the most appropriate method for identifying cause and effect in psychological research. This method involves manipulating an independent variable and observing its effects on a dependent variable, while controlling for other variables. By randomly assigning participants to different conditions and manipulating the independent variable, researchers can establish a cause and effect relationship. This allows for greater control over extraneous variables and provides stronger evidence for causal claims compared to other methods such as participant observation, survey methodology, case study, or correlational techniques.

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30. The part of the brain that acts as a relay system by monitoring all incoming information and sending it to the correct place

Explanation

The thalamus is a part of the brain that acts as a relay system by monitoring all incoming information and sending it to the correct place. It receives sensory information from various parts of the body and relays it to the appropriate regions of the cerebral cortex for further processing. The thalamus also plays a role in regulating consciousness, sleep, and alertness. It acts as a central hub for sensory information, ensuring that it is properly directed and processed by the brain.

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31. Which form of learning would most likely be studied in a Skinner box? 

Explanation

Operant conditioning would most likely be studied in a Skinner box. A Skinner box is an experimental apparatus used to study the principles of operant conditioning, which involves learning through consequences. In a Skinner box, an animal, usually a rat or a pigeon, is placed inside and is able to interact with the environment. The animal learns to associate its behaviors with rewards or punishments, which in turn affects the frequency of those behaviors. This type of learning focuses on voluntary behaviors and the consequences that follow them.

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32. Secondary reinforcers are

Explanation

Secondary reinforcers are learned because they acquire their reinforcing properties through association with primary reinforcers. Unlike primary reinforcers, which have innate value (such as food or water), secondary reinforcers gain their effectiveness through conditioning and learned associations. For example, money is a secondary reinforcer that has value because it can be exchanged for primary reinforcers like food or shelter. Other examples of secondary reinforcers include praise, tokens, or social approval, which gain their reinforcing properties through learned associations with primary reinforcers.

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33. Which of the following is classified as a stimulant? 

Explanation

Cocaine is classified as a stimulant because it increases activity in the central nervous system, resulting in heightened alertness, increased energy, and elevated mood. It stimulates the release of dopamine, a neurotransmitter associated with pleasure and reward, leading to feelings of euphoria. Cocaine also enhances focus and attention while reducing fatigue. Its stimulating effects make it highly addictive and potentially harmful to the body and mind.

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34. An Electroencephalography (EEG) studies the brain by: 

Explanation

An Electroencephalography (EEG) is a technique used to study the brain by monitoring its electrical activity. This involves placing electrodes on the scalp to detect and record the electrical signals produced by the brain. By analyzing these signals, researchers can gain insights into brain function, such as identifying abnormal patterns associated with certain neurological conditions or studying the effects of different stimuli on brain activity. This method does not involve stimulating the brain with electricity or monitoring radioactive chemicals, but rather focuses on observing and analyzing the natural electrical activity of the brain.

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35. The fact that we see negative afterimages supports which theory of color vision? 

Explanation

The fact that we see negative afterimages supports the opponent-process theory of color vision. According to this theory, color vision is based on three pairs of opposing color receptors: red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white. When we stare at a color for a prolonged period, the receptors become fatigued and send signals that oppose the original color, resulting in a negative afterimage. This phenomenon suggests that our perception of color is influenced by the interaction between these opposing color receptors.

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36. They psychoanalytic concept of repression suggests a difficulty in the functioning of which aspect of memory? 

Explanation

The correct answer is retrieval. The concept of repression in psychoanalysis suggests that certain memories or thoughts are pushed into the unconscious mind and are difficult to retrieve consciously. This means that individuals may have difficulty accessing or recalling these repressed memories. Therefore, the functioning of retrieval, which involves the process of accessing stored information from memory, is affected by repression.

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37. Visual negative afterimages are a result of 

Explanation

Visual negative afterimages are a result of opponent-processes. Opponent-processes theory suggests that our visual system perceives colors in pairs, such as red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white. When we stare at a color for an extended period of time, the cells responsible for detecting that color become fatigued. As a result, when we look away, the cells responsible for the opposing color become more active, creating a negative afterimage. This is why we see a complementary color after staring at a color for a while.

