AP Euro Exam: Enlightenment Period Review

Newton showed that gravity was a form of universal gravitation. His work on the laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation laid the foundation for understanding the force of gravity and its effects on objects. Newton's work also contributed to the development of accurate timekeeping devices such as chronometers, which were essential for navigation and measuring longitude accurately.

Kepler is the correct answer because he was the one who refined and improved Copernicus's theory on the solar system. Copernicus proposed that the planets moved in perfect circles, but Kepler discovered that they actually moved in elliptical orbits. This discovery, known as Kepler's First Law of Planetary Motion, was a significant advancement in our understanding of the solar system.

Hobbes wrote Leviathan.

Locke believed that man was inherently good and that man had inalienable rights of life, liberty, and property. According to Locke, individuals possess natural rights that cannot be taken away by any authority or government. He argued that these rights are inherent to all human beings and are not granted by any external entity. Locke's ideas on natural rights and the inherent goodness of mankind were influential in shaping modern democratic and liberal principles.

Galileo used his telescope to observe the stars and made significant discoveries. He observed the moon and noticed that it had craters, which contradicted the prevailing belief at the time that the moon was a perfect sphere. He also observed the sun and discovered that it had black spots, which challenged the idea that the sun was a flawless celestial body. Galileo's observations of these imperfections in the stars provided evidence to support the heliocentric model of the solar system and contributed to the advancement of astronomy.

Galileo was under house arrest until his death. This was a result of his support for the heliocentric model of the solar system, which contradicted the teachings of the Catholic Church. In 1633, he was found guilty of heresy and sentenced to house arrest for the remainder of his life. During this time, he continued his scientific work and made significant contributions to the fields of physics and astronomy. Despite his confinement, Galileo's ideas and discoveries had a lasting impact on the scientific community.

Hobbes believed that man was "unfit to rule himself" and that absolutism was necessary in order to maintain civil peace, security, and law. According to Hobbes, humans are naturally selfish and driven by their own desires, which leads to a state of constant conflict and chaos. He argued that a strong central authority, such as an absolute monarch, was needed to maintain order and prevent the collapse of society into violence and anarchy.

The correct answer is Locke because John Locke is the author of the book "Two Treatises of Government."

Voltaire was considered the master of ridicule and irony because of his sharp wit and satirical writing style. He used humor and sarcasm to criticize and expose the flaws and hypocrisy of society, religion, and the government. His works, such as "Candide" and "Letters Concerning the English Nation," were known for their biting social commentary and clever use of irony to convey his ideas. Voltaire's ability to use ridicule and irony effectively made him a prominent figure of the Enlightenment era and a master of satire.

Newton wrote Principia Mathematica.

Copernicus wrote the book "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs."

Montesquieu wrote the Spirit of Laws and introduced the concept of the "Separation and Balance of powers." This concept suggests that the powers of government should be divided into separate branches, such as the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful. It also emphasizes the need for a system of checks and balances to ensure that each branch can limit the powers of the others. Montesquieu's ideas greatly influenced the development of modern democratic systems and are still widely studied and applied today.

The correct answer is Locke because John Locke is the author of the book "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding."

Locke believed that the environment in which an individual is in also affects their behavior. He argued that people are born as a "blank slate" or tabula rasa, and their experiences and interactions with the environment shape their behavior and personality. According to Locke, individuals are not born with innate qualities or predispositions, but rather develop them through their interactions with the external world. This belief emphasizes the importance of the environment in shaping human behavior and contradicts the notion of predetermined characteristics or behaviors.

Ptolemy is the Hellenistic Greek who believed that the Earth was the center of the Universe. He developed the geocentric model of the Universe, known as the Ptolemaic system, which placed the Earth at the center and all the celestial bodies, including the Sun, Moon, planets, and stars, revolved around it. This model dominated Western astronomy for over a thousand years until it was eventually replaced by the heliocentric model proposed by Copernicus.

Galileo wrote the dialogue on two world systems. This is evident from the given options where Galileo's name is mentioned and there are no other options provided. Therefore, Galileo is the correct answer.

