This Is A AP Quiz Gov Ch 12

The establishment of the Associated Press in 1848 was a milestone in the development of a reasonably nonpartisan and unbiased press. The Associated Press was founded as a cooperative news gathering and distribution organization, with the goal of providing objective and impartial news coverage. By pooling resources and sharing news stories among member newspapers, the Associated Press helped to ensure a more balanced and neutral reporting of events. This marked a significant step towards creating a press that was less influenced by political bias and more focused on providing accurate and reliable information to the public.

The invention of radio allowed public officials to reach the public in a less-filtered manner. Prior to radio, political messages were often filtered through newspapers or other media outlets, which could distort or manipulate the information. With radio, public officials could directly communicate with the public, bypassing the potential bias of intermediaries. This gave politicians a more direct and immediate way to convey their messages and connect with voters, making it a politically important media development.

The correct answer is "All of the above." Once something is published, a newspaper may be sued or prosecuted if the material is libelous, obscene, or incites someone to commit an illegal act. This means that if any of these conditions are met, the newspaper can face legal consequences for their published content.

To win a libel suit against the press, a public official in the United States must prove that the material was untrue and was printed maliciously. This means that the official needs to demonstrate that the information published about them was false and that it was done with the intention of causing harm or damage. Simply proving that the material was untrue or that it caused emotional distress or violated privacy would not be sufficient to win the case. Additionally, showing that the printing of the material has done substantial harm to the public interest is not a requirement for a public official to win a libel suit.

The correct answer is "considerably shorter than." This means that in 2000, the average sound bite of a presidential contender was significantly shorter than the average sound bite of contenders in 1968.

Theodore Roosevelt was the first president to engage in the systematic cultivation of news reporters. He recognized the power of the media and actively sought to shape public opinion through strategic press relations. Roosevelt held regular press conferences, gave exclusive interviews, and even invited journalists to accompany him on trips and adventures. His efforts to cultivate relationships with reporters set a precedent for future presidents and established a closer relationship between the presidency and the press.

The correct answer is "Instituting responsible and unbiased journalism." The mass-based press, exemplified by Hearst and Pulitzer, achieved several things such as beginning the creation of a national political culture, proving the feasibility of a press free of government subsidy or control, revealing public scandal, and criticizing public policy. However, they were not known for instituting responsible and unbiased journalism.

Intense competition in media today suggests that reporters are more easily manipulated by sources than they once were. This can be explained by the pressure to break news stories quickly and attract audience attention. In order to stay ahead of the competition, reporters may rely on sources that provide them with exclusive or sensational information, without thoroughly fact-checking or verifying the information. This can lead to a decrease in journalistic integrity and an increase in biased or manipulated reporting.

A senator is best positioned to run for president in an age where the media is very important because senators have experience in national politics and policymaking. They are often in the public eye and have a platform to communicate their ideas and policies effectively through the media. Additionally, senators have a broader understanding of national issues and have likely built relationships with other politicians and stakeholders, which can be advantageous in running a successful presidential campaign.

Franklin Roosevelt first made his press secretary a major instrument for dealing with the press. This means that he recognized the importance of having a press secretary who could effectively communicate with the media and manage the president's public image. Roosevelt's decision to prioritize the role of the press secretary likely had a significant impact on how future presidents interacted with the press and utilized their press secretaries.

Early in American history, newspapers had virtually no routine stories. This suggests that in the past, newspapers did not focus on reporting everyday or mundane events. Instead, they likely focused on more significant or newsworthy topics. This could be because early newspapers were more concerned with providing important information to the public rather than reporting on everyday occurrences.

Joint Operating Agreements (JOAs) are agreements between two or more newspaper companies to combine their business operations while maintaining separate editorial voices. These agreements are important when assessing competition and diversity of viewpoints among newspapers because they allow businesses to own more than one paper in a large city. This means that multiple newspapers can exist in the same market, providing readers with a range of perspectives and promoting competition. This helps to ensure that readers have access to a variety of news sources and viewpoints, enhancing the overall diversity of information available.