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38. The concepts of functional fixedness refers to the fact that 

Explanation

The concept of functional fixedness refers to the tendency of individuals to only see familiar objects in their usual or intended use, and not consider alternative or unusual uses for them. This means that individuals often do not think creatively or outside of the box when it comes to using familiar objects, limiting their problem-solving abilities.

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39. Which of the following sets of numbers has the largest standard deviation? 

Explanation

The set of numbers 2, 6, 10, 14, 18 has the largest standard deviation because the numbers in this set are more spread out compared to the other sets. The range between each number is larger, resulting in a larger spread of data points from the mean. This leads to a larger standard deviation, which measures the dispersion or variability of the data set.

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40. Jared wants to use the foot-in-the-door technique to try to convince his parents to buy him a car. Which of the following would most clealry demonstrate his correct application of the technique? 

Explanation

This answer demonstrates the foot-in-the-door technique because Jared starts by making a small request (asking for a bicycle) that his parents are likely to agree to. Once they agree to this request, he then follows up with a larger request (asking for a car) which is more likely to be granted due to the initial compliance with the smaller request. This technique works by gradually escalating the size of the requests, increasing the likelihood of compliance.

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41. Like Carl Rogers, I believe people choose to live more creative and meaningful lives. My name is

Explanation

This statement aligns with the beliefs of Maslow, who proposed the theory of self-actualization and the hierarchy of needs. Maslow argued that individuals have an innate drive to fulfill their potential and strive for personal growth and self-fulfillment. He emphasized the importance of self-actualization and the pursuit of creative and meaningful lives. Therefore, the given statement is consistent with Maslow's views.

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42. A 70-year-old man defines middle age as 50 years of age. A 10-year-old child defines middle age as 35 years of age. Their estimates differ because of 

Explanation

The 70-year-old man and the 10-year-old child have different estimates of middle age because they have different frames of reference. The man's frame of reference is based on his own age and life experiences, while the child's frame of reference is based on his own age and limited life experiences. This difference in perspective leads to their differing definitions of middle age.

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43. __________ is an amino acid that can help people sleep and can be found in a glass of ______________.

Explanation

Tryptophan is an amino acid that is known to promote sleep. It is a precursor for the synthesis of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that helps regulate sleep and mood. Tryptophan can be found in various food sources, including milk. Milk contains tryptophan, which can help people sleep by increasing the production of serotonin in the brain.

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44. When asked which of two countries has a larger population, participants are likely to judge the country that is more familiar to them as being more populous. Which of the following best explains this finding? 

Explanation

The availability heuristic best explains this finding. This heuristic refers to the tendency of individuals to rely on easily accessible information or examples that come to mind when making judgments or decisions. In the context of population size, individuals are more likely to judge a country as having a larger population if they are more familiar with it or if it is more easily accessible in their memory. This can lead to biased judgments, as familiarity does not always correlate with actual population size.

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45. Babies who don't hear normal speech during their first year may have impaired language abilities because of

Explanation

The language sensitive period refers to a specific developmental stage in a child's life when they are most receptive to acquiring language skills. During this period, which typically occurs during the first year of life, the brain is highly plastic and capable of rapidly absorbing and processing linguistic information. If babies do not hear normal speech during this critical period, their language abilities may be impaired as their brains may not develop the necessary neural connections for language acquisition. Therefore, the language sensitive period provides a plausible explanation for why babies who do not hear normal speech during their first year may have impaired language abilities.

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46. A child who occasionally gets rewarded with candy after asking her grandmother for a 'treat' is being rewarded on a _________ schedule.

Explanation

The child in this scenario is being rewarded on a variable ratio schedule. This means that the reward is given after a varying number of requests. The grandmother does not give the child candy every time she asks, but rather after an unpredictable number of requests. This type of schedule is often used to reinforce behaviors that are difficult to extinguish, as the child will continue to ask for treats in the hope of receiving a reward.

