AP Ch's 7 & 13 Test

The Silk Road spread military technologies such as chariot warfare, mounted bowmen, and the stirrup. Chariot warfare was a significant advancement in ancient warfare, providing a mobile platform for archers to attack enemies. Mounted bowmen were skilled horseback archers who could quickly maneuver and shoot arrows from a distance. The stirrup was a crucial invention that improved cavalry warfare by providing stability and allowing riders to effectively use weapons while mounted. These technologies played a crucial role in shaping military strategies and tactics along the Silk Road.

The correct answer is that ships in the Indian Ocean Maritime System were better prepared for long-distance travel than the Greeks because they could take advantage of monsoon winds to drive their ships. This suggests that the monsoon winds in the Indian Ocean provided favorable conditions for sailing, allowing ships to travel longer distances more easily. In contrast, the Greeks did not have access to such wind patterns, which may have made long-distance travel more challenging for them.

Family life in the Indian Ocean coastal areas was considered more cosmopolitan because blended families were bicultural and bilingual. This means that families in these areas were formed through the mixing of different cultures and languages. This blending of cultures and languages created a more diverse and cosmopolitan environment within the family units.

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The correct answer is a multilingual and multiethnic group. This is because the Indian Ocean trade involved various regions and cultures, including Africa, India, Arabia, and Persia. The mariners involved in this trade would have come from different backgrounds and spoken different languages, making them a diverse group.

The given correct answer states that Mediterranean seamen rarely sailed far from shore. This suggests that their seafaring activities were limited to coastal areas rather than venturing into the open sea. This could be due to various reasons such as navigational challenges, lack of advanced shipbuilding techniques, or a preference for shorter trading routes. In contrast, Indian Ocean traders were known to establish colonies, indicating a greater willingness to explore and travel longer distances across the ocean.

The correct answer is the islands of Southeast Asia. This is because genetic and linguistic evidence suggest that the early inhabitants of Madagascar have origins in Southeast Asia. Additionally, the presence of plant and animal species in Madagascar that are native to Southeast Asia further supports this theory.

The correct answer is yams and bananas because these are tropical crops that are commonly found in Africa. Maize and beans are native to the Americas and were introduced to Africa much later. Coffee and beer are beverages, not food crops, and oranges and plums are not commonly associated with African cuisine. Therefore, yams and bananas are the most likely transplanted foods carried by seafarers to Africa.

Camels were the most important animal for Saharan transportation due to their ability to adapt to the harsh desert conditions. They have the capacity to travel long distances without water, carry heavy loads, and navigate through sandy terrains. Their humps store fat, which can be used as a source of energy during long journeys. Additionally, camels have strong, padded feet that allow them to walk on sand without sinking. These characteristics made camels the ideal choice for transportation in the Sahara, providing a reliable means of travel for people and goods across the vast desert.

Salt is the correct answer because it was a highly valued natural resource that provided the incentive for trade among southern Saharan dwellers. In ancient times, salt was not only used as a seasoning for food but also as a preservative, currency, and a vital nutrient. The scarcity of salt in the Sahara region made it a valuable commodity, and people living in the area would trade for salt with other goods and resources. This trade network helped to facilitate cultural exchange and economic development in the region.

The most convincing evidence suggests that camels were introduced to the Sahara from Arabia. This is supported by historical records and archaeological findings, which indicate that the domestication and use of camels originated in Arabia. Camels played a crucial role in trade and transportation in the region, and their introduction to the Sahara facilitated the expansion of trade routes and the exploration of new territories. Additionally, genetic studies have shown that the camels in the Sahara share a common ancestry with Arabian camels, further supporting the theory of their introduction from Arabia.

The importance of trans-Saharan trade was that it connected North and South Africa. This trade route allowed for the exchange of goods, ideas, and culture between these two regions. It facilitated the movement of goods such as gold, salt, ivory, and slaves, as well as the spread of Islam. The trade route played a significant role in the economic development and cultural exchange of both North and South Africa.

The savannah region of Africa is known for its unique vegetation, which is a combination of long grasses and scattered forests. This type of vegetation is well adapted to the climate and soil conditions of the savannah, where there is a distinct wet and dry season. The long grasses provide grazing areas for herbivores, while the scattered forests offer shelter and food sources for a variety of animals. This combination of grasses and forests creates a diverse ecosystem that supports a wide range of wildlife in the savannah region.

The question asks for an example that is not a broad common element underlying African life and culture. The other options, such as cultivation by hoe and digging stick, concepts of kingship, and distinctive musical characteristics, can be considered as broad common elements that are found in various African cultures. However, a common language is not necessarily a broad common element in African life and culture as there are numerous languages spoken across the continent.

