AP Psychology Chapter 1 Practice Test

Key word in this problems is Thinking - Cognitive Psychology focuses on one's thought patterns

This is the standard definition of Psychology

Only a psychiatrist can prescribe drugs.

The two would show a positive relationship in that one's performace impacts positively their performance in college.

The correct answer is the placebo effect. The placebo effect refers to the phenomenon where a person responds to a substance or treatment, such as a sugar pill, as if it were a drug, even though the substance itself has no therapeutic effect. This response is believed to be due to the person's belief in the treatment and the power of their mind to influence their physical well-being. The placebo effect is often used in clinical trials to compare the effectiveness of a new treatment against a placebo, which helps researchers determine the true effectiveness of the treatment.

The key word here is "relationship". Correlational studies focus on relationships and because a relationship can not be narrowed down to just one factor, no cause and effect can be determined.

A hypothesis is an educated guess about what is controlling some behavior. It is a tentative explanation that can be tested through further research and experimentation. Hypotheses are often formulated based on existing knowledge or observations and serve as a starting point for scientific investigations. They help researchers make predictions and guide their research efforts to gather evidence and support or refute the hypothesis. Therefore, a hypothesis is the most appropriate term to describe an educated guess about what is controlling some behavior.

Naturalistic Observation observes people in their natural environment. Because there is no control, no cause or effect can be determined from this method.

Alcohol is the independent variable therefore the control group does not get the IV only the experimental group does.

The Independent Variable is the variable that is being manipulated or changed. In this example that is the aspect of music.

A single-blind procedure is where the subjects do not what group they are in and is essential to control for the confounding variable of random assignment. A double-blind is not necessary but useful, and is where neither the subject nor the experimentor know what group the subjects are in. This helps to control for experimenter bias.

The key word here is Unconscious which is the key principle of Psychoanalysis and Freud

The dependent variable is the variable that is being measured in this case IQ is what is being measured.

The structuralist school of psychology used introspection to analyze conscious experience. Introspection is a method of self-observation and self-reflection, where individuals report their thoughts, feelings, and sensations. By utilizing introspection, the structuralists aimed to break down conscious experiences into their basic elements and understand the underlying structures of the mind. This approach allowed them to study the subjective aspects of human experience and gain insights into the workings of the mind.

The strongest research method one can use is the experimental method because it is the only method that can determine cause and effect.

William James founded the school of Functionalism which looks at how we operate or function with our basic structures.

Maslow and Carl Rogers are your key humanists. Skinner and Watson are Behaviorists, and Freud is Psychoanalytic

The other schools of thought outside of Humanistic Psychology are deterministic in nature and do NOT believe in the concept of Free Will

The control group does not recieve the independent variable so it can give the experimenter something to compare the findings of the experimental group with.

Both Carl Roger's and Abraham Maslow are Humansitic Psychologist and focus on one's feeling and emotions and promote the concept of Self-Actualization.

Many psychologists today are eclectic in their therapy practice today and alter their practice to meet their patients needs.

Wilhelm Wundt is the individual who was a structuralist. Wundt is often considered the father of experimental psychology, and he founded the first psychological laboratory. His approach, known as structuralism, involved analyzing the basic components of conscious experience, using methods such as introspection.

Random assignment is key to any experimental study. Without it you have a cofounding variable and can not determine cause and effect.

This is the definition of Operational Definition

Biological psychology focuses on bodily functions and processes.

Key Gestalt Principle

Barbara's approach to teaching language skills to specially-abled children using conditioning principles aligns with the behaviorist perspective. Behaviorism is a psychological approach that emphasizes observable behavior and how it can be influenced and modified through learning principles such as classical conditioning and operant conditioning. In this approach, the focus is on the environmental factors and external stimuli that shape behavior.

Max Wertheimer was a Gestalt Psychologist. The other three are all Behaviorist. Remember Gestalt focuses on the whole.

The goals of psychology are to describe, predict, understand, and control behavior. This means that psychologists aim to accurately describe and classify different behaviors, predict future behaviors based on current observations, understand the underlying causes and mechanisms of behavior, and develop strategies to modify or control behavior when necessary. By achieving these goals, psychologists can contribute to the improvement of mental health, well-being, and overall quality of life for individuals and society as a whole.

The reason this is a case study is because it can only be applied to a small group of people that have had brain injuiries. You can not harm a healthy brain in order to apply this to the population as a whole, therefore no cause and effect.

In drug experiments, giving placebos is necessary to control for the effects of suggestion and expectation. This means that by giving some participants a placebo instead of the actual drug, researchers can determine whether any observed effects are due to the drug itself or simply the result of the participants' belief or expectation that they are receiving a treatment. This helps to ensure that the results of the experiment are accurate and reliable.

Introspection is the theory of knowing thy self, therefore behaviorists like Skinner would not view this as an observable behavior therefore it would lack empirical or scientific support.

A scientific explanation that remains tentative until it has been adequately tested is called a hypothesis. In the scientific method, a hypothesis is a proposed explanation for an observation or phenomenon. It serves as a starting point for further investigation and is subject to testing and experimentation. Once a hypothesis has been rigorously tested and consistently supported by evidence, it may evolve into a theory, which has a higher level of acceptance in the scientific community. A law, on the other hand, describes a general principle that has been repeatedly verified under different conditions, typically without exceptions. An experiment is a method used to test a hypothesis. Thus, a hypothesis is the initial tentative explanation that requires validation through testing and experimentation.

The correlational coefficient goes from -1 to +1 and you should always look at absolute values when determining the strength of the correlation.