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47. The region of the brain most involved in the experience of emotions is the 

Explanation

The limbic system is the region of the brain most involved in the experience of emotions. It includes several structures such as the amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus, which play crucial roles in processing emotions, forming memories, and regulating physiological responses. The limbic system is responsible for generating emotional responses, such as fear, pleasure, and anger, and also plays a role in motivation and decision-making.

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48. Current research suggest that a sense of self-efficacy is most likely to be associated with 

Explanation

Research suggests that individuals with a high sense of self-efficacy are more likely to have an internal locus of control. This means that they believe they have control over their own actions and outcomes. They are likely to attribute their successes and failures to their own abilities and efforts rather than external factors. This internal locus of control gives them a sense of empowerment and confidence, leading to a higher sense of self-efficacy.

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49. The theory of color vision which states that the visual system analyzes informaiton into 'either-or' messages is the ___________ theory. 

Explanation

The opponent-process theory of color vision suggests that the visual system analyzes information into 'either-or' messages. This theory proposes that there are three pairs of opposing color channels in the visual system: red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white. According to this theory, when one color in a pair is stimulated, the other color is inhibited, resulting in the perception of color. This theory helps explain phenomena such as afterimages and color blindness.

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50. The reliability of a test is best indicated by which of the following? 

Explanation

The reliability of a test is best indicated by the consistency of scores on repeated administrations of the test. This means that if the same test is given to the same group of individuals multiple times, the scores should be consistent and show minimal variability. This indicates that the test is reliable and is measuring the same construct consistently.

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51. ___________ is the correct sequence of events in communicating a stimulus (such as stepping on a tack) to another neuron.

Explanation

The correct sequence of events in communicating a stimulus to another neuron starts with the stimulus itself, which triggers an electrical impulse in the neuron. This electrical impulse then travels along the neuron until it reaches the end, where it causes the release of a neurotransmitter. The neurotransmitter then crosses the synapse and binds to the receptor site on the receiving neuron, transmitting the signal to the next neuron in the chain.

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52. Your handsome successful boyfriend winks at you each time before he tells you "I love you." Your expectation when he winks is a(an) 

Explanation

The explanation for the given correct answer is that the boyfriend's wink has become associated with the expression of love. Through repeated pairing of the wink with the phrase "I love you," the boyfriend has conditioned the girlfriend to have a response of expectation whenever he winks. This response is considered a conditioned response because it is a learned reaction to a previously neutral stimulus (the wink).

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53. Which theory of hearing explains the perception of lower sounds? 

Explanation

Frequency theory of hearing explains the perception of lower sounds. According to this theory, the pitch of a sound is determined by the frequency of the sound waves. Lower frequency sound waves are perceived as lower pitch sounds. This theory suggests that the auditory system detects the rate at which the sound waves vibrate and translates it into our perception of pitch.

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54. The principles of operant conditioning are best illustrated by 

Explanation

The principles of operant conditioning involve using rewards and punishments to shape behavior. A token economy is a system where individuals earn tokens for engaging in desired behaviors, which can then be exchanged for rewards. This system reinforces adaptive behaviors by providing a tangible incentive for individuals to engage in them. This aligns with the principles of operant conditioning as it involves using positive reinforcement (tokens) to increase the likelihood of adaptive behaviors occurring again in the future.

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55. Environmental factors that shape development include all of the following except

Explanation

The question is asking about environmental factors that shape development, and the correct answer is "Intelligence." Intelligence is not an environmental factor, but rather an individual trait or characteristic. Environmental factors refer to external influences such as learning, nutrition, and culture that can impact a person's development.

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56. Competent children who are characterized by autonomy, self-control, and curiosity are often a consequence of the parenting style described as 

Explanation

Authoritative parenting is characterized by parents who set clear expectations and rules for their children while also being responsive and supportive. They provide guidance and discipline in a fair and consistent manner, allowing children to develop autonomy, self-control, and curiosity. This parenting style encourages independence and critical thinking skills, which contribute to the development of competent children. On the other hand, authoritarian parenting is characterized by strict rules and control, permissive parenting lacks structure and discipline, and submissive parenting involves giving in to the child's every demand, none of which promote the development of autonomy, self-control, and curiosity as effectively as authoritative parenting does.