In the given question, the potential impact of media coverage is being discussed. The correct answer states that Estes Kafauver became a "household name" by chairing a Senate committee investigating organized crime. This suggests that the media extensively covered Kafauver's role in leading the committee, which brought attention to the issue of organized crime and increased public awareness. This highlights the significant impact that media coverage can have on making individuals well-known and shaping public perception.

Politicians have become more heavily dependent on the media as political party organizations have declined. With the decline of party organizations, politicians have lost a major source of support and infrastructure. As a result, they have turned to the media to reach and connect with the public. The media provides a platform for politicians to communicate their messages, gain visibility, and build public support. Without strong party organizations, politicians have had to rely on media coverage to shape public opinion and garner support for their campaigns.

The correct answer is that the least competitive part of the media is almost entirely unregulated, whereas the most competitive part is substantially regulated. This can be explained by the fact that regulations are often put in place to prevent monopolies and ensure fair competition. In the media industry, the most influential and competitive part is the broadcast media, which is regulated to prevent concentration of ownership and maintain diversity of voices. On the other hand, the least competitive part, such as small independent publications or blogs, may not be subject to the same level of regulation.

The correct answer is "it bears on the commission of a crime." This means that the Supreme Court has upheld the right of the government to compel reporters to disclose information if that information is relevant to a criminal investigation. This suggests that the court values the importance of obtaining information that can help in solving a crime, even if it involves press freedom.

Jimmy Carter's signal achievement in dealing with the press in the 1976 primary campaign was getting himself mentioned with great frequency. This means that Carter was successful in generating media attention and coverage, which is important for any political candidate. By being mentioned frequently in the press, Carter was able to increase his visibility and name recognition among voters, ultimately helping his campaign.

The given question asks for the incorrect statement concerning national newspapers. However, the answer "None of the above" suggests that all the statements are correct. This means that all the statements are true, which implies that national newspapers do distribute millions of copies daily, are followed by political elites, and are looked to by radio and television stations for reporting cues. Additionally, the reporters for such papers have higher levels of education compared to their local counterparts. Therefore, the answer "None of the above" indicates that there is no incorrect statement among the given options.

If the Fairness Doctrine had remained in place, there would be no Rush Limbaugh. The Fairness Doctrine required broadcasters to present both sides of controversial issues, ensuring balanced coverage. Rush Limbaugh, known for his conservative talk show, became popular in part because he was able to express his views without having to provide equal time to opposing viewpoints. Therefore, if the Fairness Doctrine had been enforced, Limbaugh's platform would have been limited or non-existent.

The correct answer is close physical proximity between the press and the center of government. This means that the president of the United States is unlike the chief executive of other nations because the press has easy access to the center of government. This close proximity allows the press to closely monitor and cover the activities of the president, which may lead to a different level of scrutiny and treatment compared to other nations.

The rise of newspapers associated with particular political parties or factions made government subsidies of the press obsolete because these newspapers were able to financially sustain themselves through their political affiliations and support from their respective parties or factions. This reduced the need for government subsidies as these newspapers had their own sources of funding and were able to operate independently.

High-impact photojournalism is not associated with the rise of national magazines around the turn of the century. While the other options, such as the middle class, muckraking, scandal mongering, and nationally-known writers, played significant roles in the rise of national magazines, high-impact photojournalism was not a prominent factor during this time. National magazines primarily relied on written content and illustrations rather than photographs to attract readers and convey information.

The correct answer is that liberal hosts have never attained high ratings. This suggests that the audience for talk radio tends to prefer conservative viewpoints, leading to a dominance of conservative hosts. Despite the presence of big corporate sponsors and media owners who may or may not be tolerant of liberal viewpoints, the lack of high ratings for liberal hosts indicates a lack of popularity and support for their shows. The fact that conservatives flooded the market first and the Fairness Doctrine gave an advantage to conservatives may have contributed to the initial establishment of conservative dominance, but the ongoing preference for conservative hosts can be attributed to their higher ratings.