The theory suggests that populations migrated into the Sahel region due to climate change. This means that environmental factors such as changes in temperature, rainfall patterns, or desertification may have pushed people to move in search of more favorable conditions. It is believed that these climate changes could have made their previous habitats less habitable, leading them to seek refuge in the Sahel. This explanation aligns with the understanding that climate has played a significant role in shaping human migration patterns throughout history.

The correct answer is environmental changes that inspired southern migration. This is because environmental changes, such as drought or famine, can force people to migrate in search of better conditions. In the context of Pan-African cultural patterns, it is likely that these environmental changes led to the movement of people from the north to the south, influencing the cultural patterns in the region. Political changes, political unity imposed by Islam, or the destruction of kinship networks may have had an impact on Pan-African cultural patterns, but the given answer suggests that environmental changes were the primary factor.

Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam spread without dependency on a single ethnic or kinship group. This means that these religions were not limited to a specific ethnic or kinship group and were able to attract followers from various backgrounds. They were able to appeal to people beyond their immediate communities and expand their influence across different regions and countries. This allowed them to become global religions with diverse followers rather than being confined to a specific group or region.

Due to the trade through the Strait of Malacca, Malacca became a significant port and a meeting place for traders from around the Eurasian world. This suggests that the city attracted merchants from various regions, creating a diverse and vibrant trading hub. The term "Asian Tiger" is not relevant to the given information and is therefore not the correct answer. The options about the city's homogeneity and its role in slave trading are not mentioned in the explanation and cannot be inferred from the given information.

During the period from 1200 to 1500, the Asian and African kingdoms experienced a period of prosperity. This prosperity was closely linked to the growth of slavery. As these kingdoms expanded their territories and engaged in trade, they required a large labor force to work on plantations, mines, and in other industries. Slavery became an essential institution to meet this demand for labor. It allowed the kingdoms to exploit the resources of their colonies and generate wealth. The growth of slavery was therefore a significant factor in the economic success of these kingdoms during this period.

In traditional Indian society, a woman's status was often determined by her male master, typically her father or husband. This refers to the patriarchal structure prevalent in many parts of India, where women were considered subordinate to men and their social standing was closely tied to the men in their lives. The male master had significant control over a woman's life decisions, including her education, occupation, and choices regarding marriage and family. This answer reflects the historical and cultural context of India, where women's rights and autonomy have been limited by gender norms and power dynamics.

The critical factor for the functioning of the Silk Road was the presence of pastoralists who provided animals, handlers, and protection along the road. These pastoralists played a crucial role in facilitating trade and transportation along the vast and arduous Silk Road route. They supplied the necessary animals such as camels and horses, which were used for carrying goods and for transportation purposes. The pastoralists also acted as handlers, ensuring the safe passage of goods and providing assistance to merchants. Additionally, they offered protection against bandits and other threats, making the journey safer for traders. Their contribution was essential for the successful operation of the Silk Road.

Turkish nomads were known to live in portable felt huts. This type of dwelling was commonly used by nomadic cultures due to its practicality and convenience. Felt is a durable and insulating material that can be easily transported and assembled, making it ideal for a nomadic lifestyle. These huts provided shelter and protection from the elements while allowing the nomads to easily move from one location to another.

The Indian Ocean Maritime System facilitated trade and cultural exchanges between various regions, including East Africa, Arabia, India, China, and Southeast Asia. These regions were connected through a network of maritime routes, allowing the exchange of goods, ideas, and technologies. The system played a crucial role in the development of these regions, promoting economic growth and the spread of cultural influences.

The correct answer is "all of these". This means that all the options mentioned - triangular lanteen sails, bitumen calk of boat bottoms, rare use of oars, and pierced planks tied together - were significant differences between ships of the Indian Ocean and those of the Mediterranean.

Maritime trade was better in Southeast Asia compared to Western Asia because ports in Southeast Asia had better access to fresh water and could support a permanent settlement. This allowed for a more stable and sustainable trading environment. In contrast, Western Asia had more mountains and fewer ports, making it more difficult for ships to access fresh water sources and establish permanent settlements. This hindered the growth and development of maritime trade in the region.

The best primary evidence of early Saharan history consists of a vast number of rock paintings and engravings. These rock art sites provide valuable insights into the culture, lifestyle, and beliefs of the early Saharan people. They depict scenes of hunting, gathering, and rituals, offering a glimpse into their daily lives. The rock paintings and engravings also help archaeologists and historians understand the migration patterns and interactions of different groups in the region. Moreover, these ancient artworks have survived for thousands of years, serving as a tangible link to the past and providing a unique window into Saharan history.