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57. The functions of the amygdala include

Explanation

The amygdala is a part of the brain that plays a crucial role in processing emotions, particularly fear and anxiety. It helps us react to dangerous stimuli by triggering a quick fear response. When we encounter a potential threat, the amygdala activates the body's fight-or-flight response, preparing us to either confront the danger or flee from it. This response includes physiological changes such as increased heart rate, heightened senses, and the release of stress hormones. Therefore, the amygdala's function in helping us react to dangerous stimuli through a quick fear response is essential for our survival and protection.

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58. Brain centers for most vital functions are

Explanation

The brain centers for most vital functions are localized deep within the brain in the upper brainstem. This is because the brainstem is responsible for regulating essential functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. These functions are crucial for maintaining life, and therefore, the brain centers controlling them are located in a centralized and protected area within the brainstem.

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59. Giving placebos in drug experiments is necessary to 

Explanation

In drug experiments, giving placebos is necessary to control for the effects of suggestion and expectation. This means that by giving some participants a placebo (an inactive substance), researchers can determine whether any observed effects are due to the actual drug or simply the result of participants' beliefs or expectations. By comparing the outcomes of the placebo group with the group receiving the actual drug, researchers can isolate and measure the true effects of the drug, ensuring accurate and reliable results.

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60. A child is frightened by a loud noise while playing with a cat. If the child leanrs to fear the cat, it can be said that the cat was 

Explanation

In classical conditioning, a conditioned stimulus (CS) is a neutral stimulus that, when paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US), elicits a conditioned response (CR) similar to the response caused by the US alone. In this scenario, the loud noise is the US that initially frightens the child. However, if the child learns to associate the presence of the cat with the loud noise and becomes fearful of the cat alone, the cat becomes the CS.

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61. Which of the following illustrates a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement? 

Explanation

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62. Which of the following coefficients of correlation indicates the weakest relaitonship between two sets of variables? 

Explanation

The coefficient of correlation measures the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables. A coefficient of correlation ranges from -1 to +1, with values closer to -1 or +1 indicating a stronger relationship and values closer to 0 indicating a weaker relationship. Therefore, out of the given options, the coefficient of correlation 0.08 indicates the weakest relationship between the two sets of variables.

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63. The text's illustration of the police officer's faulty 'eyewitness' identification is an example of 

Explanation

The text's illustration of the police officer's faulty 'eyewitness' identification suggests that perceptions are often reconstructions of events. This means that our memories and perceptions can be influenced by various factors and may not always accurately represent what actually happened. In this case, the police officer's perception of the eyewitness identification was flawed, indicating that perceptions can be unreliable and subject to reconstruction.

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64. A major criticism of ESP research is that 

Explanation

The major criticism of ESP research is that if the experimenter genuinely believes in ESP, they are more likely to interpret coincidences as cause-and-effect. This suggests that the experimenter's bias and personal beliefs can influence the interpretation of results, potentially leading to false conclusions. This criticism highlights the importance of maintaining objectivity and scientific rigor in ESP research to ensure accurate and reliable findings.

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65. In order to use deception in an experiment, the experimenter must: 

Explanation

In order to use deception in an experiment, the experimenter must fully debrief the participant after the experiment is over and only deceive when necessary. This means that the participants should be informed about the deception that will occur in the experiment and should be provided with a complete explanation of the purpose and procedures of the study after it is finished. Additionally, deception should only be used when it is essential for the research and cannot be conducted without it. Therefore, both statements B and C are correct.