In his works, Bacon favored empiricism. Empiricism is the belief that knowledge is gained through experience and observation rather than through innate ideas or reasoning alone. This aligns with Bacon's emphasis on the importance of experimentation and observation in the scientific method. Bacon believed that true knowledge could only be obtained by collecting and analyzing data from the natural world.

Voltaire did not admire strong rulers, contrary to the statement in the answer. He was critical of absolute monarchy and believed in the importance of individual freedoms and rights. While he may have had some admiration for certain rulers like Louis XIV and Frederick the Great, it does not mean he admired their strong rule. Voltaire's writings and philosophy focused on advocating for reason, tolerance, and freedom of thought, which often clashed with the authoritarian tendencies of strong rulers.

Rousseau is the correct answer because he is the author of both "Emile" and "Nouvelle Heloise". These works are well-known literary pieces written by Rousseau, a prominent philosopher and writer of the 18th century. "Emile" is an educational treatise that discusses Rousseau's ideas on childhood education, while "Nouvelle Heloise" is an epistolary novel that explores themes of love and societal norms. Rousseau's works had a significant impact on the Enlightenment period and continue to be studied and admired today.

The correct answer is Smith. The question is asking for the author of the book "Wealth of Nations."

William Harvey wrote the book "On the Movement of the Heart and Blood." This book, published in 1628, is considered one of the most important works in the history of medicine. In it, Harvey detailed his groundbreaking discoveries about the circulatory system, including the concept of blood circulation and the role of the heart as a pump. Harvey's work revolutionized the understanding of how blood flows through the body and laid the foundation for modern physiology.

William Harvey is credited with establishing the notion of blood circulation. In the 17th century, Harvey conducted extensive research and experiments to understand how blood flows through the body. He proposed that the heart acts as a pump that circulates blood throughout the body in a closed system of blood vessels. Harvey's findings revolutionized the understanding of the circulatory system and laid the foundation for modern physiology and medicine.

Vesalius wrote De Fabrica (On the structure of the human body).

Francis Bacon wrote the book "Novum Organum". This work is a philosophical and scientific treatise that outlines Bacon's method of inquiry, known as the Baconian method. In "Novum Organum", Bacon criticizes the traditional methods of acquiring knowledge and advocates for a new approach based on empirical observation and experimentation. The book had a significant impact on the development of the scientific method and the advancement of scientific knowledge.

Francis Bacon wrote the book "New Atlantis".

Kepler was the first person to attempt to use calculus in a real-life scenario involving wine barrels. He applied his understanding of calculus to solve the problem of determining the volume of irregularly shaped wine barrels. By using the method of exhaustion, which is a precursor to integration, Kepler was able to approximate the volume of these barrels. This application of calculus in a practical context was a significant development in the field and laid the foundation for future advancements in mathematics and science.

The correct answer is Bayle because Bayle is the author of the Historical and critical Dictionary.

Tyco Brahe was a Danish astronomer who recorded the first supernova. He observed a bright star in the constellation Cassiopeia in 1572, which turned out to be a supernova. This discovery challenged the prevailing belief that the heavens were unchanging and provided evidence for the concept of celestial change. Tyco Brahe's meticulous observations and documentation of this event played a significant role in advancing our understanding of the universe.

Rene Descartes is the correct answer because he is the philosopher who famously said "Cogito ergo sum" or "I think, therefore I am." This statement is a fundamental part of Descartes' philosophy and represents his belief in the existence of the self through the act of thinking. Descartes is known for his rationalist approach to philosophy and his emphasis on the power of human reason.

Rene Descartes wrote the Discourse on Method. Descartes was a French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist who is considered one of the founding figures of modern philosophy. The Discourse on Method is one of his most famous works, in which he outlines his philosophical and scientific method and presents his famous statement "Cogito, ergo sum" (I think, therefore I am). Descartes' work had a significant influence on the development of Western philosophy and science.

Copernicus concluded that the sun was in the center of the universe. This is known as the heliocentric model, which states that the sun is at the center and the planets, including Earth, orbit around it. This was a significant departure from the prevailing geocentric model, which placed Earth at the center of the universe. Copernicus's conclusion revolutionized our understanding of the solar system and laid the foundation for modern astronomy.