Africa is known for its linguistic diversity, with a large number of languages spoken across the continent. The answer "2000" suggests that Africa is home to approximately 2000 languages, highlighting the rich variety of linguistic traditions and cultures found within the continent. This indicates that Africa is a linguistically diverse region, reflecting the multiculturalism and unique heritage of its people.

The correct answer is mainly internal folk migrations within sub-Saharan Africa. This is because the question is asking about the most important African network of cultural exchange, and internal folk migrations within sub-Saharan Africa have played a significant role in shaping the cultural diversity and exchange within the region. These migrations have allowed for the movement of people, ideas, languages, and customs, leading to the development and spread of various cultural practices and traditions across sub-Saharan Africa.

Political unity does not constitute a shared cultural heritage or "great tradition" because it refers to the political organization and governance of a society, rather than the cultural aspects that are shared among a group of people. Cultural heritage is typically associated with intellectual traditions, common legal and belief systems, and a written language, which are all elements that contribute to the cultural identity and traditions of a society.

The correct answer is iron. The development of metallurgy in Africa involved the use and production of iron. Iron was a crucial material in various aspects of African societies, including tool-making, agriculture, and warfare. The discovery and mastery of iron metallurgy revolutionized African civilizations, enabling them to create stronger and more durable tools and weapons, leading to advancements in agriculture and trade. The knowledge of ironworking spread across the continent, contributing to the development and growth of African societies.

Bantu is the correct answer because it is a linguistic family that includes a large number of sub-Saharan languages. These languages are spoken by diverse ethnic groups across Africa, making Bantu the most widely spoken language family in the region. The Bantu languages share certain grammatical and phonetic features, indicating a common origin and historical development. This linguistic family has had a significant influence on the cultural and linguistic diversity of sub-Saharan Africa.

King Ashoka of India is considered one of the greatest promoters of Buddhism because he played a crucial role in spreading the teachings of Buddhism throughout his empire. After witnessing the devastating effects of war, Ashoka converted to Buddhism and adopted its principles of non-violence and compassion. He built numerous stupas and monasteries, sent missionaries to different regions, and established pillars with inscriptions of Buddhist teachings. Ashoka's efforts helped Buddhism to flourish not only in India but also in neighboring countries, making him a significant figure in the history and expansion of Buddhism.

The Silk Road and Indian Ocean trade routes were important channels for cultural exchange and the spread of ideas. Buddhism originated in ancient India and quickly spread along these trade routes, reaching countries such as China, Central Asia, and Southeast Asia. The teachings of Buddhism, which emphasized peace, compassion, and the pursuit of enlightenment, resonated with many people along these routes and gained popularity. Therefore, Buddhism was fostered and spread through the Silk Road and Indian Ocean trade.

The empires of Mali in West Africa and Delhi in South Asia both utilized Islamic administration. This is because both empires were predominantly Muslim and Islamic principles heavily influenced their governance systems. Islamic administration refers to the application of Islamic law and principles in the political and administrative affairs of a state. It includes the use of Sharia law, the appointment of religious scholars in administrative positions, and the incorporation of Islamic values in decision-making processes. Therefore, it is logical to conclude that both the Mali and Delhi empires employed Islamic administration as their governing system.

The spread of Islam to lands south of the Sahara occurred through a gradual and peaceful process of conversion. This means that the conversion to Islam in these regions was not forced or imposed upon the people. Instead, it suggests that the local populations willingly embraced Islam over time, possibly due to various factors such as trade, cultural exchange, or the appeal of Islamic teachings. This peaceful spread of Islam highlights the influence and acceptance of the religion in these regions without any coercion or violence.

During the time period mentioned, Mali was known for its vast reserves of gold and copper. The empire had established trade networks with North African Muslim traders, who were interested in acquiring these valuable resources. This trade brought significant income to Mali and contributed to its economic prosperity. The slave trade with Portugal, shifting agriculture trade with Yoruba, and coffee trade with Ethiopia are not mentioned in relation to Mali's significant income, making them incorrect options.

Mansa Kankan Musa's pilgrimage resulted in the construction of new mosques and Quranic schools in Mali. This can be inferred from the information given that Mansa Kankan Musa fulfilled his personal religious obligations, indicating his dedication to Islam. The construction of new mosques and Quranic schools would be a logical outcome of his pilgrimage, as it would provide spaces for worship and education in the Islamic faith. The other options, such as the decrease in Malian taxes or the disappearance of Buddhist practice, are not mentioned in the given information and cannot be inferred.