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66. You do not want a large, unattractive political sign in your yard. However, if you initially agree to put a small sign in your window, later you are more likely to allow the large sing in your yard. This course of events is described by the 

Explanation



The foot-in-the-door technique is a compliance strategy where a person makes a small request first, and once it's accepted, follows up with a larger request. The idea is that agreeing to the smaller request increases the likelihood of agreeing to the second, larger request. This method is effective because initial compliance changes self-perception, making individuals more inclined to agree to subsequent requests that are consistent with the initial behavior.
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67. The tendency to complete a fiture is called

Explanation

Closure refers to the tendency of the human brain to perceive incomplete or fragmented figures as complete and whole. When presented with an incomplete shape or pattern, our brain automatically fills in the missing information to create a unified and recognizable form. This phenomenon allows us to perceive objects and images even when they are not fully present or visible. Closure is an important aspect of visual perception and helps us make sense of our surroundings by organizing and completing fragmented stimuli.

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68. Which of the following is a correct match? 

Explanation

Stage 1 is indeed associated with light sleep. During this stage, the brain produces theta waves, which are slower in frequency compared to the waking state. It is a transitional stage between wakefulness and deeper sleep. This stage is characterized by easily disrupted sleep, muscle relaxation, and occasional muscle twitches. It is typically followed by stage 2, which is characterized by the presence of sleep spindles and K-complexes.

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69. Dreams usually

Explanation

The correct answer is that dreams are about ninety minutes apart with each succeeding dream lasting a little longer. This is supported by research on the sleep cycle and REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, which is when most dreaming occurs. The sleep cycle consists of multiple stages, including REM sleep, and each cycle lasts about 90 minutes. As the night progresses, the duration of REM sleep increases, meaning that each successive dream tends to be longer than the previous one.

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70. Which personality theories attempt to explain behavior by focusing on the inner workings of the personality including internal conflicts

Explanation

Psychodynamic theories attempt to explain behavior by focusing on the inner workings of the personality, including internal conflicts. These theories emphasize the role of unconscious processes, childhood experiences, and the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior. Psychodynamic theorists believe that behavior is driven by unconscious desires, conflicts, and motivations, and that understanding these inner workings is essential to understanding and explaining behavior.

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71. Sleeptalking 

Explanation

Sleeptalking occurs during sleep stages 3 & 4. These sleep stages are known as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep. During these stages, the brain and body are in a state of deep relaxation and restoration. Sleeptalking is believed to be a result of the brain's attempt to communicate or express thoughts and emotions during this stage of sleep. It is different from REM sleep, where dreams occur, as sleeptalking is not necessarily associated with dream content.

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72. Which psychologist reported that infant attachment to another goes beyond the satisfaction of the need for nourishmnet? 

Explanation

Harry Harlow is the correct answer because he conducted a series of experiments with rhesus monkeys that showed that attachment between infants and their caregivers is not solely based on the satisfaction of physical needs such as nourishment. Harlow's research demonstrated that infants also seek comfort and emotional support from their caregivers, highlighting the importance of social and emotional connections in attachment relationships.

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73. Which part of the cerebral cortex receives information about temperature, pressure, touch, and pain? 

Explanation

The parietal lobe is responsible for receiving information about temperature, pressure, touch, and pain. This region of the cerebral cortex is involved in processing sensory information from different parts of the body, allowing us to perceive and respond to various stimuli. The motor cortex is responsible for controlling voluntary movements, the prefrontal cortex is involved in higher cognitive functions, the temporal lobe is associated with auditory processing and memory, and the occipital lobe is responsible for visual processing.

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74. This past year donna was promoted from eighth to ninth grade and was assigned a new school locker with a new combination. Donna has found that she has trouble remembering her new combinatino because it is similar to her old one. The memory problem Donna is experiencing is most probably a result of 

Explanation

Donna's memory problem is most likely a result of proactive interference. Proactive interference occurs when previously learned information interferes with the recall of new information. In this case, Donna's old locker combination is interfering with her ability to remember her new combination because they are similar. This interference is proactive because the old information is affecting the recall of new information.

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75. You leave your child wiht a babysitter. When you return, your child ignores you. Your child's behavior indicates a(an) _________ attachment.

Explanation

The child's behavior of ignoring the parent upon their return suggests an insecure-avoidant attachment. Insecure-avoidant attachment is characterized by a lack of seeking comfort or closeness from the caregiver and a tendency to ignore or avoid them. The child may have learned to suppress their need for emotional support due to inconsistent or unresponsive caregiving, leading to a lack of trust and a reluctance to seek comfort from the parent.

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76. Which stage of sleep typically has spindles

Explanation

The stage of sleep that typically has spindles is the second stage. Spindles are brief bursts of brain activity that are characterized by rapid oscillations in brain wave patterns. These spindles are believed to play a role in memory consolidation and are most commonly observed during the second stage of sleep. This stage is characterized by a decrease in brain activity and the onset of true sleep, with slower brain waves and occasional bursts of spindles.

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77. Pete Psych examined the effects of room temperature on the effectiveness of studying. He took the first 50 students who came to school and asked them to participate in the experiment. He treated each student equally and told them what was going on. Then, pete executed the experiment and found that the closer to 71.8 degrees Fahrenheit the room was, the more effective the studying. What was Pete's error? 

Explanation

Pete's error is sampling bias. He only selected the first 50 students who came to school, which may not be representative of the entire student population. This could lead to skewed results and an inaccurate conclusion about the effects of room temperature on studying.

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78. An overly strict or harsh superego will cause

Explanation

An overly strict or harsh superego will cause inhibition, rigidity, or intolerable guilt. The superego is a component of the personality that represents the internalized moral standards and values of society. When the superego is excessively strict or harsh, it can lead to the inhibition of one's desires and impulses, causing a rigid and inflexible behavior. Additionally, individuals with an overly strict superego may experience intense feelings of guilt for even minor transgressions, which can become intolerable and affect their psychological well-being.

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79. When making the "attribution error," we tend to overestimate the importance of ____________ in judging the behavior of others. 

Explanation

When making the "attribution error," we tend to overestimate the importance of personal factors in judging the behavior of others. This means that we are more likely to attribute someone's actions to their internal characteristics, such as their personality or disposition, rather than considering external factors or the situation they are in. This error occurs because we often have limited information about others and rely on stereotypes or assumptions to make judgments about their behavior.

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80. In Adler's view, the main strivingof personality is for

Explanation

Adler believed that the main striving of personality is for superiority. He argued that individuals have an innate desire to overcome feelings of inferiority and strive for personal growth and success. This striving for superiority is what motivates individuals to set and achieve goals, develop their skills and abilities, and strive for excellence in various aspects of their lives. Adler believed that this striving for superiority is a fundamental aspect of human nature and plays a crucial role in shaping personality development.

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81. With which of the following would a cognitively oriented therapist most likely be concerned? 

Explanation

A cognitively oriented therapist focuses on the thoughts and beliefs of the patient. Negative self-statements indicate negative thinking patterns and low self-esteem, which are important concerns for a cognitively oriented therapist. By addressing and challenging these negative thoughts, the therapist can help the patient develop healthier and more positive cognitive patterns, leading to improved mental well-being.

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82. Does having a larger brain make a person smarter? 

Explanation

The given answer suggests that recent research has found a positive correlation between intelligence and the size of several higher brain structures. This means that individuals with larger brain structures in certain areas tend to have higher intelligence. However, it does not imply that brain size alone determines human intelligence. Additionally, the overall volume of gray matter is not correlated with IQ test scores, indicating that other factors beyond brain size play a role in determining intelligence.

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83. The final step (within the ear) required to convert vibrations into sound sensatins is movement of the 

Explanation

The final step within the ear that converts vibrations into sound sensations is the movement of the hair cells. These hair cells are located within the cochlea, a spiral-shaped structure in the inner ear. When sound vibrations enter the ear, they cause the fluid in the cochlea to move, which in turn causes the hair cells to bend. This movement of the hair cells generates electrical signals that are then sent to the brain, where they are interpreted as sound. The pinna and ossicles (small bones in the middle ear) play important roles in capturing and transmitting sound, but the actual conversion of vibrations into sound sensations occurs with the movement of the hair cells.