Sultan Iltutmish passed his empire to his daughter, Raziya. This suggests that Raziya was seen as capable and trustworthy enough to take over the responsibilities of ruling the empire. It also indicates that Sultan Iltutmish believed in gender equality and was willing to break the traditional norms by passing the empire to his daughter instead of his eldest son.

During the Delhi Sultanate, extensive irrigation canals played a crucial role in agriculture. These canals helped in the efficient distribution of water to the fields, ensuring a consistent water supply for crops. This allowed for increased agricultural productivity and the cultivation of a variety of crops. The availability of water through irrigation canals helped in the growth of agriculture and supported the development of a prosperous agricultural economy in the Delhi Sultanate.

As the Delhi Sultanate started losing control of its realm, new kingdoms emerged in India. The Bahmani and Vijayanagar kingdoms were two of these emerging powers. The Bahmani Sultanate was established in 1347 and ruled over the Deccan region, while the Vijayanagar Empire was founded in 1336 and controlled the southern part of India. These two kingdoms played a significant role in shaping the political and cultural landscape of medieval India.

The correct answer is "junk." A junk is a type of ship that originated in China and was commonly used for trade and exploration in the Indian Ocean. Junks were known for their large size and advanced technology, such as multiple masts and watertight compartments. They were able to navigate long distances and withstand rough sea conditions, making them the largest and most technologically advanced ships in the Indian Ocean during that time.

The different regional networks of the Indian Ocean trade were tied together by commercial interests. This is because trade was the main driving force behind the connections between these networks. Merchants from different regions were motivated by the desire to profit from the exchange of goods and resources. They formed trade routes and established commercial relationships, which led to the development of a network that spanned across the Indian Ocean. The trade routes facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultures, ultimately creating a complex web of commercial interests that connected the various regions.

Kilwa was the most important trading city of the Swahili Coast by 1250. It was known for its strategic location and thriving trade routes, which attracted merchants from various regions. Kilwa was renowned for its trade in gold, ivory, spices, and slaves. Its prosperous economy and political stability allowed it to become a prominent center of commerce and culture in East Africa during that time.

During the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the Strait of Malacca was a crucial trade route, attracting various powers. The Majapahit Empire, based in Java, was a dominant maritime power in Southeast Asia and sought to control the strait. However, Chinese pirates also operated in the area and posed a significant threat to the trade routes. This led to a political rivalry between the Majapahit Empire and the Chinese pirates, as both sought to control the lucrative trade passing through the Strait of Malacca.

The correct answer is the design of mosques that combine older traditions and new influences. This answer reflects the cultural blending associated with the expansion and spread of Islam from 1200 to 1500. Mosques during this period often incorporated architectural elements from different regions and cultures, blending older traditions with new influences. This can be seen in the diverse architectural styles and designs of mosques across the Islamic world during this time period.

In Islamic society, mosques were not only used for religious worship but also served as centers of learning and promoted literacy. They were places where people gathered not only to pray but also to study and gain knowledge. Mosques played a crucial role in educating the community, teaching various subjects including Arabic language, Quranic studies, Islamic sciences, and other areas of knowledge. They were open to everyone regardless of gender or ethnicity, providing opportunities for people to enhance their literacy skills and expand their intellectual horizons.

Ethiopia is the correct answer because it is the only option that had a literate society prior to the spread of Islam in sub-Saharan Africa. Ethiopia has a long history of written language and literature, with the Ge'ez script being used as early as the 4th century. This early literacy allowed for the development of a rich literary tradition in Ethiopia, including religious texts, historical chronicles, and poetry. In contrast, Morocco, Tripoli, and Mali did not have a tradition of literacy prior to the spread of Islam in the region.

The spread of Islam to India led to the development of a new language that combined Persian and Hindi influences. This language is known as Urdu.

During the medieval period, Timbuktu was renowned as a significant center for learning and knowledge. It attracted scholars and students from various parts of Africa and beyond. Books, particularly manuscripts, were highly valued and sought after in Timbuktu. These manuscripts covered a wide range of subjects, including religion, science, literature, and more. Many of these books were written by scholars in North Africa and were traded to Timbuktu, making them the most profitable item traded between the two regions. The books played a crucial role in the intellectual and cultural development of Timbuktu.

The correct answer is that the spread of Islam into India was done largely by force and resulted in the removal of many Hindu and Buddhist temples. Unlike Africa, where regions converted for trade purposes, the spread of Islam in India involved the use of military force to convert people to Islam and suppress other religions. This led to the destruction of numerous Hindu and Buddhist temples, as well as the imposition of Islamic rule in the region.