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84. In his classic studies of conformity, Asch demonstrated that

Explanation

Asch's classic studies of conformity showed that when there is a lack of unanimity, meaning not everyone in the majority agrees, it greatly reduces the pressure for individuals to conform. This suggests that people are less likely to conform when they see that others do not agree with the majority opinion. This finding highlights the importance of social influence and the role of dissenting voices in reducing conformity.

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85. In which of the following Piagetian stages is propositional reasoning most likely to be used? 

Explanation

Propositional reasoning involves the ability to think logically and systematically about abstract concepts and hypothetical situations. This type of reasoning is characteristic of the formal operational stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development. During this stage, which typically occurs in adolescence and adulthood, individuals can engage in abstract thinking, consider multiple perspectives, and use deductive reasoning to solve problems. Therefore, propositional reasoning is most likely to be used during the formal operational stage.

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86. Edward L. Thorndike argued that responses that lead to satisfying outcomes are more likely to be repeated, and that responses followed by unpleasant outcomes are less likely to be repeated. This became known as the law of

Explanation

Edward L. Thorndike argued that responses that lead to satisfying outcomes are more likely to be repeated, and that responses followed by unpleasant outcomes are less likely to be repeated. This suggests that the effect of these outcomes on behavior is what determines whether a response will be repeated or not. Therefore, the correct answer is "Effect".

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87. Which of the following could you learn to do in your sleep? 

Explanation

You can learn to touch a switch on cue in your sleep because it is a simple motor skill that can be automated through practice and repetition. While sleeping, your brain can still process and consolidate information, allowing you to form and strengthen neural connections associated with this specific action. This is known as muscle memory, which enables you to perform certain tasks without conscious effort or awareness. Therefore, with enough practice and conditioning, you can learn to touch a switch on cue even while asleep.

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88. Classifying people as having either a Type A or type B personality has been used to predict 

Explanation

Classifying people as having either a Type A or Type B personality has been used to predict the chances of suffering a heart attack. This is because Type A personalities are generally characterized by traits such as competitiveness, impatience, and a sense of urgency, which can lead to higher levels of stress and a greater risk of developing cardiovascular problems. On the other hand, Type B personalities are more relaxed, patient, and easygoing, which may contribute to a lower risk of heart attacks. Therefore, categorizing individuals into these personality types can help in assessing their likelihood of experiencing a heart attack.

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89. Researchers find that there is a significant, positive correlation between the number of hours students sleep and their grades. The researcher would be justified in concluding that 

Explanation

The correct answer is "Students who earn good grades tend to sleep more than those who do not." This conclusion is supported by the statement that there is a significant, positive correlation between the number of hours students sleep and their grades. This means that as the number of hours students sleep increases, their grades also tend to improve. Therefore, it can be inferred that students who earn good grades are more likely to prioritize sleep and get more hours of sleep compared to those who do not perform well academically.

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90. Which of the following is an assumption of arousal theory?

Explanation

Arousal theory suggests that individuals seek to maintain an optimal level of arousal for different activities. This means that there is not a universal level of arousal that is most desirable for everyone, but rather each person has their own optimal level of arousal depending on the specific activity they are engaged in. This assumption recognizes that different activities require different levels of arousal for optimal performance and enjoyment.

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91. The organizational principle demonstrated by the stimuli below is known as  XOXOX XOXOX XOXOX XOXOX XOXOX

Explanation

The stimuli shown consist of a pattern of alternating X's and O's arranged in a grid. The principle of similarity refers to the tendency for humans to group together elements that are similar to each other. In this case, the X's and O's are similar in shape and are arranged in a consistent pattern, which makes it easier for our brains to perceive them as a cohesive group. Therefore, the correct answer is similarity.

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92. During REM sleep, which of the following is most likely to occur? 

Explanation

During REM sleep, the body experiences muscle atonia, which is the suppression or inhibition of muscle tone. This is necessary to prevent individuals from physically acting out their dreams and potentially causing harm to themselves or others. This state of muscle relaxation is a characteristic feature of REM sleep and allows for vivid dreaming while keeping the body immobile. Slowed respiration, sleepwalking, stable blood pressure, and decreased heart rate are not typically associated with REM sleep.

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93. You observe two cars of identical make and model. Although one roars away and its image on your retina is changed, you still perceive the cars as identical. this phenomenon is 

Explanation

Size constancy refers to the ability to perceive the size of an object accurately, regardless of its distance from the observer or changes in its image on the retina. In this scenario, even though the image of the car on the retina changes as it moves away, the observer still perceives the cars as identical in size. This suggests that the observer is experiencing size constancy, as they are able to maintain a consistent perception of the car's size despite the changing visual input.

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94. The cerebral cortex is 

Explanation

The cerebral cortex refers to the outer layer of the cerebrum. It is the highest and largest brain area in humans, covering the upper part of the brain. It plays a crucial role in various cognitive functions such as perception, memory, language, and consciousness. The cerebral cortex is responsible for processing and integrating sensory information and initiating voluntary movements. It is composed of gray matter, which consists of cell bodies and dendrites of neurons, and is highly folded to increase its surface area.

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95. A rat learns to push a button in order to turn on a tone previously associated with food. The button pushing has been rewarded by a(n) _________________reinforcer. 

Explanation

In this scenario, the rat has learned to associate the button pushing behavior with the tone, which was previously associated with food. The button pushing behavior has been rewarded by the tone, which is a secondary reinforcer. A secondary reinforcer is a stimulus that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as food.

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96. A man is feeling depressed about his inability to provide for his family after losing his job. The fact that the patient is currently unemployed is coded on which axis in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR)? 

Explanation

The correct answer is Axis IV. Axis IV in the DSM-IV-TR is used to code psychosocial and environmental problems that may contribute to the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of mental disorders. In this case, the man's unemployment and resulting financial stressors would be coded on Axis IV because they are external factors that are impacting his mental well-being.

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97. The __________ describes the relationship between arousal level, task difficulty, and efficiency of performance. 

Explanation

The Yerkes-Dodson Law describes the relationship between arousal level, task difficulty, and efficiency of performance. According to this law, there is an optimal level of arousal for each task. Performance is highest when arousal is moderate for tasks that are of medium difficulty. However, as arousal increases beyond this optimal level, performance starts to decline for more complex tasks. On the other hand, for simple tasks, higher levels of arousal can actually improve performance. This law suggests that there is a curvilinear relationship between arousal and performance, forming an inverted-U function.

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98. According to psychoanalytic theory, one of the most important functions of the ego is to 

Explanation

According to psychoanalytic theory, the ego's main function is to facilitate the gratification of desires at an appropriate time. This means that the ego helps to balance and manage the conflicting demands of the id (which seeks immediate gratification) and the superego (which represents societal norms and moral values). The ego acts as a mediator, allowing the individual to satisfy their desires in a way that is socially acceptable and appropriate.

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99. Which of the following could serve as an experimental hypothesis? 

Explanation

The given statement "College women who are anxious tend to want to be together" can serve as an experimental hypothesis because it proposes a relationship between two variables, anxiety and the desire to be together, which can be tested through experimentation. The hypothesis suggests that there is a tendency for anxious college women to exhibit a specific behavior, wanting to be together. This can be tested by conducting experiments or observations to determine if there is a significant correlation between anxiety levels and the desire for social interaction among college women.

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100. Unpleasant stimuli may raise the threshold for recognition. This phenomenon is called

Explanation

Perceptual defense refers to the phenomenon where individuals unconsciously defend themselves against unpleasant or threatening stimuli by raising their threshold for recognition. This means that they may not fully perceive or acknowledge the presence of these stimuli in order to protect themselves from potential harm or discomfort.

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Sleeptalking 
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